风力胁迫对具鞘微鞘藻结皮光合活性的影响

抵抗风力胁迫是荒漠藻类适应干旱区环境的重要生物学机制,也是藻结皮能够拓殖流沙的必要条件之一,但有关藻类对风力胁迫的响应机理国内外尚无研究报道。以具鞘微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus Gom.)人工结皮为实验对象,研究了不同强度风力吹蚀对结皮含水量、藻类活力、生物量、及其光合活性的影响。结果表明:不论低于当地起沙风(3m/s)还是高于起沙风(5m/s和7m/s)的风力吹蚀,结皮中藻类生物量均明显下降,而且结皮生物量的变化与风速大小和吹蚀时间呈线性关系(y=14.78+0.035a-1.48b,a风速,b时间,r2=0.79)。进一步分析发现,风力吹蚀后结皮中藻类活力并没有降低但主要光合色素和天线色素的含量普遍降低,叶绿素荧光(Fv/Fm)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)和净光合速率(Pn)明显下降,并且风速越大,降幅越大。这些结果说明风力胁迫对藻结皮生长和光合活性的影响主要是通过影响光合色素代谢合成和电子传递速率引起的,对其生命力没有明显影响。       

外源Ca2＋对高温强光胁迫下灌浆期小麦叶片光合机构运转的影响

灌浆期叶面喷施10mmol·L-1 CaCl2对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶片光合电子传递、放氧速率、叶绿素荧光参数和D1蛋白的影响结果表明,Ca2＋预处理可保护D1蛋白,削弱其降解,提高光系统I（PSI）和光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）子传递速率、全链电子传递速率、净光合速率（Pn）、PSII最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSII实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光化学猝灭（qp）,维持较低的Fo,最终导致小麦适应高温强光的能力提高。     

光照、温度和pH对雨生红球藻光合特性的影响

采用测定光合放氧速率和荧光动力学的方法,研究分析了光照强度、温度和pH对雨生红球藻Haematococcus pluvialis CG-11绿色游动细胞阶段光合作用特性的影响。结果表明,H. pluvialis CG-11光合作用的饱和光强为109.1 μmol/m2·s,最大光合放氧速率为75.9 μmol O2/mg Chla·h;适宜的生长温度范围在25－30℃之间,温度在25℃时光合速率最大;pH在7.5－8.0范围内,光合效率较高,在pH为7.5时放氧速率最大,为75.5 μmol O2/mg Chla·h。在实验pH条件下,H. pluvialis CG-11叶绿素荧光动力学参数呈现出相似的趋势,在6.0－7.5范围内,Fv/ Fm、Fv/ F0、ΦPSⅡ和ETR值随pH升高而增大,pH为7.5时达到最大值,pH超过7.5时,Fv/ Fm和Fv/ F0值明显下降,而ΦPSⅡ和ETR的下降趋势不明显。     

高盐下条斑紫菜光合特性和S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因表达的变化

为了研究条斑紫菜耐盐机理,对条斑紫菜叶状体进行了高盐胁迫处理,继而采用氧电极法测量了光合放氧速率和呼吸耗氧速率的变化,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术测量了S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶(命名为PySAMS)基因的表达变化。结果显示藻体的光合与呼吸作用均受到高盐度海水的显著影响,随着盐度的增加,光合放氧率逐渐降低,呼吸耗氧率也逐渐降低。高盐度海水对PySAMS基因表达量也产生了显著影响,40和50盐度的海水诱导了PySAMS表达,但60至80盐度的海水却不同程度地抑制了PySAMS表达。据此推测,在面对较高盐度胁迫时条斑紫菜叶状体将逐步降低体内新陈代谢以度过不良环境。     

生长温度对烟草叶片环式电子传递活性的影响（英文）

高等植物的光合机构在环境胁迫条件下非常容易产生光抑制,环式电子传递在光合机构的光保护中发挥着重要的作用。但是,生长温度对环式电子传递的影响并不清楚。本研究测定了在24/18℃和32/26℃条件下生长40天的烟草(K326)叶片的气体交换、叶绿素荧光和P700氧化还原态的光响应曲线。结果表明,烟草叶片在两种生长温度下的的光合能力、光化学淬灭、非光化学淬灭和通过光系统II的电子传递速率(ETR II)均没有差异。但是,在强光条件下,生长在24/18℃的叶片比生长在32/26℃的具有更高的通过光系统I的电子传递速率(ETR I)和ETR I/ETR II比值。短时间的强光处理后,生长在24/18℃的叶片具有较高的光系统II最大量子产额(Fv/Fm),表明环式电子传递活性的上调有助于缓解生长在24/18℃的叶片光系统II受到的光损伤。综上所述,环式电子传递活性的增强是植物适应较低生长温度的重要策略。     

生长温度对烟草叶片环式电子传递活性的影响

高等植物的光合机构在环境胁迫条件下非常容易产生光抑制,环式电子传递在光合机构的光保护中发挥着重要的作用.但是,生长温度对环式电子传递的影响并不清楚.本研究测定了在24/18℃和32/26℃条件下生长40天的烟草(K326)叶片的气体交换、叶绿素荧光和P700氧化还原态的光响应曲线.结果表明,烟草叶片在两种生长温度下的的光合能力、光化学淬灭、非光化学淬灭和通过光系统Ⅱ的电子传递速率(ETR Ⅱ)均没有差异.但是,在强光条件下,生长在24/18℃的叶片比生长在32/26℃的具有更高的通过光系统Ⅰ的电子传递速率(ETRⅠ)和ETRⅠ/ETR Ⅱ比值.短时间的强光处理后,生长在24/18℃的叶片具有较高的光系统Ⅱ最大量子产额(Fv/Fm),表明环式电子传递活性的上调有助于缓解生长在24/18℃的叶片光系统Ⅱ受到的光损伤.综上所述,环式电子传递活性的增强是植物适应较低生长温度的重要策略.     

光系统II电子受体p—BQ及DMBQ的耗氧的动态变化

对苯醌（ｐ－ＢＱ）及二甲基对苯醌（ＤＭＢＱ）作为类囊体膜中光系统Ⅱ电子受体时,可同时作为电子递体促进耗氧反应,这个过程在低浓度下即可发生。因耗氧的速率较放氧速率低,所以在氧变化动力学测量开始阶段,耗氧过程为放氧过程所掩盖。ｐ－ＢＱ为４０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时耗氧活力与放氧活力之比为０．１６,在３００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,比值为０．５５。因此,在计算光系统Ⅱ电子传递活力时,不可忽略耗氧活力。耗氧速率随浓度增加而增     

高温对两种卡帕藻的酶活性、色素含量与叶绿素荧光的影响

在室内采用静置培养法,以25℃为对照,研究高温(32℃、35℃和40℃)对长心卡帕藻Kappaphycus alvarezii与异枝卡帕藻K.striatum的硝酸还原酶(NR)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、叶绿素a和藻红蛋白含量的影响,并采用调制叶绿素荧光技术,测定高温处理后2种藻的叶绿素荧光参数变化趋势.结果表明:高温对2种卡帕藻的NR和POD活性有显著影响.二者的NR活性均在35℃时最低,32℃时最高;异枝卡帕藻的POD活性在35℃时最高,而长心卡帕藻的在35℃时最低.在25-40℃之间,随着温度升高,异枝卡帕藻的叶绿素a含量逐渐减少,藻红蛋白含量先降后升,35℃时最高,而长心卡帕藻的两种色素含量皆在25℃时最高.在32-40℃条件下,随着温度升高,2种藻的实际光合效率(Y)和相对光合电子传递速率(ETR)明显下降,温度越高,下降程度越大;短期高温可刺激2种卡帕藻的光合活性增强,随着处理时间延长,异枝卡帕藻的光合活性下降,但差异不显著,而长心卡帕藻的光合活性显著下降.综合上述指标,显示32℃以上高温对2种卡帕藻产生胁迫,异枝卡帕藻对热胁迫的耐受力明显强于长心卡帕藻.     

盐生杜氏藻细胞光合特性的研究

研究了盐生杜氏藻细胞的光合特性获知：⑴在７００－３００ｎｍ波长范围,出现三个吸收峰,分别位于６８０．４８５和４００ｎｍ处;⑵测定了该藻细胞内ＡＴＰ／ＡＤＰ比值,钒酸钠处理可以提高ＡＴＰ／ＡＤＰ比值;⑶以培养液为反应介质,测出该藻细胞的光合放氧,钒酸钠抑制放氧速率;⑷用调制式荧光计测出该藻细胞的Ｆｏ,Ｆｍ以及经间隔饱和光脉冲引起的Ｆｍ,表明盐生杜氏藻具有正常的光系统结构;⑸该藻细胞可诱导可逆的光状态     

高浓度CO2引起的海水酸化对小珊瑚藻光合作用和钙化作用的影响

为了探讨CO2海底封存潜在的渗漏危险对于海洋生物的可能影响,以大型钙化藻类小珊瑚藻(Corallina pilulifera)为研究对象,在室内控光控温条件下,通过向培养海水充入CO2气体得到3种不同酸化程度的培养条件(pH 8.1、6.8和5.5),24h后比较藻体光合作用和钙化作用情况。结果显示:相对于自然海水培养条件(pH 8.1),在pH 6.8条件下培养的小珊瑚藻光合固碳速率得到了增强,而在pH 5.5条件下光合固碳速率则降低;随着酸化程度的增强,藻体的钙化固碳速率越来越低,在pH 5.5条件下甚至表现为负值[(-2.53±0.57)mg C g-1干重h-1];藻体颗粒无机碳(PIC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)含量的比值随着酸化程度的加强而降低,这反映了酸化对光合和钙化作用的综合效应。快速光反应曲线的测定结果显示:随着酸化程度的增强,强光引起的光抑制程度越来越强;在酸化条件下,藻体的光饱和点显著降低,但pH 6.8和5.5之间没有显著差异;低光下的电子传递速率在pH 8.1和6.8之间没有显著差异,pH 5.5培养条件下显著降低;最大电子传递速率在pH 6.8时最大,在pH 5.5时最低。以上结果说明,高浓度CO2引起的海水酸化显著地影响着小珊瑚藻的光合和钙化过程,不同的酸化程度下,藻体的光合、钙化反应不同,在较强的酸化程度下(pH 5.5),藻体的光合和钙化过程都将受到强烈的抑制,这些结果为认识CO2海底封存渗漏危险对海洋钙化藻类的可能影响提供了理论参考。     

墨兰幼叶和成熟叶不同部位叶绿体超微结构和光合作用

墨兰试管苗植株成熟叶片叶绿体基粒较发达,类囊本膜垛叠较紧密。幼叶叶绿体中少有亲锇颗粒,成熟叶的叶绿体中往往既有亲锇颗粒又有淀粉粒。幼叶中基粒数目比成熟叶的少,叶绿体也比成熟叶的小。幼叶的光合放氧速率比成熟叶的低。幼叶中叶尖部叶绿体最大而叶基部最小,但叶尖部的光合放氧速率比叶基部小。成熟叶中叶绿体大小及光合放氧速率区别不明显。通过对各部位叶绿素含量的测定发现,叶绿素含量与光合放氧速率之间没有正相关性     

Phototaxis in Cryptomonas sp. under condition suppressing photosynthesis

Effects of 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-l, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU)on photosynthetic oxygen evolution, respiratory oxygen uptake,phototactic response and swimming rate in Cryptomonas sp. weredetermined and compared. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution wascompletely inhibited in the presence of 10^–5 M DCMU. Thetreatment did not significantly affect the rates of respiratoryoxygen uptake, phototaxis, and swimming, indicating that directparticipation of photosynthesis in the phototaxis of this algacan be ruled out. Wavelength dependency of photosynthetic oxygen evolution wasalso determined in the range of 560 to 700 nm. The rate of photosyntheticoxygen evolution at 680 nm was as high as that at 560 nm, butno phototactic activity was seen at 680 nm although it was maximumat 560 nm. This is consistent with the above conclusion. (Received February 16, 1976; )     

Enhancement of photosynthetic O2 evolution in Chlorella vulgaris under high light and increased CO2 concentration as a sign of acclimation to phosphate deficiency.

The photosynthetic oxygen evolution of Chlorella vulgaris (Beijer.) cells taken from phosphate-deficient (-P) and control cultures was measured during 8 days of culture growth. Under inorganic carbon concentration (50 microM) in the measuring cell suspension and irradiance (150 micromol m(-2) s(-1)), the same as during culture growth, there were no marked differences in the photosynthetic O2 evolution rate between the -P cells and the controls. The much slower growth of -P cultures indicated that the utilization of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the CO2 assimilation and biomass production were in -P cells less efficient than in the controls. Alga cells under the phosphorus stress utilized more of the absorbed PAR in the nitrate reduction than the control cells. However, under conditions of more efficient CO2 supply (inorganic carbon concentration 150 microM, introducing of exogenous carbonic anhydrase to the measuring cell suspension) and under increased irradiance (500 micromol m(-2) s(-1)), the photosynthetic O2 evolution in -P cells reached a higher rate than in the controls. The results suggest that in -P cells the restricted CO2 availability limits the total photosynthetic process. But under conditions more favorable for the CO2 uptake and under high irradiance, the -P cells may reveal a higher photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate than the controls. It is concluded that an increased potential activity of the photosynthetic light energy absorption and conversion in the C. vulgaris cells from -P cultures is a sign of acclimation to phosphorus stress by a sun-type like adaptation response of the photosynthetic apparatus.     

The role of carbon dioxide in light-activated hydrogen production by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Light-activated hydrogen and oxygen evolution as a function of CO₂ concentration in helium were measured for the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The concentrations were 58, 30, 0.8 and 0 ppm CO₂. The objective of these experiments was to study the differential affinity of CO₂/HCO ₃ ^- for their respective Photosystem II and Calvin cycle binding sites vis-à-vis photoevolution of molecular oxygen and the competitive pathways of hydrogen photoevolution and CO₂ photoassimilation. The maximum rate of hydrogen evolution occurred at 0.8 ppm CO₂, whereas the maximum rate of oxygen evolution occurred at 58 ppm CO₂. The key result of this work is that the rate of photosynthetic hydrogen evolution can be increased by, at least partially, satisfying the Photosystem II CO₂/HCO ₃ ^- binding site requirement without fully activating the Calvin-Benson CO₂ reduction pathway. Data are presented which plot the rates of hydrogen and oxygen evolution as functions of atmospheric CO₂ concentration in helium and light intensity. The stoichiometric ratio of hydrogen to oxygen changed from 0.1 at 58 ppm to approximately 2.5 at 0.8 ppm. A discussion of partitioning of photosynthetic reductant between the hydrogen/hydrogenase and Calvin-Benson cycle pathways is presented.Abbreviations PET photosynthetic electron transport - PS Photosystem     

Sulfur dioxide inhibition of photosynthesis in isolated spinach chloroplasts

Photosynthetic oxygen evolution by isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts approached complete inhibition in the presence of a 5 mm concentration of sulfur dioxide. A similar inhibition was observed in the presence of equimolar concentrations of bisulfite ions, suggesting a parallel mode of action. In contrast, an equimolar concentration of sulfite ions was markedly less inhibitory and sulfate ions caused negligible inhibition of apparent photosynthesis. The mode of action of sulfur dioxide and related sulfur anions in inhibiting photosynthesis was found to be essentially independent of direct hydrogen-ion effects. Supplements of inorganic pyrophosphate lessened the inhibition of oxygen evolution caused by sulfur dioxide and the sulfur anions.Sulfur dioxide and the sulfur anions were almost equally effective in inhibiting cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation in chloroplast suspensions. However, the extent of the inhibition of these photosynthetic reactions does not appear sufficient to account for the inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution by sulfur dioxide.     

STUDIES ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS : SOME EFFECTS OF LIGHT OF HIGH INTENSITY ON CHLORELLA

1. The effect on oxygen evolution of Chlorella vulgaris produced by light intensities up to about 40,000 f.-c. has been studied by the use of the Warburg technique. 2. Above a certain critical intensity, which is determined by the previous history of the cells, the rate of oxygen evolution decreases from the maximum to another constant rate. This depression is at first a completely reversible effect. 3. With a sufficiently high intensity this constant rate represents an oxygen uptake greater than the rate of dark respiration. During such a constant rate of oxygen uptake a progressive injury to the photosynthetic mechanism takes place. After a given oxygen consumption the rate falls off, approaching zero, and the cells are irreversibly injured. 4. The constant rate of oxygen evolution (2 and 3) decreases in a continuous manner with increasing light intensities, approaching a value which is approximately constant for all lots of cells regardless of previous history. 5. Two alternative hypotheses have been presented to explain the observed phenomena. The more acceptable of these proposes quick inactivation of the photosynthetic mechanism, the extent of inhibition depending on the light intensity. 6. In Chlorella vulgaris solarization is influenced by the previous history of the cells.     

Clinorotation effect on thermodynamic efficiency of energy transformation in chloroplasts of higher plants

The aim of the work was to estimate the effect of clinorotation on thermodynamic coupling and efficiency of the process of photosynthetic energy transformation in chloroplasts using nonequilibrium thermodynamics approach. These parameters were calculated from experimentally determined net photosynthetic oxygen evolution at static head [(Je)sh], uncoupled rate of the oxygen evolution (Jo)unc and net rate of ATP production. It was found that in chloroplasts isolated from control and clinorotated pea plants coefficient of thermodynamic coupling of photophosphorylation (q) was 0.94 and 0.91 respectively. Optimal thermodynamic efficiency (eta opt) of the systems were calculated as 0.64 and 0.6 for control and clinorotation plants. Thus the data of the work show that thermodynamic efficiency of light energy transformation in higher plants is under influence of imitated weightlessness conditions.     

Hydrogen production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</Emphasis> revisited: Rubisco as a biotechnological target

Hydrogen production by C. reinhardtii seems a promising alternative as a source of non-polluting biofuel. Hydrogen is generated as a result of combining free protons and electrons (supplied by ferredoxin) through the activity of an oxygen-sensitive hydrogenase. Thus, substantial hydrogen production is only observed in the light under anaerobic conditions. These require a reduced rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution which is usually achieved by impairing photosystem II through sulphur starvation. Several approaches have been conducted to enhance and extend hydrogen production by addressing problems such as the mechanism of hydrogenase inhibition by oxygen, the stressing impact on the cells of the culture conditions, the use of starch as an alternate source of electrons under reduced photosynthetic activity, and the need of maintaining a balance between oxygen evolution and consumption. The photosynthetic enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) appears as suitable objective for biotechnological optimization of hydrogen production because of its relevance controlling the hydrogenase main competitor electron sink (the Calvin-Benson cycle), as well as starch accumulation and photorespiratory oxygen consumption. Possible strategies for increasing hydrogen generation based on alteration of Rubisco properties and/or catabolism through site-directed mutagenesis are discussed.     

Effect of hydrogen ion buffers on photosynthetic oxygen evolution in the blue-green alga, Agmenellum quadruplicatum.

The photosynthetic oxygen evolution capacity of Agmenelium quadruplication suspended in four hydrogen ion buffers (pH 7.4, 0.05 M) and its synthetic marine growth medium was measured with an oxygen electrode. High rates of oxygen evolution were obtained in the growth medium and N-tris(hydroxymethyl)-methylglycine (Tricine) buffer. Compared to oxygen evolution in the growth medium, rates in phosphate buffer and N-tris(hydroxymethyl)-2-aminoethanesulphonic acid (TES) buffer were sometimes reduced by up to 30% and rates in tris (hydroxymethyl) amino-methane (Tris) were consistently reduced by 50%. An incubation-rinsing procedure caused inhibition of oxygen evolution in TES, phosphate, and Tris by 50 to 100%. Oxygen evolution could be restored to cells rinsed in TES or phosphate by resuspension in growth medium or in buffer plus magnesium and calcium ions. Bezoquinone-supported oxygen evolution was not affected by rinsing with any buffer tested except Tris. Ferricyanide was photoreduced at a low rate by cells rinsed in Tes but at a high rate in TES plus magnesium and calcium ions. We interpreted our results to mean that, in Agmenellum quadruplicatum, inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution by Tris occurs at the level of photosystem 2 while the effects of TES and phosphate are on electron-transport occurring after the rate-limiting reaction.     

Development of Photochemical Activity and the Appearance of the High Potential Form of Cytochrome b-559 in Greening Barley Seedlings

The development of photochemical activity during the greening of dark-grown barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Svalöfs Bonus) was studied in relation to the formation of the high potential form of cytochrome b-559 (cytochrome b-559_HP). Photosynthetic oxygen evolution from leaves was detected at 30 minutes of illumination. The rate of oxygen evolution per gram fresh weight of leaf was as high at 2 to 2.5 hours of greening as at 24 hours or in fully greened leaves. On a chlorophyll basis, the photosynthetic rate at 90 minutes of greening was 80-fold greater than the rate at 45 hours. It is concluded that the majority of photosynthetic units are functional at an early stage of greening, and that chlorophyll synthesis during greening serves to increase the size of the units.