拟杆菌与肠道微生态

人和动物的肠道正常微生态体系对于维持机体的健康有重要作用。文章主要介绍了肠道中的优势厌氧菌—— 拟杆菌的作用及其作用机理, 从其基因组角度揭示它对宿主益生作用的根源, 为进一步认识动物与其共生菌的互惠关系提供了重要依据, 同时也为动物肠道疾病的防治提供重要的理论基础。     

益生芽胞杆菌肠道微生态学研究进展

芽胞杆菌作为微生态制剂的一种重要来源细菌,在维护人和动物肠道健康、促进微生态平衡方面起着重要的作用。但是对于益生芽胞杆菌的作用机制却知之甚少。近年来,人们对芽胞杆菌在肠道微生物调控方面做了大量的基础研究,随着芽胞杆菌肠道分子微生态学研究的不断深入,人们发现芽胞杆菌的芽孢能够在体内迅速萌发增殖,从而起到免疫促进、改善肠道菌群以及相关的代谢酶活性等生理作用。本文从芽胞杆菌在胃肠道中的分布与定植、芽胞杆菌在胃肠道中的增殖以及芽胞杆菌与肠道菌群之间的关系等三个方面综述了益生芽胞杆菌对肠道微生态的调控作用的最新研究进展,为指导芽胞杆菌作为微生态制剂机制研究和应用提供一定的理论参考。     

肠道菌群失调调控技术研究进展

数量庞大而种类繁多的肠道菌群所组成的生态屏障,能够抵御致病菌和潜在致病菌的侵袭,对动物的生长与健康有着非常重要的意义。这些菌群一旦失调,就会产生一系列的疾病。本文主要综述了抗生素、微生态制剂、中药等多种肠道菌群失调的调控技术,为研究新的调控技术、寻求更好的治疗途径及制剂提供基础。     

植物多糖对肠道微生态的作用研究进展

近年来,随着微生态学的发展,越来越多的学者认识到肠道微生态平衡对人体健康的重要意义。许多研究表明植物多糖作为肠道微生态调节剂,具有调节肠道菌群比例、促进肠黏膜修复、增强肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白表达及调节细胞因子水平等作用。除此以外,植物多糖具有来源广泛、成本低廉、作用效果好等优势。本文归纳了近年来报道的具有肠道微生态调节功能的植物多糖及其研究方法和作用机制等,希望为今后的研究重点和发展方向提供参考。     

肠道菌群影响黏膜屏障结构与功能的研究进展

肠道黏膜屏障具有防止致病性抗原侵入、维护肠道健康的功能。而肠道菌群是肠道黏膜屏障的重要构成部分,肠道菌群失调会导致肠道黏膜屏障的损伤,引起炎性肠病、肠易激综合征及肝、肾等多种疾病的发生发展。因此,本文从肠道黏膜的结构与功能及肠道菌群对其的影响等方面归纳总结肠道菌群对屏障系统的调控作用,从调节肠道微生态平衡、促进黏液分泌、影响紧密连接和肠道上皮通透性、激发肠黏膜免疫、调控肠上皮凋亡、影响肠上皮DNA稳定性及产生特殊代谢产物等方面阐述其作用机制,为临床胃肠道疾病及其并发症的治疗提供新的思路和方法。     

粪菌移植技术中肠道噬菌体对疾病影响的研究进展

粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)是一种创新的方法,通过将健康供体的粪便微生物群移植到疾病患者体内,达到重建肠道微生态平衡的目的,为治疗疾病提供帮助。粪菌移植技术在复发性艰难拟梭菌感染(recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection, rCDI)的治疗中效果很好,并且其治疗潜力不仅局限于胃肠道疾病,而且在其他与微生物相关的疾病中被不断挖掘。探索FMT成功治疗疾病的影响因素,除了肠道细菌的恢复,还涉及肠道噬菌体的调节。肠道噬菌体是肠道微生物群的重要组成部分,在细菌的复杂动力学中发挥着重要作用,其转移可能与FMT的疗效有关。本综述回顾了肠道噬菌体的生物学特性和主要的生物信息学分析策略,总结了FMT中肠道噬菌体作用的临床研究,探讨了FMT中肠道噬菌体群落的变化和可能的作用机制,讨论了肠道噬菌体与FMT疗效的关系及其存在的安全性问题,既能提高对FMT中肠道噬菌体作用的理解,也能推动FMT的临床应用。     

蔬菜类保健食品"赛金"等对大鼠肠道菌群影响的实验研究

本研究采用人工半合成饲料和代谢实验技术 ,设置对照组 ,观察了我国蔬菜类保健食品“赛金”和典型的茄果类蔬菜 -茄子冷冻干燥粉对生长中大鼠肠道菌群的影响。1　材料与方法1 .1　实验材料　“赛金”为茄子、西红柿等 1 0种新鲜蔬菜冷冻干燥粉的混合物 ,茄子冷冻干燥粉为新鲜茄子冷冻干燥制备而得。均为哈尔滨制药三厂提供。1 .2　动物与分组　选用雄性 Wistar大鼠 2 7只(为二级实验动物 ,购自中国医学科学院实验动物中心 )。平均体重 (60 .1± 1 .5) g,随机分为 3组。于空调动物实验室内、在全塑代谢笼内单独饲养 ,环境参数 :温度 (2 3± …     

人体肠道微生态与肝脏免疫关系研究进展

人体微生态学是研究微生物与其宿主相互关系的科学,其中肠道微生态对于人体有最直接的作用.肠道微生态是一个被遗忘的“人体新陈代谢器官”,具有维持能量稳态等重要的生理作用.肝脏是人类的重要器官,肝脏中四分之三的血液来自于肠道回流血,其中含有肠道中的细菌产物、环境毒素和食物抗原等.因此肝脏与肠道有最直接的关系.人体肠道微生态中...     

肠道微生物体外模型研究进展

随着分子微生态学,特别是高通量测序技术的发展,人类对肠道微生物的作用有了新的突破性认识。我们现在了解到人体和动物消化道系统中生长着大量的细菌,肠道中细菌的总数量甚至高出人体细胞总数的十倍。肠道微生物的菌群多样性受到多种因素的影响。其中环境和宿主的遗传背景在决定肠道菌群结构和组成方面各自起到50％的作用。     

双歧杆菌寡核苷酸探针的制备和应用

在人类肠道微生态中 ,双歧杆菌是仅次于类杆菌和优杆菌的第三大菌属。双歧杆菌可能占全部可培养肠道菌群总数的 2 5 % ,所以是肠道微生态的重要组成部分 [1 ]。由于双歧杆菌能提高肠道微生态的定植抗力 ,有效拮抗致病菌的侵入 ,并被认为是基本不致病的微生物 ,所以已成为应用十分广泛的益生菌 [2 ]。成人最常见的分离菌为青春双歧、长双歧、短双歧杆菌等 ,婴儿双歧常见于婴儿。传统的鉴定以形态学和表型 (如胞内和胞外碳水化合物酶的酵解试验 )作为基础 ,不仅耗费大量时间精力 ,而且由于双歧杆菌是专性厌氧菌 ,一般不通过酵解途径获得能量 ,…     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.