急诊超声心动图联合血清NT-proBNP、cTnI、CK-MB诊断急性心肌梗死的临床价值分析

摘要 目的：研究急诊超声心动图联合血清氨基末端脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）、肌钙蛋白（cTnI）和肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）诊断急性心肌梗死（AMI）的临床价值。方法：将2019年12月至2020年6月期间我院收治的82例AMI患者纳入研究,记作病变组。另取同期于我院进行体检的健康者80例作为对照组。比较两组各项超声心动图指标水平,血清NT-proBNP、cTnI和CK-MB水平。分析超声心动图指标与血清NT-proBNP、cTnI和CK-MB的相关性。以受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析超声心动图联合血清NT-proBNP、cTnI和CK-MB水平诊断AMI的效能。结果：病变组左心室射血分数（LVEF）低于对照组,而左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）高于对照组（P＜0.05）。病变组血清NT-proBNP、cTnI和CK-MB水平均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。Pearson检验显示LVEF与血清NT-proBNP、cTnI和CK-MB均呈负相关（r=-0.514、-0.578、-0.532,均P＜0.05）,LVEDD与血清NT-proBNP、cTnI和CK-MB均呈正相关（r=0.625、0.594、0.575,均P＜0.05）。超声心动图联合血清三项诊断AMI的曲线下面积、灵敏度以及特异度均高于超声心动图、血清三项单独诊断。结论：超声心动图联合血清NT-proBNP、cTnI和CK-MB诊断AMI的价值较高,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

血清NT-proBNP、HE4、β2-MG、sST2与扩张型心肌病患者心室重构的关系及对出院后短期预后的预测价值

摘要 目的：探讨血清N端脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）、人附睾蛋白4（HE4）、β2微球蛋白（β2-MG）、可溶性ST2（sST2）与扩张型心肌病（DCM）患者心室重构的关系及对出院后短期预后的预测价值。方法：选取2019年3月～2020年12月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院收治的DCM患者74例,记作DCM组。另取同期健康体检者80例作为对照组。检测并比较两组血清NT-proBNP、HE4、β2-MG、sST2水平以及心室重构相关指标水平。以Pearson相关性分析血清NT-proBNP、HE4、β2-MG、sST2水平和各项心室重构参数的相关性。此外,将所有DCM组患者按照出院后是否发生因心力衰竭再住院和心血管死亡事件分作预后不良组33例以及预后良好组41例。比较两组各项基线资料以及血清NT-proBNP、HE4、β2-MG、sST2水平。多因素Logistic回归分析DCM患者出院后短期预后的危险因素。通过受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清NT-proBNP、HE4、β2-MG、sST2预测DCM患者出院后短期预后的效能。结果：DCM组血清NT-proBNP、HE4、β2-MG、sST2水平均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。DCM组左心室质量指数（LVMI）、左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、左心室收缩末期容积（LVESV）水平均高于对照组,而左心室射血分数（LVEF）水平低于对照组（P＜0.05）。经Pearson相关性分析可得：血清NT-proBNP、HE4、β2-MG、sST2水平与LVMI、LVEDV、LVESV均呈正相关关系,而和LVEF均呈负相关关系（P＜0.05）。预后不良组年龄以及血清NT-proBNP、HE4、β2-MG、sST2水平均高于预后良好组（P＜0.05）。经多因素Logistic回归分析发现,年龄以及血清NT-proBNP、HE4、β2-MG、sST2水平均是DCM患者出院后短期预后的危险因素（P＜0.05）。经ROC曲线分析可得：血清NT-proBNP、HE4、β2-MG、sST2联合检测预测DCM患者出院后短期预后的曲线下面积、灵敏度以及特异度均高于上述四项指标单独检测。结论：血清NT-proBNP、HE4、β2-MG、sST2与DCM患者心室重构密切相关,且在预测患者出院后短期预后方面价值较高。     

复方丹参滴丸联合沙库巴曲缬沙坦对老年心肌梗死患者PCI术后炎性反应、心室重塑和心肌灌注的影响

摘要 目的：探讨复方丹参滴丸联合沙库巴曲缬沙坦对老年心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入术（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）术后炎性反应、心室重塑和心肌灌注的影响。方法：采用随机数字表法将本院2017年3月至2020年2月间收治的行PCI治疗的68例老年心肌梗死为研究对象,分为对照组（34例）和观察组（34例）。两组均行常规药物治疗,在此基础上予以对照组沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗,予以观察组复方丹参滴丸联合沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗。比较两组治疗前后血浆中超敏C反应蛋白（high-sensitivity creactive protein,hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α（Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白细胞介素-8（interleukin-8,IL-8）、N末端脑钠肽前体（N-terminal-pro-brain-natriuretic-peptide,NT-proBNP）、左室舒张末期前后径（left ventricular end-diastolic diamete,LVEDD）、左室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）、左室质量指数（left ventricular mass index,LVMI）以及治疗后TIMI血流分级。结果：两组血浆hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-8和NT-proBNP水平以及LVEDD和LVMI水平较治疗前明显降低,LVEF水平明显增加（P<0.05）。观察组治疗后血浆hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-8和NT-proBNP水平以及LVEDD和LVMI水平明显低于对照组,LVEF水平明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后20 minTIMI血流分级均明显好转,观察组术后20 min时TIMI血流分级明显优于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应总发生率比较无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论：复方丹参滴丸联合沙库巴曲缬沙坦能够明显降低老年心肌梗死患者PCI术后炎性反应,抑制心室重塑,改善心肌灌注,安全性较高。     

慢性肺源性心脏病患者血清白细胞介素-6、降钙素原、D-二聚体、N端B型脑钠肽前体与心功能分级和预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨慢性肺源性心脏病（CCP）患者血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、降钙素原（PCT）、D-二聚体（D-D）、N端B型脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）与心功能分级和预后的关系。方法：选取2020年1月～2021年5月合肥市第一人民医院全科医学科及呼吸与危重症科收治的170例CCP患者（CCP组）,其中纽约心脏协会（NYHA）心功能分级Ⅱ级49例、Ⅲ级66例、Ⅳ级55例,根据1年后存活状况分为死亡组26例和存活组144例,另选取同期54名体检健康者（对照组）。收集CCP患者临床资料,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平。通过多因素Logistic回归分析CCP患者预后不良的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平对CCP患者预后不良的预测价值。结果：与对照组比较,CCP组血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平升高（P＜0.05）。Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级CCP患者血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平依次升高（P＜0.05）。单因素分析显示,死亡组NYHA心功能分级Ⅳ级、肺动脉收缩压、Tie指数和血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平高于存活组,第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV₁）占预计值％、FEV₁/用力肺活量（FVC）、三尖瓣环收缩期位移低于存活组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,NYHA心功能分级Ⅳ级和肺动脉收缩压、IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP升高为CCP患者预后不良的独立危险因素,FEV1占预计值％升高为独立保护因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平单独与联合预测CCP患者预后不良的曲线下面积分别为0.789、0.789、0.792、0.801、0.954,灵敏度分别为93.33％、66.67％、66.67％、86.67％、86.67％,特异度分别为46.67％、82.67％、85.33％、66.67％、94.67％。血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平联合预测CCP患者预后不良的AUC大于单项预测（P＜0.05）。结论：CCP患者血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平升高可增加心功能严重程度并导致预后不良,可作为CCP患者预后不良的辅助预测指标,且四项指标联合检测具有更好的预测效能。     

慢性心力衰竭患者外周血miR-148a表达水平与炎症因子、心功能和心室重构的关系

摘要 目的：探讨慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血清miR-148a表达水平与炎症因子、心功能和心室重构的关系。方法：选择2017年1月~2019年1月在我院就诊的CHF患者136例,按照美国纽约心脏病学会（NYHA）心功能分级将患者分为Ⅱ级57例、Ⅲ级43例和Ⅳ级36例。实时荧光定量PCR检测血清miR-148a的表达,血清中白细胞介素-1（IL-1）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）的含量用酶联免疫吸附试验检测,使用超声心动图检测心功能和心室重构指标,主要包括左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、舒张末室间隔厚度（IVSD）、舒张末左室后壁厚度（PWD）、左室质量指数（LVMI）、左室射血分数（LVEF）和左室重构指数（LVRI）,采用Pearson积矩相关系数分析血清miR-148a表达水平与血清炎症因子、超声心动图指标之间的相关性。结果：CHF患者血清miR-148a表达量随心功能分级升高而降低（P均<0.05）。炎症因子（IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α）水平和LVEDD、PWD、IVSD、LVMI随心功能分级升高而升高, LVRI和LVEF随心功能分级升高而降低（P<0.05）。血清miR-148a表达量与炎症因子、IVSD、PWD和LVMI呈负相关（P<0.05）;与LVEF和LVRI呈正相关（P<0.05）。结论：血清miR-148a表达量与CHF患者血清炎症因子水平、心功能及心室重构关系密切,提示检测血清miR-148a有助于反映CHF患者病情的严重程度。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征对急性心肌梗死患者左心室功能、NT-proBNP、ET-1、GDF-15的影响

摘要 目的：探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAHS）对急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者左心室功能、N末端B型利钠肽原（NT-proBNP）、内皮素1（ET-1）、生长分化因子-15（GDF-15）的影响。方法：选取2020年3月至2022年6月于上海交通大学附属第六人民医院行急诊PCI的AMI患者136例,根据呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）水平将患者分为非OSAHS组（48例）、轻度OSAHS组（31例）、中度OSAHS组（29例）和重度OSAHS组（28例）。均行心脏超声检查左心室功能指标[左室短轴缩短率（LVFS）、左室射血分数（LVEF）],检测血清NT-proBNP、ET-1、GDF-15、肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶同工酶MB（CK-MB）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶（α-HBDH）水平。采用Pearson相关分析LVFS、LVEF、NT-proBNP、ET-1、GDF-15与AHI的相关性;采用多因素Logistic回归分析AMI合并OSAHS的影响因素。结果：（1）四组患者LVFS、LVEF比较,重度OSAHS组<中度OSAHS组<轻度OSAHS组<非OSAHS组（P<0.05）;（2）四组患者NT-proBNP、ET-1、GDF-15水平比较,重度OSAHS组>中度OSAHS组>轻度OSAHS组>非OSAHS组（P<0.05）;（3）四组患者CK、CK-MB、LDH、α-HBDH水平比较,重度OSAHS组>中度OSAHS组>轻度OSAHS组>非OSAHS组（P<0.05）。（4）Pearson相关性分析显示：AMI患者LVFS、LVEF与AHI均呈负相关（r=-0.632、-0.573,P<0.05）,NT-proBNP、ET-1、GDF-15水平与AHI均呈正相关（r=0.596、0.542、0.517,P<0.05）。（5）Logistic回归分析显示：LVFS（OR=6.379,95%CI：3.215~9.543）、LVEF（OR=3.016,95%CI：1.364~4.668）、NT-proBNP（OR=5.171,95%CI：2.316~8.025）、ET-1（OR=2.751,95%CI：1.334~4.168）、GDF-15（OR=2.447,95%CI：1.143~3.752）、CK（OR=4.108,95%CI：1.615~6.602）、CK-MB（OR=4.500,95%CI：1.860~7.139）、LDH（OR=3.435,95%CI：1.407~5.463）是影响AMI合并OSAHS的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：随着OSAHS病情进展可能加重AMI患者心功能、血管内皮功能、心肌损伤程度,血清NT-proBNP、ET-1、GDF-15水平升高可能是影响AMI患者并发OSAHS的危险因素。     

血清趋化素、网膜素-1与银屑病患者炎症细胞因子和代谢综合征的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清趋化素（CHEM）、网膜素-1（Omentin-1）与银屑病患者炎症细胞因子和代谢综合征（MS）的关系。方法：选取2020年1月～2021年1月我院收治的137例银屑病患者,其中40例轻度、58例中度、39例重度,根据是否合并MS分为MS组（n=59）、非MS组（n=78）。收集患者一般资料和实验室指标,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）检测血清白细胞介素（IL）-17、IL-22、IL-23、CHEM、Omentin-1水平。Pearson/Spearman系数分析银屑病患者血清CHEM、Omentin-1水平与炎症因子水平和病情严重程度的相关性,多因素Logistic回归分析银屑病合并MS影响因素。结果：与轻度组比较,中度组、重度组血清CHEM、IL-17、IL-22、IL-23水平升高,Omentin-1水平降低（P＜0.05）;与轻、中度组比较,重度组血清CHEM、IL-17、IL-22、IL-23水平升高,Omentin-1水平降低（P＜0.05）。银屑病患者血清CHEM水平与IL-17、IL-22、IL-23水平和病情严重程度呈正相关（r/rs=0.370、0.471、0.500、0.624,P均＜0.05）;Omentin-1水平与IL-17、IL-22、IL-23水平和病情严重程度呈负相关（r/rs=-0.392、-0.423、-0.475、-0.533,P均＜0.05）。与非MS组比较,MS组血清IL-17、IL-22、IL-23、CHEM水平升高,Omentin-1水平降低（P＜0.05）。CHEM（OR=1.098,95%CI：1.027～1.174,P=0.006）、Omentin-1（OR=0.775,95%CI：0.674～0.891,P=0.001）为银屑病合并MS的影响因素。结论：血清CHEM、Omentin-1水平变化与银屑病患者病情严重程度和炎症反应相关,为银屑病合并MS影响因素,可能作为银屑病合并MS早期监测指标。     

基于PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路探讨参附注射液对心力衰竭大鼠的作用及其机制

摘要 目的：基于PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路探讨参附注射液对心力衰竭大鼠的作用及其机制。方法：60只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组（n=20）、心力衰竭模型组（n=20）、参附注射液治疗组（n=20），正常对照组不做任何处理，其余两组采取腹主动脉缩窄法构建心力衰竭模型，给予心力衰竭模型组氯化钠溶液，参附注射液治疗组给予参附注射液。比较各组大鼠心脏功能、氧化应激、炎症因子、P13K-Akt-mTOR表达。结果：与正常对照组相比，参附注射液治疗组、心力衰竭模型组左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左心室收缩末期内径（LVESD）水平依次升高，而左心室射血分数（LVEF）水平依次下降（P<0.05）。与正常对照组相比，参附注射液治疗组、心力衰竭模型组血清丙二醛（MDA）水平依次升高，血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平依次下降（P<0.05）。与正常对照组相比，参附注射液治疗组、心力衰竭模型组血清白介素6（IL-6）、白介素1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平依次升高（P<0.05）。与正常对照组相比，参附注射液治疗组、心力衰竭模型组P13K-Akt-mTOR表达依次下降（P<0.05）。结论：参附注射液能够保护心力衰竭大鼠心脏功能，并可减轻氧化应激反应、抑制炎症因子表达，其作用机制可能与激活P13K-Akt-mTOR信号通路有关。     

急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后心室重构患者血清Hcy、CysC、MMP-1、NGAL的表达及临床意义

摘要 目的：观察急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者经皮冠脉介入术（PCI）术后心室重构患者血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、胱抑素C（CysC）、基质金属蛋白酶-1（MMP-1）、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL）的表达及临床意义。方法：选取2018年3月~2020年9月期间我院收治的AMI患者70例。根据PCI术后是否发生心室重构将其分为无心室重构组（n=49）和心室重构组（n=21）。检测患者血清MMP-1、Hcy、NGAL、CysC水平及心功能指标[左室后壁厚度( LVPWT)、左室舒张末期内径( LVEDD)、左室射血分数( LVEF)、室间隔厚度( IVST)]。分析血清MMP-1、Hcy、NGAL、CysC水平与心功能指标的相关性。分析AMI患者PCI术后心室重构的影响因素。结果：心室重构组血清MMP-1、Hcy、NGAL、CysC水平均高于无心室重构组（P<0.05）;LVEDD、IVST、 LVPWT均大于无心室重构组,LVEF低于无心室重构组（P<0.05）。Pearson相关性分析结果显示：血清MMP-1、Hcy、NGAL、CysC水平和LVEDD、IVST、 LVPWT均呈正相关,而与LVEF呈负相关（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果显示：两组患者梗死部位、心律失常情况、单核细胞（MO）、肌酸激酶同功酶（CK-MB）、发病到开通梗死相关动脉时间组间对比差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：梗死部位为前壁、发生心律失常以及高水平的MO、CK-MB、MMP-1、Hcy、CysC均是AMI患者PCI术后发生心室重构的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：血清MMP-1、Hcy、NGAL、CysC表达均与AMI患者PCI术后的心室重构密切相关,检测以上指标水平可对AMI患者PCI术后心室重构的预测和防治提供一定参考。     

血清SIRT1水平与射血分数保留的心力衰竭患者炎性因子、氧化应激的相关性分析及对预后的影响研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清去乙酰化酶1（SIRT1） 水平与射血分数保留的心力衰竭（HFpEF）患者炎性因子、氧化应激的相关性,分析SIRT1预测HFpEF患者预后的价值。方法：选择2019年10月至2021年6月青岛阜外心血管病医院收治的190例HFpEF患者为HFpEF组,92例心功能正常的健康体检志愿者为对照组。HFpEF患者出院后随访12个月,统计随访期间不良心血管事件发生情况,多因素Logistic回归分析HFpEF患者预后不良的影响因素。结果：HFpEF组血清SIRT1水平低于对照组（P＜0.05）,白细胞介素（IL）-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、丙二醛（MDA）、晚期氧化蛋白产物（AOPP）水平高于对照组（P＜0.05）。HFpEF患者血清SIRT1水平与IL-6、TNF-α、CRP、MDA、AOPP呈负相关（r=-0.496、-0.502、-0.419、-0.533、-0.542,P＜0.05）。190例患者2例失访,余188例HFpEF患者中41例预后不良,147例预后良好。预后不良组美国纽约心脏病协会（NYHA）Ⅳ级比例、IL-6、TNF-α、CRP、MDA、AOPP、N末端B型利钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）水平、左室收缩末期内径（LVEDS）、左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、二尖瓣舒张早期血流峰值（E）与舒张晚期血流峰值（A）（E/A）高于预后良好组（P＜0.05）,血清SIRT1水平、左心室射血分数（LVEF）低于预后良好组（P＜0.05）。高IL-6、高MDA、高NT-proBNP是HFpEF患者预后不良的危险因素（P＜0.05）,SIRT1是HFpEF患者预后不良的保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论：HFpEF患者血清SIRT1水平降低,与HFpEF患者炎症反应、氧化应激以及预后不良的发生有关,可作为HFpEF患者预后评估的辅助指标。     

Closed testing with Globaltest,with application in metabolomics

The Globaltest is a powerful test for the global null hypothesis that there is no association between a group of features and a response of interest, which is popular in pathway testing in metabolomics. Evaluating multiple feature sets, however, requires multiple testing correction. In this paper, we propose a multiple testing method, based on closed testing, specifically designed for the Globaltest. The proposed method controls the familywise error rate simultaneously over all possible feature sets, and therefore allows post hoc inference, that is, the researcher may choose feature sets of interest after seeing the data without jeopardizing error control. To circumvent the exponential computation time of closed testing, we derive a novel shortcut that allows exact closed testing to be performed on the scale of metabolomics data. An R package ctgt is available on comprehensive R archive network for the implementation of the shortcut procedure, with applications on several real metabolomics data examples.     

Studies with a plant fungicide,imazalil, with vapor-phase activity,in the therapy of human alternariosis

The use of a plant fungicide, the imidazole imazalil, in the therapy of human alternariosis is described. The patient's disease involved the palate, nose and sinuses, and had been unresponsive to conventional therapy. Imazalil has been used to treat Alternaria infections of plant materials. The patient's isolate was susceptible in vitro. We also showed that the drug was inhibitory to fungi in vitro as a vapor, not requiring contact by diffusion through agar or broth. The drug was used topically, by installation and irrigation, in this case and administered orally in doses of up to 1 200 mg daily, for 6 months. Peak serum concentrations exceeded 4 meg/ml. The infection was arrested but not cured. The drug was tolerated without evident toxicity, though an unpleasant taste and nausea at high doses were limiting.     

Muscle development in dendrobranchiate shrimp, with comparison with Artemia

The muscle pattern of malacostracan and entomostracan crustacean nauplius larvae was compared using fluorescent phallotoxins. In the dendrobranchiate malacostracan Sicyonia ingentis, F-actin staining was first detected in limb setae at 12 h, likely within sensory nerves. Staining of F-actin was detected in the trunk at 15 h and grew into the naupliar limbs. Sarcomeres were detected at 19 h, identifying the structures as extrinsic limb muscles. The extrinsic limb muscles enlarged but retained their general pattern during the later nauplius stages. Longitudinal trunk muscles and circumferential visceral muscle (VM) developed in the post-naupliar region during nauplius instars 4 and 5, at the time when the gut also formed. In the anostracan branchiopod Artemia salina, the newly hatched nauplius contained an extensive system of extrinsic and intrinsic limb muscles. The gut was almost complete at hatching, along with its associated circumferential VM. Muscles similar in position and structure could be identified in nauplii from the two taxa, but different anatomical origins of extrinsic muscles were evident. Whether the naupliar limb muscles are homologous in malacostracans and branchiopods remains an open question. The strong musculature of the dendrobranchiate naupliar limbs correlates with the use of all three pairs of limbs for swimming.     

Plasma manganese, selenium, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations in patients with schizophrenia

A number of essential trace elements play a major role in various metabolic pathways. Selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) are essential trace elements that have been studied in many diseases, including autoimmune, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. However, the findings of previous research on the status of trace elements in patients with schizophrenia have been controversial. We studied these elements in patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia and compared them with sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Plasma Cu concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.01) and Mn and Fe concentrations were lower (p<0.05 and p<0.05, respectively) in schizophrenic patients than in controls. Se and Zn concentrations and protein levels did not differ between patients and healthy controls. These observations suggest that alterations in essential trace elements Mn, Cu, and Fe may play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, findings from trace element levels in schizophrenia show a variety of results that are difficult to interpret.     

Enucleation of phagocytic cells with adenine, guanine, and their nucleosides in combination with centrifugation

Several purine compounds, such as adenine, guanine, adenosine, guanosine, and their related compounds, exhibited enucleation activity on adherent mouse peritoneal exudate cells (macrophages) during centrifugation at 25,000 and 35,000 g for 60 min at 34 degrees-36 degrees C in medium containing one of these compounds. Enucleation activity, however, did not occur in cells treated with adenine nucleotides, inosine, xanthine, or any of the tested pyrimidines. The purine compounds also had enucleation activity on mouse macrophage-like cell lines (P388D1 and RAW 264) and mouse polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but not on other typical cell lines such as a human epithelial cell line (HeLa S-3) or a mouse fibroblast cell line (L929). Cytochalasin B (CB) treatment, however, resulted in the enucleation of all cell types tested, even at a centrifugal force as low as 5,000 g. The process of macrophage enucleation was observed by both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In enucleated macrophages that had been treated with purine compounds, but not with CB, a newly formed cytoplasmic crater-like structure (about 3-9 microns in diameter) was observed at the original site of the nucleus. Surface structures, such as microvilli and membrane ruffles, remained relatively intact in macrophages that had been enucleated by treatment with purine compounds. By contrast, these surface structures were markedly changed in CB-treated macrophages. Purine compounds may affect cytoskeletal elements in ways similar to the well characterized effects of CB, and thus result in the enucleation of phagocytes. However, the characteristic differences in the enucleation activity exhibited by purine compounds and CB may indicate that purines have a mechanism of action different from that of CB.