岩黄连光合与蒸腾特性及其对光照强度和CO2浓度的响应

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统(Li-CorInc.,USA)对岩黄连叶片的气体交换进行了测定。结果表明(1)岩黄连叶片的光饱和点(LSP)为329.18μmol.m-2.s-1左右,光补偿点(LCP)为12.76μmol.m-2.s-1,最大净光合速率为2.96μmol.m-2.s-1,暗呼吸速率(Rd)为0.17μmol.m-2.s-1。光饱和点和光补偿点都比效低,表明岩黄连对光照的要求不高,属于阴生植物。(2)4月份,岩黄连Pn随CO2浓度升高而逐渐增大。当CO2浓度由50μmol.mol-1增加到600μmol.mol-1,Pn几乎呈直线上升,600~1000μmol.mol-1范围内逐渐缓和,到1000μmol.mol-1以后Pn变化平稳。由曲线估算CO2饱和点(CSP)大约在1000μmol.mol-1左右。CO2的补偿点为68.80μmol.mol-1。羧化效率为0.0308μmol.m-2.s-1。(3)岩黄连叶片水分利用率(WUE)随有效光辐射强度(PAR)的增强呈抛物线状变化,PAR在200μmol.m-2.s-1内呈直线上升,到200μmol.m-2.s-1时WUE达最大值,大于200μmol.m-2.s-1后WUE呈逐渐下降趋势。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区天然次生灌木山桃（Prunus davidiana）与山杏（Prunus sibirica L.）叶片气体交换参数日动态差异

以半干旱黄土丘陵区5年生天然次生灌木山桃(Prunus davidiana)及山杏(Prunus sibirica L.)作为研究材料,系统比较了两树种叶片气体交换参数的日变化特征,分析了其光合作用和蒸腾作用与环境因子的关系.结果表明:山桃叶片气体交换参数日变化特征与山桃有所差异,山桃除蒸腾速率(Tr)外其它生理参数呈单峰曲线,山杏的日变化类型均呈双峰曲线.两树种光合速率(Pn)在下午明显下降,其原因主要是受到非气孔限制.山桃Pn的日均值((7.64±3.69) μmol · m-2 · s-1)比山杏((5 29±2.97) μmol · m-2 · s-1)高出46%,Tr的日均值((2.21±1.02) mmol · m-2 · s-1)比山杏((1.58±0.57) mmol · m-2 · s-1)高出40%左右,水分利用效率(WUE)的日均值相差不大,分别为(2.89±1.52) μmol · mmol-1,(2.54±1.37) μmol · mmol-1.多元回归及相关分析表明,影响光合作用与蒸腾作用的最重要因子是光合有效辐射强度,其次是大气CO2浓度;光合作用与蒸腾作用参数之间也有明显的相关性.结论:山桃与山杏表现出具有较高光合速率,较低蒸腾速率和较高水分利用效率的生理特征,因而在半干旱黄土丘陵区都有较好引种栽培与开发利用潜力.     

不同蒿属植物对光强的适应性差异研究

对中国四种蒿属植物(毛莲蒿、蒙古蒿、牡蒿和灰苞蒿)的光合响应曲线进行了研究。结果表明:牡蒿具有高光饱点(411.0μmol·m-2·s-1)和最大光合速率(18.627μmol·m-2·s-1),以及较低的光补偿点(17.867μmol·m-2·s-1),对高光的适应能力最强;灰苞蒿的暗呼吸速率(0.353μmol·m-2·s-1)和表观量子效率(0.038)最低,说明该种对弱光的适应能力较差,且在弱光条件下只能维持较低的生长速率;灰苞蒿水分利用效率随光强的变化趋势与其他三种蒿属植物一致,但总体上维持在一个较高的水平,可能与其对干旱生境的适应有关。光合响应曲线各个拟合指标在种间呈现出了较大的变异,其中光补偿点(L cpμmol·m-2·s-1)和暗呼吸速率(R dayμmol·m-2·s-1)差异达到了显著水平。说明植物功能性状与植物对环境长期适应密切相关,并且这种适应性是稳定可遗传的。     

蒺藜苜蓿叶片光合作用对盐胁迫的响应

为阐明蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)叶片光合效率对盐胁迫的响应规律,明确其土壤盐分阈值,该研究以盆栽蒺藜苜蓿幼苗为研究对象,采用加盐的方式人工模拟盐胁迫环境,设置不同浓度NaCl处理(0、50、100、150、200、250、300、400mmol·L-1),利用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪分析了蒺藜苜蓿幼苗光合效率参数对土壤盐分浓度的响应特征。结果表明:(1)蒺藜苜蓿叶片净光合速率(Pn)和光合作用特征参数等具有明显的土壤盐分临界效应。在NaCl浓度为100~200mmol·L-1时,蒺藜苜蓿可维持较高光合生产力,此盐分范围内适宜的光合有效辐射(PAR)为600~1 300μmol·m-2·s-1,出现Pn最大值(20.7μmol·m-2·s-1)的NaCl浓度为150mmol·L-1,对应PAR为1 200μmol·m-2·s-1左右。(2)在NaCl浓度150mmol·L-1时,随着NaCl浓度的增加,表观量子效率(AQY)、光补偿点(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和最大光合速率(Pnmax)逐渐增大;在NaCl浓度为150mmol·L-1时,AQY、Rd和Pnmax分别达到最大值0.030、0.605 7μmol·m-2·s-1、19.4μmol·m-2·s-1,而LCP达到最小值19.8μmol·m-2·s-1。(3)NaCl浓度为150mmol·L-1可作为导致蒺藜苜蓿净光合速率下降的气孔限制和非气孔限制因素的转折点,并且随着NaCl浓度升高,其光合速率由气孔限制转为非气孔限制的PAR降低。以上结果表明,蒺藜苜蓿对盐胁迫具有较强的适应性,在较高盐分浓度下可获得较高的光合生产力。     

5种半蒴苣苔属植物光合特性的比较

对半蒴苣苔属( Hemiboea C. B. Clarke)植物半蒴苣苔( H. henryi C. B. Clarke)、贵州半蒴苣苔( H. cavaleriei H. Lév.)、疏脉半蒴苣苔( H. cavaleriei var. paucinervis W. T. Wang et Z. Y. Li ex Z. Y. Li)、华南半蒴苣苔( H. follicularis C. B. Clarke)和红苞半蒴苣苔( H. rubribracteata Z. Y. Li et Yan Liu)叶片的光合特性进行了分析和比较。结果表明：5种植物的光合参数及其日变化曲线、光响应参数〔(包括最大净光合速率( Pmax )、表观量子效率(AQY)、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)〕、CO2响应参数〔包括CO2饱和净光合速率(CSPn)、羧化效率(CE)、CO2补偿点( CCP)和CO2饱和点( CSP)〕均有较大差异。半蒴苣苔、疏脉半蒴苣苔和红苞半蒴苣苔的净光合速率( Pn)日变化曲线均呈“单峰型”,而贵州半蒴苣苔和华南半蒴苣苔的Pn日变化曲线均呈“双峰型”且“午休”现象明显;贵州半蒴苣苔和疏脉半蒴苣苔的气孔导度( Gs)和蒸腾速率( Tr)日变化曲线均呈“单峰型”,而其他3种植物的Gs和Tr日变化曲线均类似“双峰型”;5种植物的胞间CO2浓度( Ci)日变化均呈先降后升的趋势;此外,5种植物的Pn与Gs均呈显著正相关、与Tr均呈正相关、与Ci均呈负相关。5种植物的光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线均有差异,但在光合有效辐射( PAR)低于200μmol·m-2·s-1或环境CO2浓度( Ce)低于800μmol·mol-1的条件下,它们的Pn均随PAR或Ce的升高急剧增加。5种植物中,贵州半蒴苣苔的Pmax最高,疏脉半蒴苣苔的CSPn最高;贵州半蒴苣苔的LCP最高(55.74μmol·m-2·s-1),其他4种的LCP均小于10μmol·m-2·s-1;5种植物的LSP均介于600~800μmol·m-2·s-1之间,CCP介于50~150μmol·mol-1之间,而CSP均在1000μmol·mol-1以上。研究结果揭示：供试5种植物均为阴生植物,但因产地生境及遗传特性差异使它们各自适应不同的光照条件,因而,在引种栽培过程中应根据各种类的光合特性采取适当的遮阳措施。     

秦岭佛坪国家级自然保护区亚高山草甸30种草本植物的光合生理特征

秦岭是我国陆地生物多样性保护关键区域之一,其亚高山草甸植被对环境变化具有良好的指示作用。为了探索草甸植物对高山环境的适应策略,对陕西佛坪秦岭亚高山草甸30种草本植物的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率和胞间CO2浓度特征进行分析。结果表明:30种草木植物的光合生理特征表现各异。净光合速率最大者为细茎橐吾(18.75μmol.m-2.s-1),最小者为轮叶马先蒿(0.73μmol.m-2.s-1);气孔导度最大者为卵叶银莲花(2.99 mol.m-2.s-1),最小者为湖北大戟(0.04 mol.m-2.s-1);蒸腾速率最大者为东方草莓(6.14 mmol.m-2.s-1),最小者为紫苞鸢尾(0.44 mmol.m-2.s-1)。Pearson相关分析表明净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率之间表现出极显著的正相关(p<0.01)。对各物种的光合特征进行聚类分析,结果将30个物种划分为4个组群,各物种间光合特征的差异反映了不同物种在生态系统中的相对重要性。     

生态沟渠铜钱草光合日变化的研究

以生态沟渠铜钱草为材料,采用便携式CID-340光合仪对铜钱草成熟叶片净光合速率(Pn)以及胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、气孔导度(Gs)、气温(Gs)、叶温(Tl))和蒸腾速率(Tr)等影响因子进行测定,以探讨其光合生理生态特性,旨在为修复沟渠湿地提供一定的理论依据。结果表明:(1)铜钱草叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈双峰型,主峰(19.32μmol.m-2.s-1)出现在15:00左右,次峰(16.21μmol.m-2.s-1)出现在11:00,中午出现光合"午休"现象。(2)用逐步多元回归方法得到净光合速率日变化与主要生理生态因子的回归方程为:Pn=-5.45613+0.006797PAR+0.050099Gs(复相关系数0.868)。逐步回归结果表明Pn受PAR和Gs的影响较大。偏相关分析和通径分析的结果表明PAR、Gs对铜钱草Pn日变化有重要影响,是影响铜钱草Pn的主要因子,影响大小的顺序为:Gs>PAR。     

Diurnal photosynthetic changes of Hydrocotyle vulgaris in the ecological ditch

以生态沟渠铜钱草为材料,采用便携式CID-340光合仪对铜钱草成熟叶片净光合速率(Pn)以及胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、气孔导度(Gs)、气温(Gs)、叶温(Ti))和蒸腾速率(Tr)等影响因子进行测定,以探讨其光合生理生态特性,旨在为修复沟渠湿地提供一定的理论依据.结果表明:(1)铜钱草叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈双峰型,主峰(19.32 μmol·m-2·s-1)出现在15:00左右,次峰(16.21 μmol·m-2·s-1)出现在11:00,中午出现光合“午休”现象.(2)用逐步多元回归方法得到净光合速率日变化与主要生理生态因子的回归方程为:Pn=-5.45613+0.006797PAR+0.050099Gs(复相关系数0.868).逐步回归结果表明Pn受PAR和Gs的影响较大.偏相关分析和通径分析的结果表明PAR、Gs对铜钱草Pn日变化有重要影响,是影响铜钱草Pn的主要因子,影响大小的顺序为:Gs＞PAR.     

蜡梅光合与蒸腾速率日变化的初步研究

对野生蜡梅在不同天气中的净光合速率 (Pn)和蒸腾速率 (Tr)日变化及其与环境因子的关系进行了初步研究 ,结果如下 :(1)蜡梅在晴天和阴天的 Pn日进程均呈一双峰型曲线。但晴天的两个峰值比在阴天出现要早 ,Pn的总体水平要高于阴天 ,且在午后发生明显的光合“午休”现象。 (2 )Tr在晴天的日变化呈单峰型曲线 ,在午后强光和高温条件下 ,Tr可高达 10 mmol H2 O m-2 s-1以上。在阴天 ,Tr日进程波动很小 ,且蒸腾作用微弱 ,全天大多保持在 0 .8mmol H2 O m-2 s-1以下的水平。(3)在光合有效辐射 (PAR)为 80 0～ 90 0 μmol m-2 s-1、大气温度 (TA) 2 8℃左右、相对湿度 (RH)约75%的条件下 ,野生蜡梅的 Pn可高达 2 3.6 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1。但蜡梅的光饱和点与光补偿点均较低 ,分别约为 90 0μmol m-2 s-1和 2 0μmol m-2 s-1。 (4 ) PAR和 TA是影响蜡梅光合与蒸腾速率日进程的主导生态因子。蜡梅对强光和高温反应敏感 ,在超过光饱和点且气温高达 4 2℃以上时 ,其蒸腾作用强烈 ,能量转换与水分利用效率 (WUE)大大降低 ,光合能力减弱 ,导致 Pn急剧下降     

遮荫对月季光合特性及生长发育的影响

采用人工遮荫法研究不同程度遮荫(75%、50%和25%全光照,以全光照为对照)处理对月季的生长发育、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:(1)随着遮荫程度的增加,月季的叶片厚度、花径、成花率均呈降低趋势,叶绿素含量呈增加趋势;净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低,气孔限制值(Ls)升高,Pn下降的主要原因可能为气孔限制。(2)月季在遮荫条件下的光饱和点和光补偿点、暗呼吸速率下降,表现出其对光照降低的生理适应机制;其光饱和点在600~1 200μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点在29.89~62.95μmol·m-2·s-1,CO2补偿点在78.16~89.41μmol·mol-1,CO2饱和点在1 100μmol·mol-1左右,潜在光合能力13.06~25.63μmol·m-2·s-1,其对光的适应范围较宽,光照和CO2浓度对其光合能力的影响较大。(3)各处理条件下叶绿素荧光参数显示,月季在自然光和低光下(50%和25%全光照)叶片PSⅡ受到了明显伤害,光合作用原初反应过程受到抑制,光合电子传递受到影响。研究发现,月季虽是阳生植物,但光照生态幅较宽,轻度遮荫(75%全光照)能促进其光合作用效率,减少光抑制,植株长势好,成花率高。     

Leaf waxes in Coincya Rouy (Brassicaceae)

A total of 55 populations belonging to the genus Coincya Rouy (Brassicaceae) from the Iberian Peninsula were examined for their leaf wax composition. The total wax content and the relative proportions of the five main lipid fractions, hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, free alcohols and free sterols were determined. It was observed that there was a positive correlation between chemical composition and environmental adaptation, and also with certain morphological characterS. Changes relate to low temperatures or to high relative humidity, and there is a positive correlation between chemical composition and leaf glaucosity.     

Diurnal variation of phytoplankton in Loch Lomond

A study of diurnal variation over a 48 hour period was undertaken in July 1973 to ascertain the extent and timing of some major chemical, physical and biological variables in Loch Lomond. The phytoplankton population was dominated by the diatom Tabellaria fenestrata, with a maximum abundance between 04.00 and 06.00 h in surface waters on both days. A distinct diurnal variation in cell numbers was also recorded. Chlorophyll a values also showed a regular pattern of variation with a single peak between 10.00 and 14.00 h each day. Some chemical changes appeared to be a direct consequence of phytoplankton multiplication. Nitrate-nitrogen showed a decrease in concentration coinciding with the period of cell multiplication, whereas dissolved silica concentrations only fell on the completion of this process. Other common diatoms displayed less distinct patterns of variation although Fragilaria crotonensis attained its maximum abundance in surface waters. Considerable variation was recorded in the number of organisms and chlorophyll a levels at 25 cm intervals in the upper metre of the water column, with large variations in standing-crop and chemical parameters in the space of one hour. Diurnal oscillations in the position of the thermocline were recorded, with the thermal discontinuity being at its greatest depth in the early hours of the morning. The hypolimnion and thermocline regions clearly acted as a source of nutrient supply to the epilimnion. From this investigation it is apparent that for the proper understanding of diurnal variation a 24 hour study alone is insufficient and may give rise to misleading results.Department of Botany, University of GlasgowDepartment of Botany, University of Glasgow     

Inter‐ and intraspecific variation in mycotoxin tolerance: A study of four Drosophila species

Many mycophagous Drosophila species have adapted to tolerate high concentrations of mycotoxins, an ability not reported in any other eukaryotes. Although an association between mycophagy and mycotoxin tolerance has been established in many Drosophila species, the genetic mechanisms of the tolerance are unknown. This study presents the inter‐ and intraspecific variation in the mycotoxin tolerance trait. We studied the mycotoxin tolerance in four Drosophila species from four separate clades within the immigrans‐tripunctata radiation from two distinct locations. The effect of mycotoxin treatment on 20 isofemale lines per species was studied using seven gross phenotypes: survival to pupation, survival to eclosion, development time to pupation and eclosion, thorax length, fecundity, and longevity. We observed interspecific variation among four species, with D. falleni being the most tolerant, followed by D. recens, D. neotestacea, and D. tripunctata, in that order. The results also revealed geographical variation and intraspecific genetic variation in mycotoxin tolerance. This report provides the foundation for further delineating the genetic mechanisms of the mycotoxin tolerance trait.     

Skeletal biological distance studies in American physical anthropology: recent trends

Biological distance analysis, the dominant type of skeletal biological research during the 19th century, has become less visible in recent years. Although the proportion of American Journal of Physical Anthropology articles and published abstracts focusing on biodistance has remained fairly constant over the three decades between 1955 and 1985, the proportion of biodistance contributions relative to other skeletal biology studies has decreased. Emphasis in skeletal biology has shifted from the analysis of biological variation to investigations of health and diet, and within biodistance studies methodological issues have assumed prominence over purely analytical approaches. This paper investigates trends in biological distance analysis through a survey of articles and meetings abstracts published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology from 1955 to 1985. The survey provides the historical context for five symposium papers on skeletal biological distance presented at the 1986 meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.     

Functional characterization of powdery mildew resistance gene MlIW172, a new Pm60 allele and its allelic variation in wild emmer wheat

Wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides, WEW) is an immediate progenitor of both the cultivated tetraploid and hexaploid wheats and it harbors rich genetic diversity against powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt). A powdery mildew resistance gene MlIW172 originated from WEW accession IW172 (G-797-M) is fine mapped in a 0.048 centimorgan (cM) genetic interval on 7AL, corresponding to a genomic region spanning 233 kb, 1 Mb and 800 kb in Chinese Spring, WEW Zavitan, and T. urartu G1812, respectively. MlIW172 encodes a typical NLR protein NLR^IW172 and physically locates in an NBS-LRR gene cluster. NLR^IW172 is subsequently identified as a new allele of Pm60, and its function is validated by EMS mutagenesis and transgenic complementation. Haplotype analysis of the Pm60 alleles reveals diversifications in sequence variation in the locus and presence and absence variations (PAV) in WEW populations. Four common single nucleotide variations (SNV) are detected between the Pm60 alleles from WEW and T. urartu, indicative of speciation divergence between the two different wheat progenitors. The newly identified Pm60 alleles and haplotypes in WEW are anticipated to be valuable for breeding powdery mildew resistance wheat cultivars via marker-assisted selection.     

Skull osteology and osteological phylogeny of the Western whip snake Hierophis viridiflavus (Squamata,Colubridae)

The skull osteology of Hierophis viridiflavus is here described and figured in detail on the basis of 18 specimens. The sample includes specimens from the ranges of both H. viridiflavus viridiflavus and H. viridiflavus carbonarius as well as specimens not identified at sub-specific level. The main characters that define H. viridiflavus in comparison to the parapatric congeneric species Hierophis gemonensis are wide maxillary diastema, basioccipital crest well distinct in three lobes and basioccipital process well marked. The foramina of the otoccipital and prootic, and the basioccipital process of the basioccipital are among the most ontogenetically variable characters, as indicated by two juvenile specimens included in the sample. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis including H. gemonensis and other outgroups (overall 6 species, 26 specimens, 64 skull characters) recovered all H. viridiflavus specimens in one clade, indicating the presence of a clear phylogenetic signal in the applied characters. However, the resolution within the H. viridiflavus clade is poor the monophyly of H. viridiflavus carbonarius was retrieved, but not that of Hierophis v. viridiflavus. Probably due to the relatively high variability, the skull morphology does not support the recently proposed specific status of the two subspecies.     

A hybrid zone between Chorthippus parallelus parallelus and Chorthippus parallelus erythropus (Orthoptera: Acrididae): morphological and electrophoretic characters

Two subspecies of the grasshopper Chorthippus parullelus have distributions that abut in the Pyrenees. We have studied morphological and electrophoretic variation in II populations near Mont Louis, Pyrénées-Orientales, France. The two subspecies differ in several morphological characters and at one enzyme locus, esterase-2, and in this area they hybridize forming a cline in morphology less than 5 km wide. Examination of museum specimens suggests that this hybrid zone extends for most of the length of the Pyrenees, possibly breaking down in the extreme west. As the two subspecies are known to differ in mating behaviour this hybrid zone is well suited to the study of reinforcement.     

The variances of the distributions of the combinations of the sexes within mammalian litters: Notes to mark the centenary of the problem

It is 100 years since Gini noted that in some samples of litters of mice and rabbits, the variances of the distributions of the combinations of the sexes are sub-binomial. In other words, in contrast with binomial expectation, there are too many litters in which the sexes are equally balanced, and there are too few unisexual litters. In the intervening years, this finding has been replicated in a number of further species, but no explanation has become established. Potential explanations are reviewed here, and it is suggested that the most likely cause is that, at the time of formation of the zygotes, p, the probability that a zygote will be male, varies from one zygote to another within litters, thus constituting an example of Poisson variation. And it is a standard result in probability theory that such variation causes sub-binomial variance.     

浙江古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林种子雨的时空变异

木本植物种子产量的时间和空间变化格局对植物更新以及群落组成和结构有着重要影响, 是种子雨研究的一个重要方面。2006年6月在古田山亚热带常绿阔叶林24 hm²样地布置了130个面积为0.5 m²的种子雨收集器, 每周收集一次。利用4年的种子雨数据, 研究了种子雨的时间和空间变异。主要结果如下: (1)共收集到124227粒成熟种子, 属于29科51属63种, 每月降水量与平均每月种子数、物种数均呈显著负相关; (2)种子产量在每年干季(秋季)有明显的高峰, 有10个物种在湿季扩散种子, 不同物种结实物候起始和终止时间有差异; (3)基于4年的种子雨数据, 几乎所有物种的种子雨均存在很大的年际变异, 收集到的所有物种的种子产量年际变异系数的中位数为1.72; (4)种子雨在不同收集器之间有很大的变异, 变异系数的中位数为8.06; 几乎所有物种的空间变异都远远大于时间变异, 这可能是由于母树的稀有性、种子传播距离的差异, 以及地形等因素造成。通过与巴拿马Barro Colorado Island 50 hm ²样地108个物种种子产量的年际变异系数相比较, 古田山种子雨数据支持了高纬度地区种子产量变异高于低纬度地区的假说。