嗜碱性细菌在酶制剂生产中的应用

嗜碱性菌是一类生长于碱性环境中的特殊微生物。自发现以来引起人们广泛重视,并在许多方面得到了应用。阐述了嗜碱性菌在酶制剂方面的应用和发展。     

耐热碱性果胶酶产生菌的筛选及鉴定

本文以果胶为唯一碳源,在55℃下,从土壤中筛选出耐热碱性果胶酶产生菌20 株.进一步建立了果胶酶活性的定量测定方法:还原糖测定法和紫外测定法.经酶活力测定发现,4 株菌有较强碱性果胶酶活性,酶活力分别为3493、2983、2572、2561U/mL.4 株菌均为革兰阳性菌.对自行筛选的碱性果胶酶产生菌进行鉴定,其中活性最高的菌株M29 的16S rDNA 的序列分析表明与菌株Bacillus halodurans 的同源性高达99%,通过生理生化试验以及16S rDNA 的序列分析,鉴定碱性果胶酶产生菌为Bacillus halodurans M29.     

碱性果胶酶的生物制造及其在纺织工业清洁生产中的应用研究进展

以下综述了碱性果胶酶的生物制造及其在纺织工业清洁生产中的应用研究进展。微生物发酵法是目前生产碱性果胶酶的主要方式,枯草芽孢杆菌是碱性果胶酶工业发酵生产中效果较好的野生菌株。影响发酵法生产碱性果胶酶的主要因素有:底物浓度及其流加方式、细胞浓度、搅拌转速、通气速率、pH、温度等。构建基因工程菌为碱性果胶酶的发酵生产开辟了一条有效途径,其中重组毕赤酵母的产酶水平最高,在10吨发酵罐上酶活达1305U/mL。碱性果胶酶可用于棉织物前处理的精练工艺,与传统高温碱煮相比,具有保护纤维、提高精练效率、降低能耗和污染的优势。通过分子定向进化技术对碱性果胶酶进行分子改造,使其催化特性更加适合于纺织精练工艺,进而实现纺织工业的清洁生产是未来的研究重点和热点。     

细菌碱性果胶酶的酶学特性及其应用研究

碱性果胶酶是最适作用pH值在碱性范围的果胶酶,由于其在碱性环境下活性较高的特点,在纺织和造纸等领域有良好的应用前景。从分子特性和催化特征等方面综述了源自野生菌和重组菌的细菌碱性果胶酶的酶学特性,并介绍了碱性果胶酶在棉织物精练、生物制浆和诱导植物抗病等领域的最新应用。     

纺织精练中碱性果胶酶稳定性的改进研究

从碱性果胶酶在纺织清洁生产中的应用条件出发,在60℃和pH 9.1左右,系统研究了不同稳定剂对提高碱性果胶酶的稳定性的影响。由此,得到了对酶稳定性作用较突出的添加剂以及复合稳定剂,较佳配方为乙酸钠6%(m/v)、MgCl2.2H2O 2%(m/v)。结果表明,添加稳定剂后的碱性果胶酶在棉织物精练中的应用特性得到了提高,达到了棉织物精练的需要。     

嗜碱菌碱性淀粉酶的研究

分离自内蒙古自治区察汗淖碱湖的嗜碱菌株No．1 0-1,好气,运动,细胞杆状,革兰氏染色阴性。该菌生长pH范围为8．0—13．0,最适生长pH1 0.0-ll.0,为专性嗜碱菌。在含淀粉培养基中产生胞外碱性淀粉酶,最适产酶条件是： 碳源为土豆淀粉,氮源为复合蛋白胨,Nacl浓度为2．O％,Na2CO3浓度为1．0—1．5％(pH9．9-10．5)。 酶的最适反应pH为10．0,稳定pH8．0,最适反应温度为50℃。作用于直链淀粉其水解产物为β-构型,主要产物是麦芽糖,其次为麦芽三糖、葡萄糖和麦芽四糖。嗜碱菌No.10-1产生的酶为碱性β-淀粉酶。     

添加保护剂促进碱性果胶酶的工业保藏稳定性

保藏稳定性对于商品酶具有重要的实际意义。通过对碱性果胶酶的保护剂进行研究,最终筛选得到最优复合保护剂配方为：Tween201mL／L,六偏磷酸钠1．5g／L,明胶5g／L,甘油5％（口～）,CaCl22g／L;热稳定性提高18倍。此外在常温保藏时,在酶液中添加0．3‰山梨酸钾和0．3‰苯甲酸钠,能有效提高保藏效果,减少酶液染茵、混浊和发臭,最终常温保藏90d后酶活保留率为84．5％,达到工业化保藏的要求。     

高产碱性果胶酶菌株的育种及其发酵条件的研究

以克劳氏芽孢杆茵(Bacillus clausii)S-4为出发菌株,经紫外诱变育种和固态发酵条件的选育,得到产碱性果胶酶较高的新茵株N-10,并研究了其固态发酵条件和部分酶学性质.结果表明,以甜菜渣为碳源和酶的诱导物以及棉粕作为氮源较适宜.较优的固态发酵条件为:甜菜渣5g,棉粕0.125 g,麦芽糖0.1 g,KH2PO40.0075 g,Na2CO30.15 g,水12.5 mL,种龄24 h,接种量2mL,发酵温度40℃,发酵时间84 h;酶产率可达4780 u/g(干甜菜渣),较菌株S-4提高108%.该酶的最适pH 10,最适温度55℃;分别在pH 7.5～9.5和30～40℃范围内较稳定;Ca2 、Mg2 、Fe2 对酶活有明显激活作用,Cu2 、Zn2 对酶活有强烈抑制活作用.     

Degradation kinetics of pectins by an alkaline pectinase in bioscouring of cotton fabrics

Alkaline pectinases have been proven to be effective as bioscouring agents of cotton fabrics. In order to monitor the scouring degree of cotton fabrics quantificationally, a kinetic study of the degradation of pectins in cotton by an alkaline pectinase ‘Bioprep 3000L’ was performed and the influences of initial pectinase concentration and treatment time on bioscouring were evaluated quantitatively. The results showed that although the degradation products increased as pectinase concentration grew higher at same incubation time, the growth multiples of the maximum degradation rate which was used as the starting degradation rate were less than those of initial enzyme concentration. The degradation kinetics of pectins in cotton fibers with a pectinase could be described by modified Ghose–Walseth kinetic empirical equations which had been previously applied to the degradation reaction of cellulose.     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫拒食作用及其机理研究

转Bt基因抗虫棉对 3 ,4,5龄棉铃虫幼虫的抗性表现形式为拒食作用 ,且随幼虫龄期的增加拒食作用明显降低 ,其中对 5龄幼虫的拒食作用很低。取食Bt棉后 ,3 ,4,5龄棉铃虫幼虫中肠消化酶比活力均较对照有所减退 ,且随幼虫龄期的增加减退率明显降低 ,其中对 5龄幼虫减退率最低。由此 ,解释了Bt棉对 3龄及 3龄以上棉铃虫幼虫抗性表现形式、抗性随不同幼虫龄期的差异性 ,及其抗性差异性的消化机理。     

Screening of pectinase producer from alkalophilic bacteria and study on its potential application in degumming of ramie

Four strains designated as NT-2, NT-6, NT-33 and NT-82 were selected from alkalophilic bacteria. They all can produce pectinase and xylanase. The polygalacturonase (PGase) and xylanase activities of strain NT-33 were 1025 U ml^-1 and 26U ml^-1 respectively. The pH and temperature optimum for the activity of PGase were 10.5 and 70°C, respectively. From batch experiments, it was found that strain NT-33 had an excellent capacity for degumming ramie fibers. After 24 h fermentation this strain can remove 70% of the gum existing in ramie fibers. The experiments showed that a series of noncellulosic polysaccharide degrading enzymes were involved in the ramie degumming process.     

Antimicrobial and chemical detoxifying functions of cotton fabrics containing different benzophenone derivatives

Several benzophenone chromophoric groups were incorporated onto cotton fabrics by using 4-hydroxybenzophenone, 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone, 4-chloro-4′-hydroxybenzophenone, and 4-benzoylbenzoic acid as reagents. The fabric treatment was conducted by a pad-dry-cure method, and the benzophenone chromophoric group incorporated cotton fabrics were characterized and confirmed by FTIR. Tensile strengths of benzophenone chromophoric groups modified cotton fabrics were also measured. 4-Hydroxybenzophenone treated cotton fabric showed the most powerful antibacterial activity among all samples, and 4-benzoylbenzoic acid treated cotton fabric demonstrated pesticide degradation ability, under UV irradiation.     

棉花抗虫工程菌对棉铃虫的离体及活体生物测定

棉花抗虫工程菌是以能在棉株体内定殖的优势内生细菌Bacillus cereus (Bc9102)为宿主菌,将Bt kurstaki的δ-内毒素基因cryIA©整合到其染色体上形成的内生工程菌。以棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera为供试昆虫的离体生测结果表明：在同一剂量水平上,HE-1、HE-2、ME14-2、ME14-3、MK14-1等工程菌株对棉铃虫幼虫的毒力高于或等于Bt野生菌株HD-73,浓度最高时这几个工程菌处理的棉铃虫死亡率分别为96.7%、83.3%、93.3%、83.3%、80.0%,而HD-73为80.0%,死亡率与浓度呈正相关。在用上述工程菌接种棉花的活体生测中,注射处理和喷雾处理法杀虫效果均优于浸种处理法。以HE-1为例,注射、喷雾、浸种处理4周后棉铃虫校正死亡率分别达到90.0%、76.0%和23.3%。工程菌对棉铃虫的生长发育也有抑制作用。     

Production of polyvinyl alcohol-degrading enzyme with Janthinobacterium sp. and its application in cotton fabric desizing

A strain capable of using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as sole carbon source was isolated from soil samples of a textile factory. The 16S rDNA sequence analysis cell morphology, physiology and biochemistry showed that it belonged to Janthinobacterium sp. This is the first report to show that the screened Janthinobacterium sp. could degrade PVA. The optimum nutritional and environmental conditions for PVA-degrading enzyme production by Janthinobacterium sp. were investigated by single-factor tests. Under optimized nutritional and environmental condition in shake flasks, PVA-degrading enzyme reached 5.12 U/mL at 21 h. With PVA-degrading enzyme produced by Janthinobacterium sp. WSH04-01, 80% of PVA could be degraded from cotton fabrics in 3 h.     

Finishing of cotton fabrics with poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) to improve their performance and antibacterial properties

Cotton fabric was thermally crosslinked with poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) at different conditions including temperature, time, PVP concentrations and molecular weights. Results indicated that treating the cotton fabrics with 4% aqueous solution of PVP of molecular weight 10,000 Dalton followed by drying at 85 °C for 5 min then curing at 160 °C for 3 min results in crosslinking as will as an improvement in some performance properties of that fabrics such as resiliency, tensile strength, and acid dyeability. Post-treating PVP crosslinked fabric with 5% iodine in ethanol solution for 5 h at 50 °C imparts antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Moreover, incorporation of PVP in the easy-care finishing of cotton fabrics, as polymer additive, with N,N-dimethylol 4,5-dihydroxyethylene urea as a crosslinker enhances some of the performance properties of finished fabrics such as the nitrogen content, tensile strength and acid dyeability along with decreasing resiliency as well as whiteness index, whereas the ester crosslinking with citric acid, in presence of PVP, enhances resilience, tensile strength and whiteness indices accompanied with a reduction in the %N of the treated fabrics. Infra red spectrum of PVP crosslinked fabric as well as EDX analysis of loaded iodine on PVP crosslinked cotton fabric were investigated.     

转基因抗棉铃虫抗草甘膦棉花对棉铃虫的抗虫性及对二种地老虎幼虫生长发育的影响

为了明确转Bt Cry1A+CP4EPSPS基因抗棉铃虫抗草甘膦棉花对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)的抗性水平及对八字地老虎Amathes c-nigrum和黄地老虎Agrotis segetum的影响,作者用转基因棉花和非转基因棉花叶片对棉铃虫、八字地老虎和黄地老虎幼虫进行了室内饲养观察。结果表明,转基因抗棉铃虫抗草甘膦棉花对新疆南部第2代棉铃虫表现为中抗,幼虫校正死亡率为70.4%;棉花叶片在整个生育期均能表达Bt毒蛋白,整个生育期Bt毒蛋白含量呈逐渐降低的趋势。转基因抗棉铃虫抗草甘膦棉花对八字地老虎幼虫有强烈的毒杀作用,可以引起幼虫大量死亡,对存活幼虫的生长发育也有明显的抑制作用,幼虫发育迟缓,不能顺利化蛹;但对黄地老虎幼虫没有明显的影响,幼虫可以正常生长。