术前中性粒细胞绝对值/淋巴细胞比值联合血清瘦素、睾酮对前列腺癌根治术后生化复发的评估价值

摘要 目的：探讨术前中性粒细胞绝对值/淋巴细胞比值（NLR）联合血清瘦素、睾酮对前列腺癌（PCa）根治术后生化复发的评估价值。方法：选取2018年1月～2020年1月于我院接受根治性切除术治疗的82例PCa患者。术前均检测NLR、血清瘦素、睾酮水平。术后对所有患者均进行2年随访观察,按照是否发生生化复发分为复发组（n=34）以及无复发组（n=48）。比较两组NLR、血清瘦素、睾酮水平差异。收集患者临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析PCa根治术后生化复发的影响因素。采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析NLR以及血清瘦素、睾酮预测PCa根治术后生化复发的评估价值。结果：复发组术前NLR以及瘦素水平均高于无复发组（P＜0.05）,而睾酮水平低于无复发组（P＜0.05）。复发组术前前列腺特异抗原（PSA）≥10 ng/mL、TNM分期T2期人数占比以及Gleason评分均高于无复发组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,术前PSA≥10 ng/mL、TNM分期T2期、Gleason评分较高、术前NLR较高、瘦素水平较高、睾酮水平较低是PCa根治术后生化复发的危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,联合检测术前NLR、血清瘦素、睾酮水平预测PCa根治术后生化复发的ROC曲线下面积为0.897,高于三项指标单独检测的0.678、0.712、0.733。结论：PCa根治术后生化复发受术前PSA、NLR、血清瘦素、睾酮水平、TNM分期、Gleason评分等因素影响,术前NLR联合血清瘦素、睾酮对PCa根治术后生化复发的预测价值较高。     

术前三叶因子3、热休克蛋白40、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值与上皮性卵巢癌患者肿瘤细胞减灭术后复发的关系

摘要 目的：探讨术前三叶因子3（TFF3）、热休克蛋白40（HSP40）、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值（NLR）与上皮性卵巢癌（EOC）患者肿瘤细胞减灭术（CRS）后复发的关系。方法：选取2016年1月～2017年5月南京市第二医院妇科收治的140例接受CRS治疗的EOC患者，根据CRS后是否复发分为复发组和未复发组。检测和计算血清TFF3、HSP40、NLR。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析EOC患者CRS后复发的影响因素，受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析EOC患者CRS后复发的预测价值。结果：随访5年，失访2例，138例EOC患者CRS后复发率为52.90%（73/138）。与未复发组比较，复发组国际妇产科联盟（FIGO）分期Ⅳ期、化疗疗程≥6个、术后残留灶为最大残留肿瘤直径≤1 cm（R1）比例更大，术前血清糖类抗原（CA）125、TFF3、HSP40、NLR升高（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，肿瘤直径≥3 cm、低分化、FIGO分期Ⅳ期、术后残留灶为R1和TFF3、HSP40、NLR升高为EOC患者CRS后复发的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示，术前血清TFF3、HSP40、NLR单独与联合预测EOC患者CRS后复发的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.766、0.763、0.765、0.911，术前血清TFF3、HSP40、NLR联合预测EOC患者CRS后复发的AUC最大。结论：术前血清TFF3、HSP40、NLR升高与EOC患者CRS后复发独立相关，可能成为EOC患者CRS后复发的辅助预测指标，且三指标联合应用预测价值更高。     

超声造影定量参数联合癌胚抗原、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值对乳腺癌改良根治术后复发转移的预测价值

摘要 目的：探讨超声造影定量参数联合癌胚抗原（CEA）、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值（NLR）对乳腺癌改良根治术后复发转移的预测价值。方法：选择2020年12月至2022年1月我院收治的120例行改良根治术治疗的乳腺癌患者,所有患者均行乳腺超声造影检查获得超声造影特征图像及超声造影定量参数,检测血清CEA水平和NLR,统计术后复发转移的发生情况。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析超声造影定量参数联合CEA、NLR预测乳腺癌改良根治术后复发转移的价值。结果：两组术前超声造影特征比较,复发转移组增强强度略高,大部分为高增强或整体增强,造影剂分布尚均匀。18例术后发生复发转移（复发转移组）,复发转移组峰值强度（PI）大于未复发转移组,血清CEA水平和NLR高于未复发转移组,达峰时间（TTP）小于未复发转移组（P＜0.05）。PI、TTP、CEA、NLR预测乳腺癌改良根治术后复发转移的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.693、0.764、0.763、0.781,联合PI、TTP、CEA和NLR预测乳腺癌改良根治术后复发转移的AUC为0.909,大于各指标单独预测。结论：乳腺癌改良根治术后复发转移患者超声造影参数PI增大、TTP降低,血清CEA和NLR增高,联合检测TTP、PI、CEA和NLR在乳腺癌改良根治术后复发转移中具有较高的预测价值。     

血清AIb、PA、NLR水平在直肠癌术后发生吻合口瘘评估中的应用

摘要 目的：探讨血清白蛋白（AIb）、前白蛋白（PA）、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）水平在直肠癌术后发生吻合口瘘评估中的应用。方法：选择2018年6月至2019年12月于我院进行直肠癌手术患者90例患者进行研究,其中38例发生术后吻合口瘘,设为研究组, 52例未发生吻合口瘘作为对照组。分析患者术后血清AIb、PA、NLR水平变化情况,采用受试者工作特征曲线分析血清AIb、PA、NLR对术后发生吻合口瘘的评估作用。结果：研究组血清AIb、PA水平显著低于对照组,NLR水平显著高于对照组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;造口组术后血清AIb、PA水平显著高于未造口组,NLR水平显著低于未造口组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;ROC结果显示,血清AIb预测术后吻合口瘘的AUC为0.967,灵敏度为81.25%,特异度为90.14%,截断值为33.06 g/L;血清PA预测术后吻合口瘘的AUC为0.772,灵敏度为80.36%,特异度为89.56%,截断值为119.04 mg/L;血清NLR预测术后吻合口瘘的AUC为0.991,灵敏度为85.62%,特异度为93.23%,截断值为6.86。结论：监测血清AIb、PA、NLR水平有助早期发现直肠癌患者术后吻合口瘘。     

术前HE4、FOLR1、NLR联合监测在上皮性卵巢癌术后复发中的临床应用价值

摘要 目的：探讨术前人附睾蛋白4（HE4）、叶酸受体1（FOLR1）、中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比值（NLR）联合监测在上皮性卵巢癌（EOC）术后复发中的临床应用价值,并分析EOC术后复发的危险因素。方法：选取2018年4月~2019年9月期间广东医科大学附属第二医院收治的114例EOC患者纳为EOC组,EOC组根据术后有无复发分为未复发组（n=42）和复发组（n=72）,选择同期在广东医科大学附属第二医院住院治疗的100例卵巢上皮良性肿瘤患者作为卵巢良性疾病组,另选广东医科大学附属第二医院体检中心的健康女性志愿者95例作为对照组。对比EOC组和卵巢良性疾病组术前、对照组体检当日的HE4、FOLR1、NLR。对比未复发组、复发组术前的HE4、FOLR1、NLR及其他临床资料。采用多因素Logistic回归分析EOC术后复发的危险因素,通过绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析HE4、FOLR1、NLR单独或联合应用对EOC术后复发的预测价值。结果：EOC组、卵巢良性疾病组的HE4、FOLR1、NLR高于对照组,且EOC组高于卵巢良性疾病组（P<0.05）。复发组的HE4、FOLR1、NLR均高于未复发组（P<0.05）。复发组、未复发组在病理类型、临床分期、术中腹水细胞学检查结果、化疗周期、清扫淋巴结、组织分化程度、术后残留大小方面对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。HE4偏高、FOLR1偏高、NLR偏高、临床分期Ⅲ ~ Ⅳ期、组织分化程度为低分化、病理类型为浆液性、术后残留大小>1 cm、术中腹水细胞学检查结果为阴性、未清扫淋巴结均为EOC术后复发的危险因素（P<0.05）。HE4、FOLR1、NLR这三项指标术前联合检测预测术后复发的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.911均高于各指标单独检测的0.777、0.782、0.770。结论：EOC患者术前HE4、FOLR1、NLR处于高水平,且术前联合检测HE4、FOLR1、NLR对于EOC术后复发具有一定的预测价值,同时应关注临床分期Ⅲ ~ Ⅳ期、组织分化程度为低分化、病理类型为浆液性、术后残留大小>1cm、术中腹水细胞学检查结果为阴性、未清扫淋巴结的EOC患者,给予相关干预,以降低术后复发几率。     

血清淀粉样蛋白A、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值、血小板/淋巴细胞比值与急性化脓性阑尾炎患儿术后切口感染的关系

摘要 目的：探讨血清淀粉样蛋白A（SAA）、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值（NLR）、血小板/淋巴细胞比值（PLR）与急性化脓性阑尾炎患儿术后切口感染的关系。方法：选择418例急性化脓性阑尾炎患儿,观察术后7 d内切口感染情况,根据术后感染情况分为感染组和未感染组。对比感染组和未感染组术前血清SAA、NLR、PLR。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归模型分析术后切口感染的影响因素。绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评估术前血清SAA、NLR、PLR对急性化脓性阑尾炎患儿术后切口感染的预测价值。结果：418例急性化脓性阑尾炎患儿中,有54例出现术后切口感染,感染率为12.92%。感染组术前血清SAA、NLR、PLR高于未感染组（P<0.05）。术后切口感染与手术时间、手术方式有关（P<0.05）;而与性别、年龄、切口长度、发病至手术的平均时间无关（P>0.05）。术前手术时间偏长、血清SAA升高、NLR升高、PLR升高、手术方式为开腹是术后切口感染的危险因素（P<0.05）。术前血清SAA、NLR、PLR联合检测预测术后切口感染的效能大于各指标单独预测。结论：术前血清SAA水平及NLR、PLR在急性化脓性阑尾炎术后切口感染患儿中升高,三指标联合检测对术后切口感染发生具有较高的预测效能,血清SAA、NLR、PLR、手术时间、手术方式是术后切口感染的影响因素。     

术前降钙素原、血红蛋白、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值与永久性心脏起搏器植入患者术后囊袋感染的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨术前降钙素原（PCT）、血红蛋白（Hb）、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）与永久性心脏起搏器植入（PPI）患者术后囊袋感染的关系。方法：回顾性选取2019年7月～2021年7月安徽医科大学第二附属医院收治的400例PPI患者,根据术后1年是否发生囊袋感染分为感染组和非感染组。收集患者临床资料和术前PCT、Hb、NLR水平。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析PPI患者术后囊袋感染的影响因素,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析术前PCT、Hb、NLR对PPI患者术后囊袋感染的预测价值。结果：随访1年,400例PPI患者术后囊袋感染发生率为8.00%（32/400）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄增加、糖尿病、起搏器更换/升级、术后囊袋血肿和PCT、NLR升高、Hb降低为PPI患者术后囊袋感染的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,术前PCT、Hb、NLR联合预测PPI患者术后囊袋感染的曲线下面积大于PCT、Hb、NLR单独预测。结论：术前PCT、NLR升高和Hb降低与PPI患者术后囊袋感染有关,术前PCT、Hb、NLR联合预测术后囊袋感染的价值较高。     

术前修正衰弱指数联合C反应蛋白/白蛋白比值、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值对老年结直肠癌患者术后谵妄发生风险的评估价值

摘要 目的：探讨术前修正衰弱指数（mFI）联合C反应蛋白/白蛋白比值（CAR）、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值（NLR）预测老年结直肠癌患者术后谵妄发生风险的价值。方法：选择2020年1月至2021年12月郑州大学第一附属医院收治的352例行腹腔镜手术治疗的老年结直肠癌患者,根据术后谵妄发生情况将患者分为谵妄组（63例）和无谵妄组（289例）。术前采用mFI评估衰弱状态,检测C反应蛋白、白蛋白、中性粒细胞计数和淋巴细胞计数,计算CAR和NLR。分析影响老年结直肠癌患者术后发生谵妄的危险因素以及mFI、CAR和NLR预测老年结直肠癌患者术后发生谵妄的价值。结果：谵妄组mFI、CAR、NLR大于无谵妄组（P＜0.05）。年龄、饮酒史、脑血管病史、精神病史、术后转重症监护病房（ICU）比例高于无谵妄组（P＜0.05）。年龄、mFI、CAR、NLR升高是老年结直肠癌患者术后发生谵妄的危险因素（P＜0.05）。联合mFI、CAR、NLR预测老年结直肠癌患者术后发生谵妄的曲线下面积为0.835,高于单独mFI、CAR、NLR预测的0.688、0.741、0.733。结论：mFI、CAR、NLR升高是老年结直肠癌患者术后发生谵妄的危险因素,三指标联合检测有助于评估老年结直肠癌患者术后发生谵妄的风险。     

血清AGR、CEA、CA199及MIC-1表达在老年结直肠癌诊断及预后评估中的应用价值

摘要 目的：研究血清白蛋白/球蛋白比值（AGR）、癌胚抗原（CEA）、糖类抗原（CA）199及巨噬细胞抑制细胞因子-1（MIC-1）表达在老年结直肠癌诊断及预后评估中的应用价值。方法：选取2020年3月-2022年12月我院收治的老年结直肠癌患者60例作为观察组,根据患者预后情况分为预后良好组（36例）和预后不良组（24例）,选取同期来我院体检的健康者58例作为对照组。比较观察组、对照组患者AGR、CEA、CA199、MIC-1表达水平,比较预后良好组和预后不良组AGR、CEA、CA199、MIC-1表达水平、一般临床资料,采用Logistic回归模型分析AGR、CEA、CA199及MIC-1表达与老年结直肠癌患者预后结局的关系。结果：预后良好组和预后不良患者既往靶向治疗、性别、年龄、肿瘤家族史、肿瘤位置、肿瘤距肛缘距离比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,预后良好组患者高分化、TNM分期ⅠⅡ期、淋巴结转移比例低于预后不良组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,预后良好组AGR高于预后不良组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,预后良好组CA199、CEA水平、MIC-1表达阳性较预后不良组更低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）观察组患者AGR低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,观察组CA199、CEA水平、MIC-1表达阳性比例高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,Logistic回归分析结果为TNM分期、AGR、CEA、CA199是老年结直肠癌患者预后的影响因素（P＜0.05）。Logistic回归模型联合预测老年结直肠癌患者预后不良的ROC曲线下面积为0.954,显著高于各指标单独预测ROC曲线下面积0.683、0.866、0.918、0.909（P＜0.05）。结论：血清AGR降低,CEA、CA199水平升高与老年结直肠癌预后不良有关,各指标联合预测老年结直肠癌患者预后不良有较好的应用价值。     

血清脑钠肽、超敏C反应蛋白、可溶性ST2对阵发性心房颤动患者射频消融术后复发的预测价值研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清脑钠肽（BNP）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、可溶性致瘤抑制素2（sST2）对阵发性心房颤动（AF）患者射频消融（RFA）术后复发的预测价值。方法：选择2016年1月至2020年12月我院收治的接受RFA术治疗的82例阵发性AF患者,术后随访12个月,根据术后是否复发分为复发组（25例）和未复发组（57例）。检测患者血清BNP、hs-CRP、sST2水平,收集临床相关资料,采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析影响阵发性AF患者RFA术后复发的因素,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清BNP、hs-CRP、sST2预测阵发性AF患者RFA术后复发的价值。结果：复发组血清BNP、hs-CRP、sST2水平高于未复发组（P＜0.05）。血清BNP、hs-CRP、sST2水平升高、AF病程增长是影响阵发性AF患者RFA术后复发的危险因素（P＜0.05）。血清BNP、hs-CRP、sST2预测阵发性AF患者消融术后复发的曲线下面积分别为0.720、0.694、0.718,联合三者预测阵发性AF患者RFA术后复发的曲线下面积为0.866,高于BNP、hs-CRP、sST2单独预测。结论：阵发性AF患者血清BNP、hs-CRP、sST2水平升高是RFA术后复发的危险因素,联合检测血清BNP、hs-CRP、sST2水平有助于预测阵发性AF患者RFA术后复发。     

Optimal approximate conversions of odds ratios and hazard ratios to risk ratios

Odds ratios approximate risk ratios when the outcome under consideration is rare but can diverge substantially from risk ratios when the outcome is common. In this paper, we derive optimal analytic conversions of odds ratios and hazard ratios to risk ratios that are minimax for the bias ratio when outcome probabilities are specified to fall in any fixed interval. The results for hazard ratios are derived under a proportional hazard assumption for the exposure. For outcome probabilities specified to lie in symmetric intervals centered around 0.5, it is shown that the square-root transformation of the odds ratio is the optimal minimax conversion for the risk ratio. General results for any nonsymmetric interval are given both for odds ratio and for hazard ratio conversions. The results are principally useful when odds ratios or hazard ratios are reported in papers, and the reader does not have access to the data or to information about the overall outcome prevalence.     

An indicator quantitatively comparing two treatment effect sizes on responder and non-responder groups – exponential of estimated interaction parameter

 Sometimes a specific treatment is effective in one subgroup but not in another. An indicator allowing quantitative comparison of treatment effect in two subgroups would be useful in clinical medicine. We have developed such an indicator. It is obtained by calculations using Cox’s proportional hazard or logistic model with therapy, subgroup, and confounding explanatory variables. The parameter of the interaction between therapy and subgroup can be estimated and tested statistically. The exponential value of the interaction parameter is what we tentatively call the “hazard ratio ratio”, meaning the ratio between the treatment effects in two subgroups. The 95% confidence interval of the indicator can also be calculated. As a numerical example, the hazard ratio between the survival times of postoperative gastric cancer patients treated by adjuvant immunochemotherapy and patients without adjuvant immunochemotherapy in a subgroup with high serum glycosidically bound sialic acid (SA) level was lower than that in a low-SA subgroup using an estimate for hazard ratio ratio of less than 0.5 with statistical significance. We propose this indicator be used as a “responder/non-responder ratio” of therapy effect. Received: 11 April 1995 / Accepted: 5 September 1995     

Clinical significance of preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte versus platelet-lymphocyte ratio in patients with operable colorectal cancer

The objective of this study was to clarify whether the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are significant prognostic markers in patients with resectable colorectal cancer (CRC). A total of 200 patients who underwent curative resection for CRC were enrolled. The NLR and PLR were positively correlated (p?<?0.001). Both the NLR and PLR were shown to be good prognostic biomarkers of overall survival (OS) (p?=?0.002 and p?=?0.001, respectively). The PLR was an independent prognostic factor of OS based on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 1.971; 95% confidence interval, 1.102–3.335; p?=?0.021).     

Accuracy and Power of the Likelihood Ratio Test for Comparing Evolutionary Rates Among Genes

Sequences for multiple protein-coding genes are now commonly available from several, often closely related species. These data sets offer intriguing opportunities to test hypotheses regarding whether different types of genes evolve under different selective pressures. Although maximum likelihood (ML) models of codon substitution that are suitable for such analyses have been developed, little is known about the statistical properties of these tests. We use a previously developed fixed-sites model and computer simulations to examine the accuracy and power of the likelihood ratio test (LRT) in comparing the nonsynonymous-to-synonymous substitution rate ratio (=dN/dS) between two genes. Our results show that the LRT applied to fixed-sites models may be inaccurate in some cases when setting significance thresholds using a ² approximation. Instead, we use a parametric bootstrap to describe the distribution of the LRT statistic for fixed-sites models and examine the power of the test as a function of sampling variables and properties of the genes under study. We find that the power of the test is high (>80%) even when sampling few taxa (e.g., six species) if sequences are sufficiently diverged and the test is largely unaffected by the tree topology used to simulate data. Our simulations show fixed-sites models are suitable for comparing substitution parameters among genes evolving under even strong evolutionary constraint ( 0.05), although relative rate differences of 25% or less may be difficult to detect.Reviewing Editor: Dr. Rosmus Nielsen     

乳白蚁不同品级的比例

乳白蚁Coptotermes在湖北宜昌地区每年11月～次年3月收集到的巢群,每年品级比例基本平衡。品级头比的数据一律来自1月份的巢群;品级重比是11月～次年3月的巢群。品级的比例分别为：工蚁占81．70％、干重比69．45％;兵蚁占7．50％、干重比7．69％;生殖蚁占10．80％、干重比26．76％。     

Size dependence of leaf area and the mass of component organs during a course of self-thinning in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seedling population

The allometric equation, y=gx^h, was applied monthly to the relationships between two different dimensions of tree seedlings of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) during a course of self-thinning from April 1990 to March 1991 to detect differences in biomass allocation among individuals. As the h-value in the allometry of crown length and seedling height was greater than unity for all seasons, crown ratio became greater as seedling height increased. Leaf weight ratio increased with increasing seedling size because the h-value in the allometry of leaf dry weight and whole seedling dry weight was greater than unity in every month. Therefore, smaller seedlings are disadvantageous to photosynthetic production by leaves. In contrast, the leaf area ratio was constant irrespective of seedling size because the h-value in the allometry of leaf area and whole seedling dry weight was nearly equal to unity in most seasons. In addition, because the h-value in the allometry of leaf area and leaf dry weight was less than unity in all seasons, specific leaf area decreased with an increase in leaf dry weight, indicating that smaller seedlings adapt to low light environments by possessing shade leaves. Root weight ratio decreased with increasing seedling size because the h-value in the allometry of root dry weight and whole seedling dry weight was less than unity in most seasons.     

Small-sample inference for the comparison of means of log-normal distributions

We propose a likelihood-based test for comparing the means of two or more log-normal distributions, with possibly unequal variances. A modification to the likelihood ratio test is needed when sample sizes are small. The performance of the proposed procedures is compared with the F-ratio test using Monte Carlo simulations.     

Partitioning of dry mass and leaf area within plants of three species grown at elevated CO2

1. We tested the hypothesis that the net partitioning of dry mass and dry mass:area relationships is unaltered when plants are grown at elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations.
2. The total dry mass of Dactylis glomerata, Bellis perennis and Trifolium repens was higher for plants in 700 compared to 350 μmol CO₂ mol^–1 when grown hydroponically in controlled-environment cabinets.
3. Shoot:root ratios were higher and leaf area ratios and specific leaf areas lower in all species grown at elevated CO₂. Leaf mass ratio was higher in plants of B. perennis and D. glomerata grown at elevated CO₂.
4. Whilst these data suggest that CO₂ alters the net partitioning of dry mass and dry mass:leaf area relationships, allometric comparisons of the components of dry mass and leaf area suggest at most a small effect of CO₂. CO₂ changed only two of a total of 12 allometric coefficients we calculated for the three species: ν relating shoot to root dry mass was higher in D. glomerata , whilst ν relating leaf area to total dry mass was lower in T. repens .
5. CO₂ alone has very little effect on partitioning when the size of the plant is taken into account.