游离睾酮指数联合血清GnSAF、SHBG对多囊卵巢综合征不孕患者IVF-ET治疗妊娠结局的预测价值

摘要 目的：探讨游离睾酮指数（FAI）联合血清促性腺激素平抑因子（GnSAF）、性激素结合球蛋白（SHBG）对多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）不孕患者体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）治疗妊娠结局的预测价值。方法：选取2020年1月～2022年6月湖南省妇幼保健院生殖医学中心收治的197例PCOS不孕患者为PCOS组,根据IVF-ET治疗妊娠结局分为妊娠失败组和妊娠成功组,另选取同期68名体检健康妇女为对照组。收集PCOS不孕患者临床资料,计算FAI并检测血清GnSAF、SHBG水平。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析PCOS不孕患者IVF-ET治疗妊娠结局的影响因素,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析FAI和血清GnSAF、SHBG对PCOS不孕患者IVF-ET治疗妊娠结局的预测价值。结果：PCOS组FAI和血清GnSAF水平高于对照组,SHBG水平低于对照组（P＜0.05）。197例PCOS不孕患者IVF-ET治疗妊娠成功率为51.27%（101/197）。单因素分析显示,妊娠失败组体质指数、黄体生成素（LH）、LH/促卵泡生成素（FSH）、睾酮、抗苗勒管激素（AMH）、FAI、GnSAF高于妊娠成功组,FSH、受精率、优胚率、SHBG低于妊娠成功组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,体质指数增加和LH、LH/FSH、AMH、FAI、GnSAF升高为PCOS不孕患者IVF-ET治疗妊娠失败的独立危险因素,SHBG升高为其独立保护因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,FAI和血清GnSAF、SHBG联合预测PCOS不孕患者IVF-ET治疗妊娠结局的曲线下面积大于FAI、GnSAF、SHBG单独预测。结论：FAI和血清GnSAF、SHBG水平联合预测PCOS不孕患者IVF-ET治疗妊娠结局的价值较高。     

通元针法对IVF-ET反复种植失败患者妊娠结局、性激素和焦虑抑郁影响的前瞻性随机对照研究

摘要 目的：观察通元针法对体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）反复种植失败（RIF）患者妊娠结局、性激素和焦虑抑郁影响。方法：前瞻性选取广州中医药大学第一附属医院2019年5月到2021年4月期间收治的IVF-ET RIF患者122例，采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组（61例，常规治疗）和研究组（61例，对照组的基础上接受通元针法治疗）。观察两组临床妊娠率、胚胎种植率，记录治疗期间不良反应发生情况，观察治疗前后子宫内膜厚度和子宫内膜血流参数、性激素和焦虑抑郁的变化情况。结果：研究组的临床妊娠率、胚胎种植率高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后，研究组孕酮、雌二醇水平高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后，研究组的子宫内膜血流搏动指数（PI）、子宫内膜血流阻力指数（RI）、子宫内膜血流收缩期最高血流速度/舒张末期血流速度（S/D）较治疗前降低，且低于对照组，子宫内膜厚度较对照组更厚（P<0.05）。治疗后，研究组Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）、Zung抑郁自评量表（SDS）评分低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率组间对比，无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：通元针法用于IVF-ET RIF患者，可有效调节人体性激素，缓解焦虑抑郁心情，改善妊娠结局，安全可靠。     

宫腔灌注HCG对反复种植失败患者子宫内膜血流、Th17细胞和妊娠结局的影响

摘要 目的：观察宫腔灌注人绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）对反复种植失败（RIF）患者子宫内膜血流、辅助性T细胞17（Th17）和妊娠结局的影响。方法：回顾性分析连云港市妇幼保健院2020年3月~2022年12月期间收治的RIF行冻融囊胚移植的患者148例。根据冻融囊胚移植前是否进行宫腔灌注HCG分为对照组（n=71）和研究组（n=77），对照组接受常规子宫内膜准备方案，研究组则在对照组的基础上接受宫腔灌注HCG治疗。对比两组子宫内膜螺旋动脉血流参数、Th17细胞因子和妊娠结局。结果：两组移植后搏动指数（PI）、阻力指数（RI）下降，且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组移植后白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-17（IL-17）、Th17细胞比例下降，且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组的囊胚种植率、活产率、临床妊娠率高于对照组，生化妊娠率低于对照组（P<0.05），两组早期流产率组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：宫腔灌注HCG可有效改善RIF患者子宫内膜血流、Th17细胞水平以及妊娠结局，具有较好的临床应用价值。     

无创胚胎染色体筛查技术在单囊胚冻胚复苏移植中的应用价值及其活产结局的因素分析

摘要 目的：探讨无创胚胎染色体筛查技术（NICS）在单囊胚冻胚复苏移植中的应用价值,分析影响活产结局的因素。方法：回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年12月我院收治的197例行单囊胚冻胚复苏移植患者的临床资料,53例行NICS检查且检测结果提示囊胚染色体拷贝数正常（NICS组）,26例NICS检测结果异常予以排除,118例未接受NICS检测（非NICS组）。收集临床资料并追踪妊娠结局,根据妊娠结局将患者分为活产组（75例）和非活产组（96例）,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析影响单囊胚冻胚复苏移植活产的因素。结果：NICS组活产率高于非NICS组（P＜0.05）。单因素分析显示活产组女方年龄小于非活产组（P＜0.05）,基础卵泡雌激素（FSH）水平、常规试管婴儿（IVF）周期≥2个低于非活产组（P＜0.05）,优质胚胎数、移植日子宫内膜厚度和NICS检查比例、发育成囊胚时间为D5比例高于非活产组（P＜0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示女方年龄偏大、发育成囊胚时间为D6是影响单囊胚冻胚复苏移植活产的危险因素（P＜0.05）,NICS检查是其保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论：NICS筛查胎儿染色体异常可提高单囊胚冻胚复苏移植活产率,产妇高龄和囊胚发育速度过慢是影响活产的主要危险因素。在单囊胚冻胚复苏移植前有必要进行NICS检查,并尽量选择D5囊胚以提高活产率。     

不同病变类型子宫内膜异位症对卵巢储备功能及辅助生殖技术结果的影响

摘要 目的：探究不同病变类型子宫内膜异位症（Endometriosis,EMs）对卵巢储备功能及辅助生殖技术结果的影响。方法：选择2018年1月-2021年1月于承德医学院附属医院妇产科就诊的EMs合并不孕症患者188例作为研究对象,纳入实验组,另随机选择同期单纯男性因素不孕妇女160例作为对照。对符合临床标准的患者行IVF-ET治疗,计算其胚胎种植率、临床妊娠率、活产率,对患者血清抗苗勒氏管激素（AWH）、卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、窦卵泡素（AFC）水平进行检测。结果：r-AFS III期、IV期AWH水平显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t=7.00、11.86,P均<0.05）;II期、III期、IV期AFC计数显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t=4.50、8.49、9.06,P均<0.05）。r-AFS分期III期、IV期患者种植率、临床妊娠率、活产率显著低于对照组（x²=4.04、4.72、10.46、8.80、11.32、12.21,P均<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果表明,r-AFS分期III期、IV期是IVF-ET不良结局的主要危险因素,具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：III/IV期EMs可在一定程度上降低妇女的卵巢储备功能,同时降低了IVF-ET过程中的种植率及临床妊娠率,从而对其妊娠结局产生不良的影响。     

血清SF、AMH、APN、NF-κB与肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征不孕患者胰岛素抵抗和IVF-ET助孕妊娠结局的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清铁蛋白（SF）、抗苗勒管激素（AMH）、脂联素（APN）、核因子-κB（NF-κB）与肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）不孕患者胰岛素抵抗（IR）和体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）助孕妊娠结局的关系。方法：选取2019年1月～2021年1月广西医科大学第一附属医院收治的120例PCOS不孕症患者,根据体重指数（BMI）分为肥胖组（BMI≥28 kg/m²,79例）和非肥胖组（BMI＜28 kg/m²,41例）,肥胖组患者根据IVF-ET妊娠结局分为妊娠失败组47例和妊娠成功组32例。酶联免疫吸附法检测血清AMH、APN、NF-κB、SF水平,计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,采用Pearson相关系数分析肥胖型PCOS不孕症患者血清AMH、APN、NF-κB、SF水平与HOMA-IR的相关性,采用多因素Logistic回归分析IVF-ET助孕妊娠结局的影响因素。结果：肥胖组血清AMH、NF-κB、SF水平和HOMA-IR高于非肥胖组,APN水平低于非肥胖组（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析显示,肥胖型PCOS不孕症患者的HOMA-IR与血清AMH、NF-κB、SF水平呈正相关（r=0.663、0.734、0.687,均P＜0.05）,与APN水平呈负相关（r=-0.683,P＜0.05）。妊娠失败组黄体生成素（LH）、LH/促卵泡生成素（FSH）比值、HOMA-IR、血清AMH、NF-κB、SF水平均高于妊娠成功组,受精率、优胚率、FSH、APN水平均低于妊娠成功组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,LH、LH/FSH、HOMA-IR、SF、AMH、NF-κB水平升高是肥胖型PCOS不孕症患者IVF-ET妊娠失败的危险因素,APN水平升高是IVF-ET妊娠失败的保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论：肥胖型PCOS不孕症患者血清AMH、NF-κB、SF水平升高,APN水平降低,且与IR和IVF-ET助孕妊娠结局有关。     

血清瘦素、鸢尾素、SHBG、AQP8与PCOS不孕症接受IVF-ET患者激素水平和妊娠结局的关系研究

摘要 目的：研究血清瘦素、鸢尾素、性激素结合球蛋白（SHBG）、水通道蛋白8（AQP8）与多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）不孕症接受体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）患者性激素水平和妊娠结局的关系。方法：选取2020年1月～2022年1月我院收治的293例接受IVF-ET的PCOS不孕症患者,根据是否临床妊娠成功将其分为临床妊娠失败组（n=118）和临床妊娠成功组（n=175）。收集患者临床资料,检测血清瘦素、鸢尾素、SHBG、AQP8水平。Pearson相关系数分析PCOS患者不孕症血清瘦素、鸢尾素、SHBG、AQP8水平与性激素水平的相关性,多因素Logistic回归分析PCOS不孕症接受IVF-ET患者妊娠结局影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清瘦素、鸢尾素、SHBG、AQP8水平单独及联合预测PCOS不孕症接受IVF-ET患者临床妊娠失败的价值。结果：与临床妊娠成功组比较,临床妊娠失败组促卵泡生成素（FSH）、促性腺激素（Gn）用量、获卵数、受精率、优胚率、SHBG水平降低,黄体生成素（LH）、LH/FSH、睾酮（T）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、瘦素、鸢尾素、AQP8水平升高。Pearson相关系数显示,PCOS不孕症患者血清瘦素、鸢尾素、AQP8与FSH水平呈负相关,与LH、LH/FSH、T水平呈正相关（P均＜0.05）;SHBG与FSH水平呈正相关,与LH、LH/FSH、T水平呈负相关（P均＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,LH/FSH、T、HOMA-IR、瘦素、鸢尾素、AQP8为PCOS不孕症接受IVF-ET患者临床妊娠失败的危险因素,优胚率、SHBG为保护因素（P均＜0.05）。ROC曲线显示,血清瘦素、鸢尾素、SHBG、AQP8水平联合预测PCOS不孕症接受IVF-ET患者临床妊娠失败的曲线下面积（AUC）大于各指标单独预测。结论：血清瘦素、鸢尾素、SHBG、AQP8水平与PCOS不孕症接受IVF-ET患者FSH、LH、LH/FSH、T水平和临床妊娠失败相关,有助于预测PCOS不孕症患者妊娠结局。     

黄体酮对子宫内膜异位症在位内膜预处理与IVF治疗结局关系

摘要 目的：研究黄体酮对子宫内膜异位症在位内膜预处理改善IVF结局。方法：男性因素并卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿168例,分两组：（1）实验组：IVF前自然周期月经第12天地屈孕酮30 mg/日、14天,3个月;（2）对照组：IVF前无干预。IVF前测血CA125,黄体期长方案促排卵,排卵后一周（垂体降调日）再测CA125并取子宫内膜行ER、PR、HOXA-10mRNA检测。HCG日测子宫内膜厚度、形态、血流。比较临床资料及结局、症状疼痛评分。结果：实验组胚胎种植率、临床妊娠率高于对照组（P<0.05）;HCG日对照组子宫内膜厚于实验组。实验组子宫内膜A型血流比率高于对照组（P<0.05）。实验组A型子宫内膜比率高于对照组,但无明显差异（P>0.05）;IVF前两组CA125均高于参考值,但无明显差异（P>0.05）。垂体降调日复查CA125,实验组明显低于对照组,实验组治疗后低于治疗前;实验组子宫内膜ER、PR、HOXA-10 mRNA表达量高于对照组,实验组分泌期子宫内膜比率高于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗后两组各项症状疼痛评分均较治疗前改善,且实验组优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：IVF治疗中合并卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿用黄体酮预处理在位内膜,可以降低血CA125,有利于转变子宫内膜组织类型、减小子宫内膜厚度、增加子宫内膜血流、增加子宫内膜ER、PR、HOXA-10 mRNA表达,改善在位内膜容受性,缓解症状疼痛,提高临床妊娠率。     

体外受精-胚胎移植女性患者焦虑状况的影响因素分析及对妊娠结局的影响

摘要 目的：探讨体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）女性患者焦虑状况的影响因素及对妊娠结局的影响。方法：选择2019年3月~2021年4月期间南京鼓楼医院生殖医学科收治的192例IVF-ET女性患者。采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）评估所有患者焦虑状况。收集患者的临床资料,单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析IVF-ET女性患者焦虑的影响因素。观察不同焦虑状况患者的妊娠结局。结果：192例IVF-ET女性患者中,有37例（19.27%）患者出现焦虑状况。其中轻度焦虑15例（40.54%）、中度焦虑10例（27.03%）、重度焦虑12例（32.43%）。单因素分析结果显示,IVF-ET女性患者是否焦虑与家庭月收入、辅助生殖技术治疗失败史、文化程度、职业、不孕年限、年龄、社会支持、不孕类型、不孕原因有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：不孕类型为原发不孕、不孕原因为女方因素、年龄>34岁、家庭月收入<3000元、文化程度为高中或中专及以下是导致IVF-ET女性患者发生焦虑的危险因素（P<0.05）。无焦虑患者优胚例数、2PN受精例数、获卵例数、临床妊娠例数占比均高于焦虑患者（P<0.05）。结论：IVF-ET女性患者较易产生焦虑情绪,其焦虑状况受不孕类型、不孕原因、年龄、家庭月收入、文化程度影响,且焦虑状况还会影响患者的妊娠结局,临床工作中应对存在上述影响因素的患者进行积极心理疏导。     

子宫内膜容受性检测技术在反复种植失败患者冻融胚胎移植中的应用价值及其临床妊娠的影响因素分析

摘要 目的：探讨子宫内膜容受性检测（ERT）技术在反复种植失败患者冻融胚胎移植（FET）中的应用价值,并分析其临床妊娠的影响因素。方法：回顾性分析2019年10月~2022年4月期间海南省妇女儿童医学中心收治的150例反复种植失败患者的临床资料,根据是否接受ERT技术分为ERT组（n=78,接受ERT技术）和无ERT组（n=72,未接受ERT技术）。按照反复种植失败患者是否临床妊娠分为临床妊娠组和未临床妊娠组。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归模型分析临床妊娠的影响因素。结果：两组异位妊娠率组间对比未见统计学差异（P>0.05）。ERT组临床妊娠率、活产率高于无ERT组,移植日内膜厚度大于无ERT组,移植胚胎数少于无ERT组,流产率低于无ERT组（P<0.05）。所有患者按照是否临床妊娠分为临床妊娠组（n=85）和未临床妊娠组（n=65）。单因素分析结果显示：临床妊娠与年龄、移植胚胎类别、移植胚胎数量、总周期数、FSH、子宫内膜厚度、子宫内膜类型有关（P<0.05）,而与体质量指数（BMI）、不孕年限、不孕类型、胚胎冷冻保存时间无关（P>0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：年龄偏大、FSH偏高是临床妊娠的危险因素,而移植胚胎类别为囊胚、移植胚胎数量偏多是临床妊娠的保护因素（P<0.05）。结论：ERT技术用于反复种植失败患者FET中,可有效改善患者的临床妊娠。年龄、FSH、移植胚胎类别、移植胚胎数量是临床妊娠的影响因素。     

Outcome of elective prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVES--To determine the symptomatic and urodynamic outcome of elective prostatectomy and to establish whether the outcome is influenced or can be predicted by preoperative urodynamic measurements. DESIGN--Prospective non-randomised study with follow up at a mean of 11 months after operation. Most men were assessed jointly by a urologist and a general practitioner. SETTING--Department of urology in a teaching hospital serving a large district population. PATIENTS--253 Men listed for elective prostatectomy because of symptoms and low urinary flow rates (less than 15 ml/s) and excluding those already on a waiting list or with acute urinary retention, clinically apparent prostatic cancer, and neurological or cerebrovascular disease; 217 (86%) were followed up. INTERVENTION--Elective prostatectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Classification on the basis of relief of symptoms assessed by patients and urologist and general practitioner and of symptom scores obtained by questionnaire. RESULTS--Of the 217 men followed up, 171 (79%) had a satisfactory subjective review and 155 (72%) had a satisfactory review and also low symptom scores. An unsatisfactory outcome was associated with preoperative symptoms of urge incontinence, small prostatic size and resected weight, low voiding pressures, and low urethral resistance. Preoperative maximum urinary flow rates did not predict outcome. Men with poor outcome could be classified into two groups: those with irritative symptoms who were more likely before operation to have had urge incontinence and detrusor instability and men with symptoms of poor urinary flow who were more likely before operation to have had a small prostate, low voiding pressures, and low urethral resistance. In patients in the second group flow rates or voiding pressures improved little after operation. Men with stable detrusors and either low urethral resistance or low voiding pressures were less likely to do well after prostatectomy, but despite these associations preoperative urodynamic measurements were unable to predict outcome accurately. CONCLUSIONS--Prostatectomy was satisfactory in relieving symptoms and improving urodynamic measurements in most men, but even in those with classic symptoms and low urinary flow rates a substantial minority experienced little improvement afterwards and urodynamic measurements did not accurately predict outcome in individual patients.     

On the Outcome Project

Background: In 2001, graduate medical education in the United States was renovated to better complement 21st century developments in American medicine, society, and culture. As in 1910, when Abraham Flexner was charged to address a relatively non-standardized system that lacked accountability and threatened credibility of the profession, Dr. David Leach led the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Outcome Project in a process that has substantially changed medical pedagogy in the United States.Methods: Brief review of the Flexner Report of 1910 and 6 hours of interviews with leaders of the Outcome Project (4 hours with Dr. David Leach and 1-hour interviews with Drs. Paul Batalden and Susan Swing).Results: Medical educational leaders and the ACGME concluded in the late 1990s that medical education was not preparing clinicians sufficiently for lifelong learning in the 21st century. A confluence of medical, social, and historic factors required definitions and a common vocabulary for teaching and evaluating medical competency. After a deliberate consensus-driven process, the ACGME and its leaders produced a system requiring greater accountability of learners and teachers, in six explicitly defined domains of medical “competence.” While imperfect, this construct has started to take hold, creating a common vocabulary for longitudinal learning, from undergraduate to post-graduate (residency) education and in the assessment of performance following graduate training.     

Modelling Lymphoma Therapy and Outcome

Dose and time intensifications of chemotherapy improved the outcome of lymphoma therapy. However, recent study results show that too intense therapies can result in inferior tumour control. We hypothesise that the immune system plays a key role in controlling residual tumour cells after treatment. More intense therapies result in a stronger depletion of immune cells allowing an early re-growth of the tumour. We propose a differential equations model of the dynamics and interactions of tumour and immune cells under chemotherapy. Major model features are an exponential tumour growth, a modulation of the production of effector cells by the presence of the tumour (immunogenicity), and mutual destruction of tumour and immune cells. Chemotherapy causes damage to both, immune and tumour cells. Growth rate, chemosensitivity, immunogenicity, and initial size of the tumour are assumed to be patient-specific, resulting in heterogeneity regarding therapy outcome. Maximum-entropy distributions of these parameters were estimated on the basis of clinical survival data. The resulting model can explain the outcome of five different chemotherapeutic regimens and corresponding hazard-ratios. We conclude that our model explains observed paradox effects in lymphoma therapy by the simple assumption of a relevant anti-tumour effect of the immune system. Heterogeneity of therapy outcomes can be explained by distributions of model parameters, which can be estimated on the basis of clinical survival data. We demonstrate how the model can be used to make predictions regarding yet untested therapy options.     

Outcome of three consecutive inadequate cervical smears

A retrospective audit of women with three consecutive inadequate cervical smears during 1998-99 was conducted at Birmingham Heartlands Hospital. The commonest reasons were obscured by polymorphs (34.5%) and sparse cellularity (28.9%). Seventy-three per cent (73%) were followed up at colposcopy and 22.1% had histological assessment; 15.9% of women had an abnormality detected, 10.6% with abnormal histology and 5.3% with a cytological abnormality only. Cytological abnormalities were seen in 11.1% of the screening population. This study did not identify a cytological criterion to differentiate those that would or would not have an abnormality on follow-up. It is suggested that all women with three consecutive inadequate smears should have adequate follow-up, although this may place increased demands on colposcopy services.