胶质瘤来源外泌体通过高迁移率族蛋白B1促进胶质瘤干细胞形成

摘要 目的：研究胶质瘤来源外泌体中高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）对胶质瘤干细胞形成的影响及其意义。方法：使用外泌体提取试剂盒提取原代胶质母细胞瘤来源外泌体,通过透射电子显微镜、纳米粒度电位仪和Western blotting对外泌体进行鉴定;采用Western blotting检测外泌体中HMGB1的表达量;通过qRT-PCR、Western blotting、克隆球计数检测外泌体对胶质瘤干细胞形成的影响;siRNA敲低HMGB1的表达水平,并通过qRT-PCR、Western blotting、克隆球计数检测外泌体中HMGB1对胶质瘤干细胞形成的影响。结果：原代胶质瘤细胞可以分泌外泌体到肿瘤微环境并且外泌体中存在HMGB1;原代胶质瘤细胞来源外泌体可以上调邻近胶质瘤细胞干性相关分子CD133、OCT4、NANOG、SOX2的表达并促进干细胞克隆球的形成;通过siRNA敲低原代胶质瘤细胞HMGB1的表达后,外泌体中HMGB1的含量降低并且外泌体促进胶质瘤干细胞形成的作用减弱。结论：胶质瘤细胞来源外泌体可以通过HMGB1促进胶质瘤干细胞的形成。     

CTLA-4在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者外泌体的表达及初步机制研究

摘要 目的：探讨细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（CTLA-4）在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）患者外泌体的表达及初步机制。方法：2019年6月至2020年11月就诊于本院的DLBCL患者纳入本项研究,分为缓解组和复发组;选取来医院体检的健康志愿者做为对照组;采用试剂盒分离外泌体,CD63抗体包被磁珠结合后,流式细胞术检测CTLA-4+外泌体的比例;流式细胞术检测CD4⁺T细胞、CD8⁺T细胞和调节性T细胞（Treg细胞）的比例。结果：相对于对照组,缓解组DLBCL患者CTLA-4+外泌体的比例升高了37.42%;复发组DLBCL患者CTLA-4+外泌体的比例为6.04%,相对于缓解组,差异具有显著的统计学意义;复发组DLBCL患者CD4/CD8⁺T细胞比值和Treg细胞比例分别为0.85和0.44%,相对于缓解组,差异均具有显著的统计学意义;相关性分析结果显示CTLA-4+外泌体比例与CD4/CD8⁺T细胞比值呈负相关,而与Treg细胞比例呈正相关。结论：CTLA-4+外泌体比例在DLBCL患者显著升高,且与淋巴瘤的治疗效果和抗肿瘤免疫反应均具有紧密的相关性。     

间充质干细胞外泌体对海马星形胶质细胞活化的抑制作用研究

目的 探讨间充质干细胞外泌体(MSC-Exo)对海马星形胶质细胞活化的抑制作用.方法 实验通过超速离心法提取脐带MSC-Exo,并使用PKH-26染料标记;MSC-Exo预处理原代海马星形胶质细胞后使用脂多糖(LPS)诱导细胞活化,并分为对照组、LPS组和LPS+MSC-Exo组,进而行免疫细胞化学检测胶质纤维酸性蛋白...     

脐带间充质干细胞外泌体的分离和鉴定

目的探讨脐带间充质干细胞的外泌体的获取与鉴定方法。方法通过组织块贴壁法从胎儿脐带分离和培养脐带间充质干细胞并通过RiboTMExosome Isolation Kit收集外泌体,采用电镜和流式细胞仪鉴定外泌体。结果第二代脐带间充质干细胞表面CD45、CD34和HLA-DR呈阴性表达,CD29、CD44和CD105呈阳性表达;在透射电镜下观察到脐带间充质干细胞外泌体呈圆形或椭圆形,大小不均匀,直径30~100 nm,有完整的膜结构,内含低密度物质;流式细胞检测外泌体CD9、CD63、CD81和CD83呈阳性表达。结论在培养脐带间充质干细胞的培养基中可以收集到外泌体,可以通过电镜和流式细胞仪对脐带间充质干细胞的外泌体进行鉴定。     

康莱特注射液联合GP方案对晚期非小细胞肺癌患者免疫功能、新生血管生成和血清JAK2/STAT3信号通路的影响

摘要 目的：探讨康莱特注射液联合吉西他滨联合顺铂（GP）方案对晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者免疫功能、新生血管生成和血清两面神激酶2（JAK2）/信号转导及转录活化因子3（STAT3）信号通路的影响。方法：选取2019年2月至 2020年2月期间湖南省中医药研究院附属医院收治的80例晚期NSCLC患者。根据随机数字表法分为对照组（GP化疗,n=40）和观察组（康莱特注射液联合GP化疗,n=40）,治疗后观察两组患者疗效、免疫功能、新生血管生成指标、JAK2/STAT3信号通路相关指标的变化,记录不良反应发生率,并随访2年观察患者生存预后情况。结果：对照组、观察组的临床总有效率分别为60.00%（24/40）、82.50%（33/40）,组间对比有统计学差异（P>0.05）。与对照组相比,观察组治疗后的CD8⁺更低,CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺更高（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,观察组治疗后的血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）进一步下降,组织抑制因子-2（TIMP-2）进一步升高（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,观察组治疗后的JAK2mRNA、STAT3mRNA进一步下降（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率组间对比,统计学无差异（P>0.05）。观察组中位生存期为19个月明显长于对照组的10个月,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：康莱特注射液联合GP方案用于晚期NSCLC患者,可在一定程度上阻止疾病进展,减轻免疫抑制,延长生存期,考虑可能与下调JAK2/STAT3信号通路有关。     

骨髓间充质干细胞培养液促进STAT3磷酸化诱导Raw264.7细胞向M2型极化

炎症性疾病的发生是当今临床医学攻克的重点。M1型巨噬细胞分泌炎症因子产生炎症,而M2型巨噬细胞分泌抑炎因子抑制炎症的发生。M1型巨噬细胞向M2型极化,则是从炎症状态转变成抑制炎症发生的状态,因此研究巨噬细胞向缓解炎症的M2型极化将有利于炎症性疾病的治疗。本研究利用骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)培养液处理已被脂多糖(LPS)诱导呈M1型的Raw264.7巨噬细胞,探究骨髓间充质干细胞培养液(BMSC-CM)对巨噬细胞向M2型极化的影响及其分子机制。提取来源于3周龄C57BL/6鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞;再收集BMSC-CM处理M1型的Raw264.7巨噬细胞;半定量PCR检测M1型标记基因[肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(INOS)]和M2型标记基因[精氨酸酶1(ARG-1)和转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)]mRNA表达以及白介素10(IL-10)mRNA表达水平;Western蛋白质印迹法检测信号传导及转录激活蛋白3(STAT3)和磷酸化STAT3(p-STAT3)的表达。本研究发现,经过BMSC-CM培养后的M1型的Raw264.7巨噬细胞,其M2型相关指标ARG-1和TGF-β1 mRNA水平明显上升,并且IL-10 mRNA水平和p-STAT3蛋白水平也明显上升。这些结果说明,骨髓间充质干细胞培养液通过IL-10/STAT3信号通路促进STAT3磷酸化,诱导巨噬细胞Raw264.7细胞向M2型极化。     

原子力显微镜下淋巴瘤患者血浆外泌体的物理特征

目的 外泌体是细胞外囊泡的一种，被认为是一种生物信息载体。本文探究在AFM检测下淋巴瘤患者血浆中外泌体的物理特性。方法 从不同亚型淋巴瘤患者的外周血中提取外泌体，首先利用静电吸附法将分离的外泌体固定在云母基质上，然后应用原子力显微镜（AFM）扫描获取外泌体的多参数图像。在纳米/微尺度上，取得外泌体的形貌与力学信息并统计比较。结果 利用AFM表征单个外泌体的力学信息。其中，表面黏附力图像显示，外泌体边缘的能量耗散高于中心部分，因此具有显著边缘效应，来自不同亚型淋巴瘤患者的血浆中外泌体杨氏模量存在差异。结论 血浆中外泌体可被提取并在经过处理固定后可被AFM捕获并测量，血浆外泌体有望成为肿瘤诊断及治疗的新型生物标志物，外泌体的物理特性可能与其生物学性能存在关联。     

过表达IDO的骨髓间充质干细胞分泌外泌体下调树突状细胞免疫促进分子表达和上调Treg细胞数量

目的探讨过表达吲哚胺2, 3-双加氧酶(indoleamine 2, 3-dioxy genase, IDO)大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchy mal stem cells, BMSCs))分泌外泌体(exosome, ES)的免疫抑制调节作用。方法构建过表达IDO大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞提取分泌的外泌体做为实验组,将空载体大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞、大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分泌的外泌体做为对照组,将实验组及对照组分泌的外泌体分别与树突状细胞(DC细胞)、T细胞体外共培养48h后采用流式细胞检测DC细胞表面免疫调节分子表达及T细胞亚群分子标志物表达,同时采用RT-PCR检测DC细胞中IDO表达量。结果过表达IDO的BMSCs分泌的外泌体与DC细胞共培养使DC细胞CD40、CD86、CD80、MHCII、CD45RA+CD45RB、OX62等免疫促进分子表达率降低,而CD274表达率升高,同时DC细胞中IDO表达量增多;而过表达IDO的BMSCs分泌的外泌体与T细胞共培养组使T细胞亚群中的Treg细胞数量增加,CD4阳性T细胞变化无规律性,但CD8阳性T细胞减少。结论过表达IDO-BMSCs分泌的外泌体可通过抑制DC活性和上调Treg细胞数量,产生免疫抑制作用。     

骨髓间充质干细胞抑制小胶质细胞介导的炎症反应

目的研究骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells,BMMSCs)对小胶质细胞介导的炎症反应的抑制作用。方法实验分为四组:组一:小胶质细胞(BV2)生长于DMEM(High Glucose)培养液中;组二:BV2细胞生长于加入脂多糖(LPS)的上述培养液中;组三:BV2细胞、BMMSCs共培养于加入LPS的上述培养液中;组四:骨髓间充质干细胞(BMMSCs)生长于加入LPS的上述培养液中。观察BV2细胞的生长状态、电镜超微结构变化及其分泌的炎症因子TNF-α表达量的变化。结果光镜下BV2细胞密度依次为:组一组三组二,组四中BMMSCs生长状态良好;电镜下可见组二BV2细胞内出现大量肿胀及空泡化的线粒体、内质网等细胞器,少见生长活跃多核仁细胞,同时可见大量崩解细胞,组三细胞状态明显好于组二;BV2细胞分泌的炎症因子TNF-α表达量依次为组二组三组一组四。结论 BM-MSCs抑制小胶质细胞介导的炎症反应,进而发挥神经保护作用。     

扶正方对Lewis肺癌小鼠免疫功能、PI3K/AKT信号通路和外周血IL-2、IL-6、INF-γ的影响

摘要 目的：观察扶正方对Lewis肺癌小鼠免疫功能、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（PI3K）/蛋白激酶B（AKT）信号通路和外周血白细胞介素（IL）-2、IL-6、γ干扰素（INF-γ）的影响。方法：将40只Lewis肺癌小鼠随机分为模型组（M组）、扶正方低剂量组（A组）、扶正方高剂量组（B组）、顺铂组（S组）,每组10只,A组、B组分别给予扶正方0.4 mL/20 g、0.8 mL/20 g灌胃,M组给予生理盐水0.4 mL/20 g灌胃,S组给予顺铂1 mg/mL,0.4 mL灌胃,连续14d,比较各组小鼠一般情况、肿瘤重量,胸腺指数、脾脏指数、脾脏CD3⁺细胞、CD4⁺细胞、CD8⁺细胞比例细胞百分比,鼠肿瘤组织PI3K/AKT信号通路蛋白表达水平及外周血IL-2、IL-6、INF-γ水平。结果：A组、B组、S组小鼠肿瘤重量低于M组,S组小鼠肿瘤重量低于A组、B组（P<0.05）,治疗前各组小鼠体重比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）,治疗后A组、B组小鼠体重高于S组、M组（P<0.05）。A组、B组小鼠胸腺指数显著高于M组、S组（P<0.05）。A组、B组CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺显著高于M组、S组,CD8⁺显著低于M组、S组（P<0.05）,B组CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺显著高于A组,CD8⁺低于A组（P<0.05）。A组、B组、S组小鼠肿瘤组织PI3K蛋白、AKT蛋白表达水平显著低于M组（P<0.05）。A组、B组、S组小鼠外周血IL-2、INF-γ水平显著高于M组,IL-6水平显著低于M组（P<0.05）。结论：扶正方可以提升Lewis肺癌小鼠免疫功能,调节IL-2、IL-6、INF-γ细胞因子水平,抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路起到抗肺癌的作用。     

Th17细胞和Treg细胞与动脉粥样硬化

动脉粥样硬化从脂质条纹的形成到更复杂的病变和斑块破裂的进程是由多种不同类型的细胞和细胞因子网络共同参与作用的,其中最主要的是Th17细胞和Treg细胞及它们分泌的细胞因子。大量研究显示,Th17细胞对动脉粥样硬化的作用仍存在争议,但大部分研究仍认为其具有促动脉粥样硬化的作用。Treg细胞具有抗动脉粥样硬化的作用,Th17／Treg平衡对动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展具有重要的调节作用。本文将对Th17细胞、Treg细胞的生物学特性以及Th17细胞、Treg细胞和Th17／Treg平衡对动脉粥样硬化影响的最新研究进展做一综述。     

Human mesenchymal stem cells and renal tubular epithelial cells differentially influence monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation and maturation

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunosuppressive properties. But also fully differentiated human renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) are able to modulate T-cell proliferation in vitro. In this study we compared two MSC populations, human adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) and human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs), and RTECs regarding their potential to inhibit monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation in indirect co-culture.In the presence of hAMSCs and RTECs, monocytes stimulated to undergo DC differentiation were inhibited to acquire surface phenotype of immature and mature DCs. In contrast, ASCs showed only limited suppressive capacity. Secretion of IL-12p70 was suppressed in hAMSC co-cultures and high IL-10 levels were detected in all co-cultures. Prostaglandin E₂ was found in ASC and hAMSC co-cultures, whereas soluble human leukocyte antigen-G was highly elevated only in RTEC co-cultures. Thus, inhibition of DC generation by MSCs and RTECs might be mediated by different soluble factors.     

Columnar and metaplastic cells in vault smears: cytologic and colposcopic study

Vault smears (n= 250) were examined as routine follow up of hysterectomized individuals. Although the majority of these smears were normal, 14 of them revealed the presence of columnar cells or metaplastic cells. None of these patients had any known cause which could account for the presence of these cells in a post-hysterectomy smear. The possible explanations could be (i) the common mullerian origin of the upper vaginal mucosal cells, (ii) exfoliated reparative squamous parabasal and basal cells mimicking columnar cells, (iii) goblet cell metaplasia in atrophic vaginal epithelium.     

Resistance and augmentation of innate immunity in mice exposed to starvation

Mice were exposed to starvation for 3 days. Body temperature and various parameters were examined. By starvation, body temperature, blood glucose and ACTH decreased, especially on days 2 and 3. The level of corticosterone increased at this time. On the other hand, the number of lymphocytes yielded by the liver, spleen and thymus decreased from day 1 to 3. The change of the distribution of lymphocyte subsets was unique because NK, NKT and extrathymic T cells were stress-resistant in the liver. Conventional T and B cells were stress-sensitive. Reflecting the increased proportion of NK and NKT cells, NK and NKT activities were augmented. The increased proportion of NKT cells produced both IFNγ and IL-4 (Th0-type profile). The proportion and some functions of granulocytes and macrophages increased on Day 1 after starvation. These results suggest that starvation has a potential to increase the functions of unconventional lymphocytes and myeloid cells.     

Osteotoxicity of cadmium and lead in HOS TE 85 and ROS 17/2.8 cells: relation to metallothionein induction and mitochondrial binding

Epidemiological, experimental and clinical data indicate that cadmium and lead are osteotoxins in man and other species. The relative sensitivities of a clonal human osteosarcoma cell line (HOS TE 85) and a clonal rat osteosarcoma cell line (ROS 17.28) to the cytotoxic effects of cadmium and lead were tested in serum-free media without added growth factors. The rat osteosarcoma cells were more sensitive to cadmium with cytotoxicity and inhibition of proliferation at 0.25 versus 0.75 and 1.0 mol l^– cadmium, respectively, for human osteosarcoma cell lines. The lower sensitivity to cadmium of human osteosarcoma cells is attributed, at least partly, to induction of metallothionein synthesis by cadmium and zinc in this cell line; in the rat osteosarcoma cell line, they do not induce metallothionein synthesis. Human osteosarcoma cells were more sensitive than rat osteosarcoma cells to lead with inhibition (IC₅₀) of proliferation at 4 mol l^– lead and cytotoxicity at 20 versus 6 and over 20 moll^– lead, respectively, for these variables in rat osteosarcoma cells. Both cells lines attained the highest lead concentration in the 15 000 × g (mitochondrial) fraction. The lead in the mitochondrial, microsomal, nuclear and cytosolic fractions of the human cell line did not decrease during 24 h post-washout. Binding of lead was much less stable in the less sensitive rat cells, with 50–100% loss of mitochondrial, microsomal and nuclear lead during 24 h post-washout.     

Adult stem cells in neural repair: Current options,limitations and perspectives

Stem cells represent a promising step for the future of regenerative medicine. As they are able to differentiate into any cell type, tissue or organ, these cells are great candidates for treatments against the worst diseasesthat defy doctors and researchers around the world. Stem cells can be divided into three main groups:(1) embryonic stem cells;(2) fetal stem cells; and(3) adult stem cells. In terms of their capacity for proliferation, stem cells are also classified as totipotent, pluripotent or multipotent. Adult stem cells, also known as somatic cells, are found in various regions of the adult organism, such as bone marrow, skin, eyes, viscera and brain. They can differentiate into unipotent cells of the residing tissue, generally for the purpose of repair. These cells represent an excellent choice in regenerative medicine, every patient can be a donor of adult stem cells to provide a more customized and efficient therapy against various diseases, in other words, they allow the opportunity of autologous transplantation. But in order to start clinical trials and achieve great results, we need to understand how these cells interact with the host tissue, how they can manipulate or be manipulated by the microenvironment where they will be transplanted and for how long they can maintain their multipotent state to provide a full regeneration.     

Calbindin D28k, parvalbumin, and calretinin immunoreactivity in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs of the gray short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica

The vertebrate main and accessory olfactory bulbs (MOB and AOB) are the first synaptic sites in the olfactory pathways. The MOB is a cortical structure phylogenetically well conserved in its laminar structure and overall synaptic organization, while the AOB has significant species variation in size. In order to better understand signal processing in the two olfactory systems and the species differences, immunocytochemical staining and analysis were done of the neuronal expression patterns of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin D28k (CB), parvalbumin (PV), and calretinin (CR) in the MOB and AOB in a marsupial species, the gray short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica. In the MOB, antibody to CB labeled periglomerular cells, superficial short axon cells / Van Gehuchten cells; antibody to PV labeled Van Gehuchten cells; and antibody to CR immunostained periglomerular cells, superficial short axon cells / Van Gehuchten cells, and granule cells. In the AOB, CB immunoreactivity was detected in periglomerular cells and a subpopulation of granule cells; antibody to PV labeled the superficial short axon cells / Van Gehuchten cells and granule cells; and antibody to CR labeled a small number of periglomerular cells, superficial short axon cells / Van Gehuchten cells, and granule cells. These results showed that the patterns of CB, PV, and CR expression differ in the opossum main and accessory olfactory bulbs and differ from that in other animal species. These varying patterns of neuronal immunostaining may be related to the different functions of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs and to the differing signal processing features.     

牛胚胎生殖细胞的分离与培养

胚胎生殖细胞 (Embryonicgermcells,EG)是由生殖嵴原始生殖细胞 (Primordialgermcells,PGCs)中分离得到的一种未分化而多潜能的干细胞。牛EG细胞的研究在EG细胞核移植、转基因及建立生物反应器方面具有广阔的应用前景。本研究从 2 9- 70日龄牛胎儿PGCs分离得到EG细胞 ,经过抑制分化培养 ,其中一个细胞系传至 6代。所分离得到的EG细胞具有典型的EG细胞形态 ,AP及PAS染色呈阳性 ,核型正常 ,同时观察到这些细胞在体外进行自发性分化 ,可形成类胚体、成纤维样细胞及神经样细胞     

Comparative immunocytochemical demonstration of ACTH-, LH and FSH-containing cells in the pituitary of neonatal,immature and adult rats

Summary By means of immunocytochemistry, the development of ACTH-, LH- and FSH cells was examined in the anterior pituitary of 5-day-old neonatal, 15-day-old immature and adult rats. ACTH-positive cells are angular and the periphery of these cells is strongly reactive with anti-ACTH serum. In contrast, LH- and FSH-immunopositive cells are ovoid elements, ranging in cell size and intensity of staining. Angular cells, in which only the cell periphery reacted with anti-LH serum, were observed in neonatal and immature rats; however, these cells were not stained with either anti-FSH serum or anti-ACTH serum. Observation of serial semithin sections revealed that ACTH-immunopositive cells do not react with either anti-LH or anti-FSH serum. Finally, it was observed that ACTH cells and LH cells are both functionally differentiated already in 5-day-old neonatal rats.     

Conventional, regulatory, and unconventional T cells in the immunologic response to Helicobacter pylori

Infection by the gastroduodenal pathogen Helicobacter pylori elicits a complex immunologic response in the mucosa involving neutrophils, plasma cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes, of which T cells are the principal orchestrators of immunity. While so-called classical T cells (e.g. T-helper cells) that are activated by peptide fragments presented on antigen-presenting cells have received much attention in H. pylori infection, there exists a diverse array of other T cell populations that are potentially important for the outcome of the ensuing immune response, some of which have not been extensively studied in H. pylori infection. Pathogen-specific regulatory T cells that control and prevent the development of immunopathology associated with H. pylori infection have been investigated, but these cells can also benefit the bacterium in helping to prolong the chronicity of the infection by suppressing protective immune responses. An overlooked T cell population, the more recently described Th17 cells, may play a role in H. pylori-induced inflammation, due to triggering responses that ultimately lead to the recruitment of polymorphs, including neutrophils. The so-called innate or unconventional T cells, that include two conserved T cell subsets expressing invariant antigen-specific receptors, the CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells which are activated by glycolipids, and the mucosal-associated invariant T cells which play a role in defense against orally acquired pathogens in the intestinal mucosa, have only begun to receive attention. A greater knowledge of the range of T cell responses induced by H. pylori is required for a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of this bacterium and its ability to perpetuate chronic infection, and could reveal new strategies for therapeutic exploitation.