华南泥盆纪分形类豆石分类一新族Sinoleperditiini

在华南,迄今只在泥盆纪地层中发现豆石介类（ｌｅｐｅｒｄｉｔｉｉｄｓ）。由于它们均具有下垂“Ｖ”字型肌痕且此肌痕随时间的推移不断向下延伸,被考虑是豆石介类中一独立的演化支系,并归一新族：Ｓｉｎｏｌｅｐｅｒｄｉｔｉｉｎｉ。此族,在华南地区含２属和６亚属：Ｓｉｎｏｌｅｐｅｒｄｉｔｉａ（Ｓｉｎｏｌｅｐｅｒｄｉｔｉａ）Ｗａｎｇ,１９８９,Ｓ．（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｂｒｉａｒｔｉｎａ）ｓｕｂｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．,Ｓ．（Ｙａｏｓｕｏｌｅｐｒｄｉｔｉａ）ｓｕｂｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ,Ｐａｒａｍｏｅｌｌｅｒｉｔｉａ（Ｐａｒａｌａｐｅｒｄｉｔｉａ）Ｓｕｎ,１９７８,Ｐ．（Ｐａｒａｍｏｅｌｌｅｒｉｔｉａ）Ｗａｎｇ,１９７６和Ｐ．（Ｂｒｅｖｉｌａｐｅｒｄｉｔｉａ）ｓｕｂｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．。重点探讨了此族的起源,演化型式及趋势和绝灭。指出“Ｖ”字型或下垂“Ｖ”字型肌的功能与闭壳肌可能是异曲同功,起闭壳作用;放射和横向条纹可能是闭壳肌和下垂“Ｖ”字型肌频繁收缩所致而不是血管束的痕迹,并可能具有排泻作用;ＤａｌｅｌｉｎａＳｕｎ,１９７８是ＰａｒａｌｅｐｅｒｄｉｔｉａＳｕｎ,１９７８的同物异名;ＰａｒａｅｏｌｏｐｅｒｄｉｔｉａＡｄａｃｈｉｅｔＩｇｏ,１９８０属     

江西玉山晚奥陶世三分贝类一新属--Zhuzhaiia

论文描述的三分贝类化石标本发现于江西省玉山县祝宅和马鞍山地区的三衢山组中,新种Zhuzhaiia transitense gen.et sp.nov,的特征是贝体大,两壳近等大,光滑;假铰合面大;腹内肌痕台悬空,无中板;背内肌痕台也悬空,腕腔中部有内向隆起,文中讨论该种的分类位置,根据假铰合面和肌痕台的特征,在总体上可以归入三分贝类,但发育了三分贝科没有的一些特征,如两壳近等大,肌痕台完全悬空,有简单的铰齿和铰窝,所以作者另立新科Zhuzhaiidae fam.nov.,Costitrimerella Rong et Li,1993属的一些特征,如其背壳内肌痕台前部悬空,无中板支持,似乎显示从三分贝科到新科的过渡性质,而新科在许多特征上也显示了从三分贝类到五房贝类的一些过渡性质。     

云南苍山古蚤属一新种和怒山古蚤雄性的记述（蚤目;多毛蚤科）

本文记述采自云岭南端大理苍山多齿鼠鼹Ｎａｓｉｌｌｕｓ ｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓ的古蚤属一新种,即荫生古蚤Ｐａｑｌａｅｏｐｓｙｌｌａ ｏｐａｃｕｓａ ｓｐ。ｎｏｖ。和怒山古蚤Ｐａｌａｅｏｐｓｙｌｌａ ｎｕｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｇｏｎｇ ｅｔ Ｌｉ,１９９２的雄性形态,文中对古蚤属短额种团ｂｒｅｖｉｆｒｏｎｔａｔａ－ｇｒｏｕｐ的特征,主及其分布进行了讨论并列出了已知种的检索表。     

华南泥盆纪分形类豆石分类一新族Sinoleperditiini

在华南，迄今只在泥盆纪地层中发现豆石介类（ｌｅｐｅｒｄｉｔｉｉｄｓ）。由于它们均具有下垂“Ｖ”字型肌痕且此肌痕随时间的推移不断向下延伸，被考虑是豆石介类中一独立的演化支系，并归一新族：Ｓｉｎｏｌｅｐｅｒｄｉｔｉｉｎｉ。此族，在华南地区含２属和６亚属：Ｓｉｎｏｌｅｐｅｒｄｉｔｉａ（Ｓｉｎｏｌｅｐｅｒｄｉｔｉａ）Ｗａｎｇ，１９８９，Ｓ．（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｂｒｉａｒｔｉｎａ）ｓｕｂｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．，Ｓ．（Ｙａｏｓｕｏｌｅｐｒｄｉｔｉａ）ｓｕｂｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ，Ｐａｒａｍｏｅｌｌｅｒｉｔｉａ（Ｐａｒａｌａｐｅｒｄｉｔｉａ）Ｓｕｎ，１９７８，Ｐ．（Ｐａｒａｍｏｅｌｌｅｒｉｔｉａ）Ｗａｎｇ，１９７６和Ｐ．（Ｂｒｅｖｉｌａｐｅｒｄｉｔｉａ）ｓｕｂｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．。重点探讨了此族的起源，演化型式及趋势和绝灭。指出“Ｖ”字型或下垂“Ｖ”字型肌的功能与闭壳肌可能是异曲同功，起闭壳作用；放射和横向条纹可能是闭壳肌和下垂“Ｖ”字型肌频繁收缩所致而不是血管束的痕迹，并可能具有排泻作用；ＤａｌｅｌｉｎａＳｕｎ，１９７８是ＰａｒａｌｅｐｅｒｄｉｔｉａＳｕｎ，１９７８的同物异名；ＰａｒａｅｏｌｏｐｅｒｄｉｔｉａＡｄａｃｈｉｅｔＩｇｏ。     

中国特有属─—东俄芹属的花粉形态及其分类学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了伞形科东俄芹属（ＴｏｎｇｏｌｏａＨ．Ｗｏｌｆｆ）７个种的花粉形态,结果表明：除宜昌东俄芹Ｔ．ｄｕｎｎｉｉ（Ｂｏｉｓｓｉｅｕ）Ｈ．Ｗｏｌｆｆ和城口东俄芹Ｔ．ｓｉｌａｉｆｏｌｉａ（Ｂｏｉｓｓｉｅｕ）Ｈ．ｗｏｌｆｆ的花粉为矩形类型外,其它几种的为菱形类型,然而并非都是原始的或典型的菱形,而是处于分化过程中的菱形类型,如纤细东俄芹Ｔ．ｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓＨ．Ｗｏｌｆｆ,大东俄芹Ｔ．ｅｌａｔａＨ．Ｗｏｌｆｆ的花粉形态,表现出近菱形、近椭圆形和近矩形的特征,在我们近期的工作中曾涉及滇芎属ＰｈｙｓｏｓｐｅｒｍｏｐｓｉｓＨ．Ｗｏｌｆｆ类似的花粉形态及分化情况,从花粉资料启示,东俄芹属可能与滇芎属近缘。     

具冠介形类的归属和发源问题

近十余年来,中国和蒙古先后在白垩纪地层中发现相当数量的具冠介形类,分别定为不同的属,增加了地层古生物工作者引用的混乱本文意在将这些已知属进一步叙述和讨论,确定其归属问题;根据它们在时间和空间的分布,试分析和讨论其发源问题.一、具冠介形类的归属问题早在1962-1964年,何俊德、叶春辉及作者研究湖北江汉平原边缘地区晚白垩世介形类时,发现一些小个体,其右壳前缘中部或前缘的中下部具一冠状突出物,而左壳上则不显此特点.壳体的其他特征,如壳形、壳饰、两壳的叠覆关系、肌痕等则与 Cypridea 属所表现的相似.因此,作者于1965年根据壳体的两瓣明显     

广西泥盆系介形类一新属

本文描述了广西中泥盆世个体巨大的介形类一新属似默勒介属(Paramoelleritia),包括5新种、2新亚种。根据新属大颚肌痕的研究,讨论了豆石介科大颚肌痕演变的趋势,以及新属在地层划分对比上的意义。     

中国特有属—东俄芹属的花粉形态及其分类学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了伞形科东俄芹属７个种的花粉形态,结果表明：除宜昌东俄芹Ｔ．ｄｕｎｎｉｉ Ｈ．Ｗｏｌｆｆ和城口东俄芹Ｔ．ｓｉｌａｉｆｏｌｉａ Ｈ．Ｗｏｌｆｆ的花粉为矩形类型外,其它几种的为菱形类型,然而并非都是原始的或典型的菱形,而是处于分化过程中的菱形类型,如纤细东俄芹Ｔ．ｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓ Ｈ．Ｗｏｌｆｆ,东大俄芹Ｔ．ｅｌａｔａ Ｈ．Ｗｏｌｆｆ的花粉形态,表现出近菱形、近椭圆形和近矩     

具叶舌痕的圆印木状茎干在安徽巢湖上泥盆统的首次发现

在描述的几块产自安徽巢湖五通组中上部（法门期）的圆印木状茎干中，首次发现其中一块标本具有明显的叶舌痕，它与另一块叶痕特征相同但不具叶舌痕的标本共生．说明它们很可能应归为同一种植物。因此叶舌痕的有无很可能与化石的保存状态有关。圆印木属与窝木属仅根据茎干叶痕特征是难于区分的。但由于这两个属的生殖部分（球果）存在差别，目前仍被视为不同的属。当前的标本未发现生殖部分，难于确定其归属。笔者建议，为了实用方便将这类发现于上泥盆统的标本，暂归为Ｂｏｔｈｒｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ（Ｃｙｃｌｏｓｔｉｇｍａ）属名之下，作为形态属或卫星属来处理。     

广西六景和刘家早泥盆世介形类中华豆石介族

报道广西六景和隆安刘家早泥盆世中华豆石介族１属、１亚属和２０种，其中包括９新种和７未定种。根据统计，莲花山组的中华豆石介族下垂“Ｖ”字型肌痕与闭壳肌痕的垂直高度之比值约为０．７０，而那高岭组的中华豆石介族下垂“Ｖ”字型肌痕与闭壳肌痕的垂直高度之比值约为０．７４。通过对中华豆石介族，特别是肌痕的研究认为，莲花山组可与云南曲靖西屯组对比。     

Estimating tree and stand sapwood area in spatially heterogeneous southeastern Australian forests

Aims Natural and anthropogenic changes in forests can have important influences on transpiration and water production. Understanding the effects of increasing disturbances, due for example to climate change and forest harvesting, requires detailed information on how forest density and structural attributes relate to transpiration. Mean annual transpiration of eucalypt forest communities is often strongly correlated with total cross-sectional sapwood area. Our aim was to test an efficient method for estimating sapwood area at 1.3 m height (SA 1.3) in a large number of trees to understand the spatial heterogeneity of tree and stand sapwood area within and between forest communities, and develop allometric relationships that predict SA 1.3 with forest inventory data. We also apply tree competition models to determine the degree to which the relationship between SA 1.3 and tree basal area at 1.3 m height (BA 1.3) is influenced by competition.Methods We visited 25 recently harvested southeastern Australian forest sites consisting of 1379 trees and 5 Eucalyptus species to evaluate a new efficient data collection method for estimating SA 1.3 with tree taper and stump dimensions data using mixed effects models. The locations of 784 stumps within one 5-ha site were accurately mapped using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and four distance-dependent tree competition models were applied across the site to explain within-stand variation in the ratio of SA 1.3 to BA 1.3. Data from 24 additional sites, consisting of ten 15 m radial plots per site, were used to analyse within-site variation in R Ha (the ratio of stand sapwood area SA Ha to stand basal area BA Ha). The radial plots were merged within each site to evaluate between-site variations in R Ha across the landscape. For predicting SA Ha with forest inventory data, we computed the relationship between SA Ha and a new index of total stem perimeter per hectare, defined as ? B A H a N T, where N T is tree stocking density.Important findings Our 1379 measured stems represent the most comprehensive measure of sapwood area, surpassing the 757 measured stems in native eucalypt forests published in literature. The species-specific R Ha varied considerably across sites and therefore extrapolating SA Ha with spatially distributed BA Ha maps and a generalized R Ha would introduce local uncertainty. We found that the species-specific stem perimeter index was more effective at capturing variability in SA Ha across the landscape using forest composition, structure and density data (R 2 : 0.72–0.77). The strong correlation between tree SA 1.3 and BA 1.3 improved slightly using tree competition models (R 2 increased from 0.86 to 0.88). Relating SA Ha to routinely measured forest inventory attributes within permanent plots and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data may provide opportunities to map forest water use in time and space across large areas disturbed by wildfire and logging.     

Expression of sunflower low-molecular-weight heat-shock proteins during embryogenesis and persistence after germination: localization and possible functional implications

We isolated and sequenced Ha hsp 17.9, a DNA complementary (cDNA) of dry-seed stored mRNA that encodes a low-molecular-weight heat-shock protein (LMW HSP). Sequence analysis identified Ha hsp17.9, and the previously reported Ha hsp17.6, as cDNAs encoding proteins (HSP17.6 and HSP17.9) which belong to different families of cytoplasmic LMW HSPs. Using specific antibodies we observed differential expression of both proteins during zygotic embryogenesis under controlled environment, and a remarkable persistence of these LMW HSPs during germination. Immuno-blot analysis of HSP17.9 proteins in two-dimensional gels revealed that the polypeptides expressed in embryos were indistinguishable from LMW HSPs expressed in vegetative tissues in response to water deficit; but they appeared different from homologeous proteins expressed in response to thermal-stress. Tissue-print immunolocalization experiments showed that HSP17.9 and HSP17.6 were homogeneously distributed in every tissue of desiccation-tolerant dry seeds and young seedlings under non-stress conditions. These results demonstrate developmental regulation of specific, cytoplasmic, plant LMW HSPs, suggesting also their involvement in water-stress tolerance.     

Cryptic genetic divergence in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scolopsis taenioptera</Emphasis> (Perciformes: Nemipteridae) in the western Pacific Ocean

We studied the phylogeny, population structure, and demographic history of Scolopsis taenioptera in the western Pacific Ocean. Using the 80 samples collected from four locations, we obtained the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b genes. We identified two distinct lineages showing a clear phylogeographic break that was possibly due to the Pleistocene sea-level change. One lineage was distributed in Iloilo (Philippines) and the other in Terengganu (Malaysia), Rayong (Thailand), and Ha Long Bay (Vietnam). The Terengganu and Rayong populations showed clear signs of demographic expansion; the Iloilo and Ha Long Bay populations were relatively stable or spatially expanded as geographically subdivided populations.     

Intra-guild predation and variation in egg defence between sympatric and allopatric populations of two species of ladybird beetles

Abstract.  1. Ladybird eggs are defended chemically against intra-guild predation, and are unsuitable to varying degrees as food for other ladybirds.
2. Ladybird eggs [ Coccinella septempunctata (Cs) and Harmonia axyridis (Ha); Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] from local Japanese versus North American populations were compared as food for two ladybirds (Cs and Ha) co-occurring in Japan.
3. Larvae of Cs exhibited high mortality, slow development, and reduced egg consumption and weight gain when they fed on Ha versus conspecific eggs, especially when Ha eggs were from the local (Japanese) population versus a distant (North American) population of Ha.
4. Larvae of Ha survived equally well on a diet of Cs or conspecific eggs, but developed more slowly and gained less weight on Cs eggs. Ha larvae were more reluctant to eat eggs from the local (Japanese) population of Cs than eggs from the distant (North American) population of Cs; however, other measures of performance did not differ significantly.
5. These results indicate greater egg chemical defence of Ha eggs against Cs larvae than vice versa, as expected from field observations of greater temporal overlap between Cs larvae and Ha eggs than between Ha larvae and Cs eggs. Furthermore, results also indicate that local populations of eggs are better defended than eggs from elsewhere against locally occurring intra-guild predators. Thus, it appears that the effectiveness of chemical defence of ladybird eggs reflects the degree to which specific pairings of ladybirds have the potential to interact in nature through egg predation.     

Inhibition of interactions and interconversions of prion protein isoforms by peptide fragments from the C-terminal folded domain

The formation of protease-resistant prion protein (PrP-res or PrP(Sc)) involves selective interactions between PrP-res and its normal protease-sensitive counterpart, PrP-sen or PrP(C). Previous studies have shown that synthetic peptide fragments of the PrP sequence corresponding to residues 119-136 of hamster PrP (Ha119-136) can selectively block PrP-res formation in cell-free systems and scrapie-infected tissue culture cells. Here we show that two other peptides corresponding to residues 166-179 (Ha166-179) and 200-223 (Ha200-223) also potently inhibit the PrP-res induced cell-free conversion of PrP-sen to the protease-resistant state. In contrast, Ha121-141, Ha180-199, and Ha218-232 were much less effective as inhibitors. Mechanistic analyses indicated that Ha166-179, Ha200-223, and peptides containing residues 119-136 inhibit primarily by binding to PrP-sen and blocking its binding to PrP-res. Circular dichroism analyses indicated that Ha117-141 and Ha200-223, but not non-inhibitory peptides, readily formed high beta-sheet structures when placed under the conditions of the conversion reaction. We conclude that these inhibitory peptides may mimic contact surfaces between PrP-res and PrP-sen and thereby serve as models of potential therapeutic agents for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.     

Transgenic mice expressing hamster prion protein produce species-specific scrapie infectivity and amyloid plaques

Three transgenic mouse lines designated Tg 69, 71, and 81 were produced harboring a Syrian hamster (Ha) prion protein (PrP) gene; all expressed the cellular HaPrP isoform in their brains. Inoculation of Tg 81 mice or hamsters with Ha prions caused scrapie in integral of 75 days; nontransgenic control mice failed to develop scrapie after greater than 500 days. Tg 71 mice inoculated with Ha prions developed scrapie in integral of 170 days. Both Tg 71 and Tg 81 mice exhibited spongiform degeneration and reactive astrocytic gliosis, and they produced the scrapie HaPrP isoform in their brains. Tg 81 brains also showed HaPrP amyloid plaques characteristic of Ha scrapie and contained integral of 10(9) ID50 units of Ha prions based on Ha bioassays. Our findings argue that the PrP gene modulates scrapie susceptibility, incubation times, and neuropathology; furthermore, they demonstrate synthesis of infectious scrapie prions programmed by a recombinant DNA molecule.     

Creation and functional analysis of new Puroindoline alleles in Triticum aestivum

The Hardness (Ha) locus controls grain texture and affects many end-use properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The Ha locus is functionally comprised of the Puroindoline a and b genes, Pina and Pinb, respectively. The lack of Pin allelic diversity is a major factor limiting Ha functional analyses and wheat quality improvement. In order to create new Ha alleles, a 630 member M(2) population was produced in the soft white spring cultivar Alpowa using ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis. The M(2) population was screened to identify new alleles of Pina and Pinb. Eighteen new Pin alleles, including eight missense alleles, were identified. F(2) populations for four of the new Pin alleles were developed after crossing each back to non-mutant Alpowa. Grain hardness was then measured on F(2:3) seeds and the impact of each allele on grain hardness was quantified. The tested mutations were responsible for between 28 and 94% of the grain hardness variation and seed weight and vigor of all mutation lines was restored among the F(2) populations. Selection of new Pin alleles following direct phenotyping or direct sequencing is a successful approach to identify new Ha alleles useful in improving wheat product quality and understanding Ha locus function.     

Transgenetic studies implicate interactions between homologous PrP isoforms in scrapie prion replication

Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing both Syrian hamster (Ha) and mouse (Mo) prion protein (PrP) genes were used to probe the mechanism of scrapie prion replication. Four Tg lines expressing HaPrP exhibited distinct incubation times ranging from 48 to 277 days, which correlated inversely with HaPrP mRNA and HaPrPC. Bioassays of Tg brain extracts showed that the prion inoculum dictates which prions are synthesized de novo. Tg mice inoculated with Ha prions had approximately 10(9) ID50 units of Ha prions per gram of brain and less than 10 units of Mo prions. Conversely, Tg mice inoculated with Mo prions synthesized Mo prions but not Ha prions. Similarly, Tg mice inoculated with Ha prions exhibited neuropathologic changes characteristic of hamsters with scrapie, while Mo prions produced changes similar to those in non-Tg mice. Our results argue that species specificity of scrapie prions resides in the PrP sequence and prion synthesis is initiated by a species-specific interaction between PrPSc in the inoculum and homologous PrPC.     

Human liver glutathione S-transferases: complete primary sequence of an Ha subunit cDNA

Multiple human liver GSH S-transferases (GST) with overlapping substrate specificities may be essential to their multiple roles in xenobiotics metabolism, drug biotransformation, and protection against peroxidative damage. Human liver GSTs are composed of at least two classes of subunits, Ha (Mr = 26,000) and Hb (Mr = 27,500). Immunological cross-reactivity and nucleic acid hybridization studies revealed a close relationship between the human Ha subunit and rat Ya, Yc subunits and their cDNAs. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the Ha subunit 1 cDNA, pGTH1. The alignments of its coding sequence with the rat Ya and Yc cDNAs indicate that they are approximately 80% identical base-for-base without any deletion or insertion. Regions of sequence homology (greater than 50%) have also been found between pGTH1 and a corn GST cDNA and rat GST cDNAs of the Yb and Yp subunits. Among the 62 highly conserved amino acid residues of the rat GST supergene family, 56 of them are preserved in the Ha subunit 1 coding sequences. Comparison of amino-acid replacement mutations in these coding sequences revealed that the percentage divergence between the rat Ya and Yc genes is more than that between the Ha and Ya or Ha and Yc genes.