用基因组改组技术改良发酵木糖酵母Candida tropicalis XY-19的耐乙醇性能

Candida tropicalis XY-19是一株具有优良乙醇发酵性能的发酵木糖酵母,其发酵葡萄糖产乙醇性能与目前酒精工业生产菌种--安琪酒精酵母相近,但XY-19的耐乙醇性能远比安琪酒精酵母差,XY-19在含有超过7%(v/v)乙醇的培养基中不能生长。以XY-19为出发菌株,经紫外线诱变获得了5株能在7.5%(v/v)乙醇的培养基中旺盛生长的突变株,经Co-60诱变获得了8株能在含8%(v/v)乙醇的培养基中旺盛生长的突变株。然后,以紫外线诱变得到的5株菌和Co-60诱变得到的8株菌及耐乙醇性能较好的酿酒酵母(S.cerevisae Angel,S.cerevisae4608和S.cerevisae172)为出发菌株,经过4轮Genome shuffling结合木糖乙醇梯度平板的筛选,获得了4株(G3-13,G3-18,G3-57和G3-60)能够在12%乙醇平板上生长的菌株,其乙醇耐受性比野生菌株XY-19提高了71%,为将XY-19进一步开发成纤维质乙醇发酵的生产菌种奠定基础。本研究结果进一步体现了Genome shuffling技术在改良如乙醇耐受性等多基因控制性状上的突出优势,为工业生产菌种的快速有效改良提供了一种有效的方法。     

新一代糖化酶高产菌株的选育及其工业应用

【目的】建立对糖化酶生产菌种黑曲霉随机突变文库进行筛选的方法,以获得糖化酶酶活提高的突变菌株。【方法】以一株可产糖化酶的黑曲霉菌株Aspergillus niger X1为出发菌株,经硫酸二乙酯诱变获得突变文库,采用葡萄糖的结构类似物——2-脱氧葡萄糖进行筛选,并在筛选过程中逐渐提高2-脱氧葡萄糖浓度,定向选育具有2-脱氧葡萄糖抗性、高产糖化酶的突变株。【结果】获得的高产突变菌株DG36摇瓶发酵糖化酶产量比出发菌株A.niger X1提高22.2%–33.8%,经工业水平50 m~3罐发酵测试,突变株DG36发酵128 h糖化酶活可达49094 U/m L,在相同发酵时间内,其酶活较出发菌株A.niger X1提高32.8%,发酵时间缩短16.9%。【结论】本研究开发了一种以2-脱氧葡萄糖为抗性标记选育高产糖化酶突变株的方法,所得突变株DG36遗传性状稳定,与出发菌相比具有菌丝粗壮、产酶期提前、糖化酶活高、发酵时间短、有利于发酵后处理的优点。     

高产DHA破囊壶菌Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW7诱变株的筛选

【目的】对野生菌株Aurantiochytrium sp.PKU#SW7诱变育种,筛选高产DHA突变株。【方法】采用UV诱变和化学药物胁迫筛选方式,以菌株的生物量、油脂产量、DHA产量作为筛选指标,获得高产DHA突变株。【结果】经鉴定获得一株DHA高产突变株PKU#PM003,该菌株传代4次后仍保持较好的遗传稳定性。摇瓶发酵后,PKU#PM003生物量产量高达6.62 g/L,比原始菌株5.95 g/L提高了11.26%,脂肪酸含量高达4.01 g/L,比原始菌株3.18 g/L提高了26.1%,DHA在脂肪酸中所占比例由29.97%增加到33.43%,产量提高了41.01%,油脂突变效果显著。【结论】突变株PKU#PM003可作为性状优良的工业化发酵生产菌种,并在DHA产量提升上仍具有巨大的空间。     

利用特比萘芬抗性筛选赤霉素高产菌株及相关发酵特性的研究

【目的】诱变、筛选赤霉素高产菌株,并明确该菌遗传稳定性及部分发酵特性。【方法】利用亚硝基胍、60Co-γ射线以及复合诱变的方法,结合抑真菌剂-特比萘芬抗性筛选,定向选育赤霉素高产突变株;通过琼脂斜面传代实验确定遗传稳定性;发酵罐培养了解其部分发酵性状。【结果】藤仓赤霉菌单细胞悬液先后经过终浓度为300 mg/L亚硝基胍30 min和60Co-γ射线300戈瑞下复合诱变,得到抗120μg/L特比萘芬的赤霉菌突变株。摇瓶复筛,确定赤霉素突变菌株的赤霉素合成能力,其中ZNL13-3菌产赤霉素效价为2 215±35 mg/L,较之诱变前发酵效价平均提高了11.87%。ZNL13-3菌株经连续15次试管斜面传代考察,菌株赤霉素合成的稳定性较好,能维持原发菌株93.2%,具有良好的遗传稳定性和生产应用前景。5 L发酵罐培养,比较菌丝浓度和产物浓度随发酵时间变化趋势,ZNL13-3菌比生产速率优于原发菌株。【结论】赤霉菌抗特比萘芬的变异特性与赤霉素高产之间存在某种对应关系,为进一步定向优化筛选优良菌株提供参考。     

氦氖激光和亚硝基胍复合诱变选育高产乙醇的休哈塔假丝酵母

木糖的乙醇发酵一直被视为木质纤维原料生物转化产生乙醇的关键因素,休哈塔假丝酵母(Candidashehatae)是木糖发酵性能较好的天然酵母之一。对Candida shehatae HDYXHT-01进行了氦氖激光诱变和NTG诱变,力求选育出发酵木糖产乙醇能力强的菌株。氦氖激光诱变得到的突变株HN-3乙醇产量为17.03g/L,乙醇得率达到0.3393g/g,相比原始菌株提高20.36%。再对HN-3进行NTG诱变,得到的突变株NTG-2乙醇产量为24.20g/L,相比HN-3提高42.10%。进而对NTG-2菌株进行了摇瓶48h连续发酵试验,测得其乙醇产量、木糖利用率、乙醇得率和乙醇产率分别达到24.16g/L,69.26%,0.4360g/g和0.7075g/(L·h)。     

常压室温等离子体诱变选育L-精氨酸生产菌及发酵条件优化

【目的】通过常压室温等离子体诱变技术选育L-精氨酸高产菌株,利用响应面设计探索突变菌株生产L-精氨酸的最佳发酵条件。【方法】采用常压室温等离子体生物诱变系统对实验室保藏的Corynebacterium glutamicum GUI089进行系列诱变,选育L-高精氨酸和8-氮鸟嘌呤抗性菌株。在单因子实验的基础上,应用Plackett-Burman设计从7个因素中筛选出对L-精氨酸合成具有显著效应的(NH4)2SO4、葡萄糖和尿素3个因素。基于上述结果,进一步采用响应面设计优化出主要影响因素的最佳参数水平。【结果】经过一系列的诱变和筛选,选育出一株L-高精氨酸(15 g/L)和8-氮鸟嘌呤(0.7 g/L)抗性菌株,并将此菌株命名为C.glutamicum ARG 3-16。此菌株的L-精氨酸产量比出发菌株提高了49.79%,且发酵液中杂酸的浓度明显降低,特别是L-脯氨酸、L-谷氨酸和L-缬氨酸。在经响应面优化后的最佳发酵条件下,L-精氨酸的产量达到39.72±0.75 g/L,比优化前提高了10.49%。【结论】通过常压室温等离子体诱变技术成功选育出一株L-精氨酸高产菌株,利用响应面法有效地优化了发酵条件,实验结果表明突变株ARG 3-16具有潜在的生产应用价值。     

阿维菌素生产菌的常压室温等离子体诱变育种及培养基优化

【目的】通过诱变筛选技术选育阿维菌素高产突变株,对其发酵培养基进行响应面优化,提高阿维菌素产量。【方法】采用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变技术,结合链霉抗性和卡那霉素抗性筛选法及96深孔板高通量筛选法,筛选阿维菌素高产株。在单因素实验的基础上,应用响应面分析法对其发酵培养基进行优化,最后确定最佳培养基配方。【结果】获得一株遗传性状稳定的阿维菌素高产株K-1A6,其阿维菌素产量达到4.22 g/L,比出发菌株9-39提高了23.4%,在最佳培养基中阿维菌素产量达到5.36 g/L,较优化前提高了27.01%。【结论】通过对阿维链霉菌9-39菌株进行ARTP诱变筛选及发酵培养基优化研究能显著提高阿维菌素的产量。     

3-羟基丙酸高产菌株的筛选及诱变选育

【目的】3-羟基丙酸是一种重要的化学平台化合物,期望得到一株能够高产3-羟基丙酸的菌株。【方法】从土壤及粪便筛选并对得到的菌株进行鉴定和复合诱变。【结果】得到了一株能够利用丙酸发酵生产3-羟基丙酸的酵母Y-11,经生理生化鉴定及18S rDNA序列分析确定其为Candida sp.(假丝酵母)。以Y-11为出发菌株,经紫外-亚硝基胍-60Coγ复合诱变得到了突变性状稳定且可遗传的高产菌株5-13B,其3-羟基丙酸的产量为11.78 g/L,是出发菌株的2.46倍。【结论】对出发菌株和突变株的发酵特性进行了比较,结果表明突变株的3-羟基丙酸产量、对底物丙酸的转化率、产物3-羟基丙酸的积累性能及丙酸的耐受性均优于出发菌株。     

常压室温等离子体-紫外复合诱变选育β-法尼烯高产菌株

【背景】大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)由于生长性能优良、遗传背景清楚、遗传操作手段成熟,是合成β-法尼烯的合适生产菌,但其合成β-法尼烯的产量目前仍不能满足工业化生产的需求。【目的】通过诱变筛选技术选育β-法尼烯高产突变株。【方法】采用常压室温等离子体(atmosphericand room temperature plasma,ARTP)诱变技术和紫外线照射对出发菌株大肠杆菌EC-16进行复合诱变,并以异戊烯焦磷酸耐受性为选择压力进行平板初筛,之后进行摇瓶复筛,最后进行发酵罐验证。通过连续多代培养筛选到的高产突变菌株,观察其遗传稳定性。【结果】经复合诱变选育筛选出一株β-法尼烯高产突变株E.coliHVK-9,其产量高达22.1g/L,相比出发菌株提高了168.74%。【结论】采用ARTP-紫外复合诱变,再结合异戊烯焦磷酸抗性筛选的集成方法,使得诱变菌株的正突变率大大提高,可以有效地提高诱变菌株的β-法尼烯产量。突变株HVK-9作为工业化发酵生产菌种具有较好的遗传稳定性,为β-法尼烯的工业化生产和应用奠定了良好的基础。     

黄酒酵母一个新基因的鉴定及其对酵母抗逆性能的影响

该文鉴定了一个来自黄酒酵母菌株D2的新基因g5170,并研究了其对黄酒酵母环境胁迫耐受性与发酵性能的影响。生物信息学分析发现,此基因编码的蛋白质含有酰胺酶(amidase)保守功能域,并在YPD培养条件下有较高的基因表达量。利用Cre/lox P系统构建了基因g5170的敲除菌株,通过扩增带有g5170基因上下游同源序列和kanr筛选标记的基因敲除组件,并通过醋酸锂法转化到黄酒酵母菌株D2获得阳性克隆子,然后将质粒p SH65转到阳性克隆子中,半乳糖诱导p SH65表达Cre酶切除kanr筛选标记。重复此实验过程,最终获得两个g5170基因拷贝完全缺失菌株D2?g5170。梯度生长实验显示,与原始菌株相比,敲除菌株对高糖浓度、高温耐受性无明显变化,但对乙醇胁迫的耐受性显著降低,而过表达g5170的重组酵母菌株对乙醇的耐受性明显比对照菌株强。模拟黄酒发酵实验结果表明,敲除菌株D2?g5170的生长速率、乙醇产量及理化指标与原始菌株相似。因此,g5170基因可能与黄酒酵母适应乙醇胁迫有关,并有助于提高酵母的黄酒发酵性能。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.