脑肿瘤及脑肿瘤图像分类的研究进展

脑肿瘤分类的方法很多,目前尚无统一的分类方法,并且各种肿瘤的组织发生与病理特征不同,其良性与恶性以及物学特性也不一样。通常按组织学可分类如下：（1）发源于神经胶质的肿瘤：星形细胞瘤、少支胶质细胞瘤、髓母细胞瘤等。（2）发源于脑膜的肿瘤：脑膜瘤、脑膜肉瘤、蛛网膜囊肿等。（3）发源于垂体的肿瘤：厌色细胞腺瘤,嗜酸、嗜碱性细胞腺瘤。（4）发源于颅神经的肿瘤：听神经瘤、三又神经瘤等各种神经鞘瘤。（5）发源于胚胎残余组织：颅咽管瘤、脊索瘤、皮样囊肿等。（6）发源于血管细胞：血管瘤及血管网织细胞瘤等。（7）由其它部位转移或侵入的肿瘤：各种转移瘤及鼻咽癌等。     

脑肿瘤及脑肿瘤图像分类的研究进展

脑肿瘤分类的方法很多,目前尚无统一的分类方法,并且各种肿瘤的组织发生与病理特征不同,其良性与恶性以及物学特性也不一样。通常按组织学可分类如下:(1)发源于神经胶质的肿瘤:星形细胞瘤、少支胶质细胞瘤、髓母细胞瘤等。(2)发源于脑膜的肿瘤:脑膜瘤、脑膜肉瘤、蛛网膜囊肿等。(3)发源于垂体的肿瘤:厌色细胞腺瘤,嗜酸、嗜碱性细胞腺瘤。(4)发源于颅神经的肿瘤:听神经瘤、三叉神经瘤等各种神经鞘瘤。(5)发源于胚胎残余组织:颅咽管瘤、脊索瘤、皮样囊肿等。(6)发源于血管细胞:血管瘤及血管网织细胞瘤等。(7)由其它部位转移或侵入的肿瘤:各种转移瘤及鼻咽癌等。     

血液光量子疗法在蛇伤中的应用

血液光量子疗法是通过采取病人的自体静脉血注入特制的石英玻璃罐内 ,经体外抗凝 ,紫外线照射和充氧 ,再回输到病人体内达到治疗目的的一种方法。它适用于中风后遗症 ,各种感染、中毒等。我院自 1 996年开始将血液光量子疗法广泛用于蝮蛇咬伤 ,在辅助治疗蛇伤中取得了较好的效果。1　临床资料　　 1 996～ 1 997年我院共收治蝮蛇咬伤病人 2 78例 ,其中男 1 54例 ,女 1 2 4例 ,年龄最大 70岁 ,最小 2岁 ;蛇伤患处下肢 2 1 2例 ,占 76%,上肢 64例 ,占 2 3%,其它部位 2例 ,占 1 %。蛇咬伤后一般患侧肢体肿胀疼痛 ,伤口渗液 ,瘀血 ,头昏眼花 ,胸…     

国产超声外科吸引器在脑肿瘤手术中的应用

本文总结了应用国产ＣＵＳＡ切除颅内肿瘤２２例。初步观察，国产ＣＵＳＡ具有重要功能部全手术安全，术中减少出血，可缩短手术时间等优点，并介绍了操作体会。     

基于动态方向梯度矢量流模型的脑肿瘤图像分割

目的:针对GVF Snake模型算法收敛容易陷入局部极小值及对初始轮廓位置敏感等缺点,提出一种动态方向梯度矢量流模型(DDGVF),使其更适合医学图像的分割。方法:利用主动轮廓模型的提取和跟踪特定区域内目标轮廓的方法,将其应用于医学图像如CT、MRI和超声图像的处理,以获取特定器官及组织的轮廓。结果:动态方向梯度矢量流场(DDGVF)能够较好地提取出脑肿瘤图像。结论:利用该方法能够较好地分割提取出脑肿瘤图像的肿瘤病变区域,为进一步对其纹理和形状等特征进行描述和分析提供了可靠的依据。     

量子点在癌症研究中的应用

半导体量子点具有长时间、多目标和灵敏度高等独特的光化学性质,这些特性使量子点成为细胞标记和生物应用中得到了广泛的应用。利用量子点目标定位癌细胞,对于寻找癌变部位具有指导的作用。近年来,利用量子点作为光动力学治疗癌症的能量供体也得到了一定的研究。简单地介绍了量子点独特的光学性质,并从量子点标记癌细胞、可视化癌细胞表面功能和在光动力学治疗癌症等方面综述了量子点在癌症诊断和治疗中的应用。     

量子点在生物学中的应用

量子点是一种无机荧光材料,它具有独特的光物理特性,如其激发光谱宽且连续分布,而发射光谱呈对称分布且宽度窄,而且可通过改变量子点内核的尺寸对其发射光波长进行精细调节等。量子点的这些特性正引起人们日益广泛的关注,并在很多领域得到了应用。本文介绍了量子点的组成以及它的光学特性,同时介绍并讨论了近年来量子点在生物学领域应用的进展以及存在的问题。     

量子点在生命科学中的应用

近年来 ,量子点 (半导体纳米微晶体 )的研究引起国内外研究者的广泛兴趣 ,其研究内容涉及物理、化学、材料等多学科 ,已成为一门新兴的交叉学科。虽然量子点在生物学中的应用才刚刚起步 ,但是已经取得了有意义的进展 ,成为人们极为注意的一个热点。现就量子点的光学特性、制备方法以及在生物学中的研究进展和应用前景作一简要综述     

量子点在生物医学中的应用

半导体量子点是无机纳米结晶,构成于硒化镉核心和硫化锌外壳.这种荧光标记物的发射光强是常用有机荧光染料的20倍,稳定性是其100倍.量子点的发射波长取决于核心粒子的大小,而每一种单色量子点的发射波长窄而对称.这些光学特性使量子点在医学诊断、药物的高速筛选以及基因和蛋白质的高通量分析方面具有广泛的应用前景.基于量子点的稳定性和生物相容性,有可能通过标记不同颜色的量子点到不同的分子,观察它们在活细胞内的运动.     

随机区块法在空间点格局分析中的应用

利用一种以随机模拟技术为基础的空间点格局分析方法--随机区块法对长白山阔叶红松林中5个主要树种的空间格局及空间关系进行了分析.随机区块法利用ICS(t)=s2(t)/x(t)-1来衡量不同尺度t上空间点的分布格局,并通过随机模拟技术构建零假设的95%或99%置信区间,以确定空间点格局偏离零假设的显著性程度.结果表明,除蒙古栎、山荆子、怀槐为随机分布外,其它树种均在局部空间尺度上呈聚集分布;并且绝大多数种对或种组在局部空间尺度上呈正相关关系.随机区块法克服了小样方统计法研究尺度单一的问题,也避免了以空间点距离为基础的点格局分析过程中边缘效应带来的影响和误差,尤其是在多变量点格局分析中具有明显的优势.     

In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain Tumors and Arthritis Using Fluorescent SapC-DOPS Nanovesicles

We describe a multi-angle rotational optical imaging (MAROI) system for in vivo monitoring of physiopathological processes labeled with a fluorescent marker. Mouse models (brain tumor and arthritis) were used to evaluate the usefulness of this method. Saposin C (SapC)-dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS) nanovesicles tagged with CellVue Maroon (CVM) fluorophore were administered intravenously. Animals were then placed in the rotational holder (MARS) of the in vivo imaging system. Images were acquired in 10° steps over 380°. A rectangular region of interest (ROI) was placed across the full image width at the model disease site. Within the ROI, and for every image, mean fluorescence intensity was computed after background subtraction. In the mouse models studied, the labeled nanovesicles were taken up in both the orthotopic and transgenic brain tumors, and in the arthritic sites (toes and ankles). Curve analysis of the multi angle image ROIs determined the angle with the highest signal. Thus, the optimal angle for imaging each disease site was characterized. The MAROI method applied to imaging of fluorescent compounds is a noninvasive, economical, and precise tool for in vivo quantitative analysis of the disease states in the described mouse models.     

以双歧杆菌为载体实现量子点在体靶向肿瘤的可行性研究

应用双歧双歧杆菌作为量子点输送载体,为小动物在体生物肿瘤成像提供依据. 采用电穿孔方法,将
二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱（DPPC）包被的硫硒镉水溶性量子点转入细菌内,得到“量子点-细菌”复合探针,在
“量子点-细菌”表面通过1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺 (EDC)活化法进一步偶联叶酸分子,制得
“量子点-细菌-叶酸”复合纳米生物探针. 将纳米生物探针经尾静脉注入Lewis肺癌小鼠体内,采用冰冻组
织切片,考察探针在小鼠体内脏器及肿瘤的分布情况. 结果表明,在肿瘤部位检测到较强的量子点光致发光
信号,而在肺、肝、脾等脏器中只检测到微弱的量子点发光信号. “量子点-细菌-叶酸”复合纳米生物探
针小动物在体肿瘤靶向成像是可行的.     

活体动物体内光学成像技术的研究进展及其应用

活体动物体内光学成像是利用基因改构进行内源性成像试剂或外源性成像试剂标记细胞、蛋白或DNA，从而非侵入性地报告小动物体内的特定生物学事件的技术。活体成像可以直观灵敏地监测基因的表达模式、标记和示踪细胞、探讨蛋白间的相互作用，因而这一技术被广泛地用于分析基因的表达模式、评价基因治疗效果、评估肿瘤的发生和转移、监测移植器官等。简要综述了现有活体动物体内光学成像技术的基本原理、技术进展和相关应用。     

In Vivo Nano-imaging of Membrane Dynamics in Metastatic Tumor Cells Using Quantum Dots

Changes in membrane morphology and membrane protein dynamics based on its fluidity are critical for cancer metastasis. However, this subject has remained unclear, because the spatial precision of previous in vivo imaging has been limited to the micrometer level and single molecule imaging is impossible. Here, we have imaged the membrane dynamics of tumor cells in mice with a spatial precision of 7–9 nm under a confocal microscope. A metastasis-promoting factor on the cell membrane, protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), was labeled with quantum dots conjugated with an anti-PAR1 antibody. Movements of cancer cells and PAR1 during metastasis were clearly observed in vivo. Images used to assess PAR1 dynamics were taken of representative cells for four stages of metastasis; i.e. cancer cells far from blood vessels in tumor, near the vessel, in the bloodstream, and adherent to the inner vascular surface in the normal tissues near tumor were photographed. The diffusion constant of PAR1 in static cells far from tumor blood vessels was smaller than in moving cells near the vessels and in the bloodstream. The diffusion constant of cells adhering to the inner vascular surface in the normal tissues was also very small. Cells formed membrane protrusion during migration. The PAR1 diffusion constant on these pseudopodia was greater than in other membrane regions in the same cell. Thus, the dynamics of PAR1 movement showed that membrane fluidity increases during intravasation, reaches a peak in the vessel, decreases during extravasation, and is also higher at locally formed pseudopodia.     

单克隆抗体ND-1-量子点荧光探针对大肠癌细胞的特异成像研究

目的制备抗人大肠癌单克隆抗体ND-1的量子点荧光探针,实现对大肠癌细胞的靶向成像。方法采用共价偶联方法,以1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)和N-羟基硫代琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)为缩合剂,通过在反应体系中加入不同摩尔比例的单克隆抗体ND-1和游离量子点QD605进行条件优化,制备偶联产物ND-1-QD605荧光探针;利用荧光光谱扫描技术对ND-1-QD605进行光学特性表征,并检测其抗光漂白能力;利用免疫荧光方法检测ND-1-QD605对大肠癌细胞的靶向结合能力。结果在量子点QD605与单克隆抗体ND-1摩尔比1:40条件下,可实现二者的高效偶联;荧光光谱分析显示ND-1-QD605保留了游离量子点QD605优良的荧光特性;在激发光照射1h内,ND-1-QD605荧光强度未发生明显改变;荧光显微镜观察可见该探针能够与表达有相应抗原LEA的人大肠癌CCL187细胞特异性结合,呈现高灵敏度、特异性荧光成像。结论制备的单克隆抗体ND-1的量子点荧光探针具有大肠癌细胞靶向成像能力,有望为大肠癌的体内靶向成像研究和临床诊断提供新方法。     

Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, quantum dots should be highly fluorescent and small/monodisperse in size. While commonly used cadmium-based quantum dots possess these qualities, they are potentially toxic due to the possible release of Cd²⁺ ions through nanoparticle degradation. Indium-based quantum dots, specifically InP/ZnS, have recently been explored as a viable alternative to cadmium-based quantum dots due to their relatively similar fluorescence characteristics and size. The synthesis presented here uses standard hot-injection techniques for effective nanoparticle growth; however, nanoparticle properties such as size, emission wavelength, and emission intensity can drastically change due to small changes in the reaction conditions. Therefore, reaction conditions such temperature, reaction duration, and precursor concentration should be maintained precisely to yield reproducible products. Because quantum dots are not inherently soluble in aqueous solutions, they must also undergo surface modification to impart solubility in water. In this protocol, an amphiphilic polymer is used to interact with both hydrophobic ligands on the quantum dot surface and bulk solvent water molecules. Here, a detailed protocol is provided for the synthesis of highly fluorescent InP/ZnS quantum dots that are suitable for use in biomedical applications.     

量子点的制备及其在生物医学中的研究

量子点是近几年发展起来的新型纳米材料,虽然研究起步较晚,但因其独特的电学和光学性质而成为人们关注的热点,在生物医学等多个领域有突破性的研究进展。本文主要介绍量子点的性质、制备方法及其在生物医学中的应用进展和存在的问题。     

Antibody-Guided In Vivo Imaging for Early Detection of Mammary Gland Tumors

BACKGROUND: Earlier detection of transformed cells using target-specific imaging techniques holds great promise. We have developed TAB 004, a monoclonal antibody highly specific to a protein sequence accessible in the tumor form of MUC1 (tMUC1). We present data assessing both the specificity and sensitivity of TAB 004 in vitro and in genetically engineered mice in vivo. METHODS: Polyoma Middle T Antigen mice were crossed to the human MUC1.Tg mice to generate MMT mice. In MMT mice, mammary gland hyperplasia is observed between 6 and 10 weeks of age that progresses to ductal carcinoma in situ by 12 to 14 weeks and adenocarcinoma by 18 to 24 weeks. Approximately 40% of these mice develop metastasis to the lung and other organs with a tumor evolution that closely mimics human breast cancer progression. Tumor progression was monitored in MMT mice (from ages 8 to 22 weeks) by in vivo imaging following retro-orbital injections of the TAB 004 conjugated to indocyanine green (TAB-ICG). At euthanasia, mammary gland tumors and normal epithelial tissues were collected for further analyses. RESULTS: In vivo imaging following TAB-ICG injection permitted significantly earlier detection of tumors compared with physical examination. Furthermore, TAB-ICG administration in MMT mice enabled the detection of lung metastases while sparing recognition of normal epithelia. CONCLUSIONS: The data highlight the specificity and the sensitivity of the TAB 004 antibody in differentiating normal versus tumor form of MUC1 and its utility as a targeted imaging agent for early detection, tumor monitoring response, as well as potential clinical use for targeted drug delivery.     

D W I对脑转移瘤及胶质瘤的应用价值

目的：探讨弥散加权成像（DWI）对脑转移瘤与胶质瘤鉴别诊断的应用价值。方法：对常规MR扫描检出的42例颅内占位痛人行DWI扫描,对病人术后痛理随访后,将高级胶质瘤、低级胶质瘤及脑转移瘤各分成一组,并测定肿瘤区、水肿区、时侧正常脑组织的表观弥散系数（ADC）值及相时ADC（rADC）值。结果：低级胶质瘤与转移瘤的瘤灶rADC值比较存在差异;高级别胶质瘤与转移瘤瘤周水肿的rADC值相比较存在差异。结论：DWI及瘤灶、瘤周rADC值的定量测定对脑转移瘤与胶质瘤的鉴别诊断具有一定的临床应用价值。