高寒退化草地狼毒种群不同海拔花大小-数量的权衡关系

权衡关系是植物生活史对策理论的基础, 花大小-数量的权衡关系对理解花的生物量分配具有重要的意义。该文利用实验生态学方法, 研究了祁连山北坡高寒退化草地4个不同海拔狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群花大小与花数量间的关系。结果表明: 随着海拔升高, 草地群落的高度、密度和地上生物量均呈先升高后降低的倒U型分布, 狼毒花大小呈逐渐增大的趋势, 而花数量呈相反的变化趋势; 不同海拔样地狼毒花大小与花数量间的相关性存在差异, 海拔2700、2900和3000 m样地狼毒花大小和花数量之间均存在极显著的负相关关系(p < 0.01), 海拔2800 m样地二者之间存在显著的负相关关系(p < 0.05), 狼毒植株分配给花大小与花数量的资源间存在着“此消彼长”的权衡关系; 海拔2800 m样地是狼毒植株花大小与花数量权衡关系由低海拔的花数量多而单花生物量低向高海拔的花数量少而单花生物量高转变的区域。狼毒植株通过合理权衡花数量和花大小的资源配置, 以补偿在海拔梯度上不利因素对种群繁衍带来的影响, 从而实现种群的繁殖成功, 反映了毒杂草对异质性生境的表型可塑性机制。     

Trade-off between the biomass and number of flowers in Stellera chamaejasme along an elevation gradient in a degraded alpine grassland

权衡关系是植物生活史对策理论的基础, 花大小-数量的权衡关系对理解花的生物量分配具有重要的意义。该文利用实验生态学方法, 研究了祁连山北坡高寒退化草地4个不同海拔狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群花大小与花数量间的关系。结果表明: 随着海拔升高, 草地群落的高度、密度和地上生物量均呈先升高后降低的倒U型分布, 狼毒花大小呈逐渐增大的趋势, 而花数量呈相反的变化趋势; 不同海拔样地狼毒花大小与花数量间的相关性存在差异, 海拔2700、2900和3000 m样地狼毒花大小和花数量之间均存在极显著的负相关关系(p < 0.01), 海拔2800 m样地二者之间存在显著的负相关关系(p < 0.05), 狼毒植株分配给花大小与花数量的资源间存在着“此消彼长”的权衡关系; 海拔2800 m样地是狼毒植株花大小与花数量权衡关系由低海拔的花数量多而单花生物量低向高海拔的花数量少而单花生物量高转变的区域。狼毒植株通过合理权衡花数量和花大小的资源配置, 以补偿在海拔梯度上不利因素对种群繁衍带来的影响, 从而实现种群的繁殖成功, 反映了毒杂草对异质性生境的表型可塑性机制。     

高寒草地狼毒种群繁殖分配对海拔的响应

繁殖与物种的生存和发展有着极为密切的关系,是植物生活史研究的核心问题,海拔制约下的环境因子对植物繁殖分配产生重要影响.2010年7月采用样方调查法,研究了祁连山北坡高寒草地2700～3000 m范围内4个海拔梯度下狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群繁殖分配特征.结果表明:随着海拔的升高,狼毒地上生物量呈降低趋势,总花干重、株高呈先减小后增大的趋势,繁殖分配呈增大趋势;在海拔梯度下,狼毒种群繁殖分配与地上生物量均呈极显著负相关(海拔2800 m除外),与株高呈不显著负相关(海拔3000 m除外).狼毒种群繁殖分配存在大小依赖性且生物量的依赖性远大于株高,说明随海拔升高,狼毒种群通过减小个体大小来降低资源消耗,把获取的有限资源分配到繁殖部分,从而达到繁殖成功.     

高寒退化草地星毛委陵菜叶大小与数量的权衡关系

植物叶大小和数量的权衡关系反映了植物对环境的高度适应性及其在复杂生境下的自我调控能力。采用标准化主轴估计(standardized major axis estimation,SMA)方法,在祁连山北坡选择未退化(Ⅰ)、轻度退化(Ⅱ)、中度退化(Ⅲ)和重度退化(Ⅳ)4种高寒草地,研究了星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)叶大小-数量的关系。结果表明:随着天然草地退化程度的加剧,草地群落的高度、盖度和土壤含水量逐渐下降,星毛委陵菜种群的高度逐渐下降、盖度逐渐上升,星毛委陵菜叶大小呈逐渐减小的趋势,而叶数量增加;各退化草地星毛委陵菜叶大小与叶数量均呈显著负相关(P0.05),星毛委陵菜分配给叶大小与叶数量的资源间存在着"此消彼长"的关系;不同退化草地间的比较显示,未退化和重度退化草地星毛委陵菜叶大小与叶数量呈显著异速生长关系(P0.05),轻度和中度退化草地二者呈近似等速生长关系。高寒退化草地星毛委陵菜植株合理权衡叶大小-数量的资源配置模式,体现了植物茎叶构型的表型可塑性机制。     

祁连山北坡霸王小枝内叶花性状的坡向差异

植物叶-花生长的资源分配模式,是植物与环境长期相互作用所形成的功能多样性的综合反映。本研究利用Arc GIS建立研究区域的数字高程模型(DEM),采用标准化主轴估计方法(SMA),研究了祁连山北坡荒漠草原不同坡向霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)种群小枝内叶片和花的生长关系。结果表明:随着坡向从北坡到东坡、西坡和南坡转变,草地群落密度、高度、地上生物量和土壤含水量呈逐渐减小趋势,霸王的小枝生物量、花大小、叶面积和叶数量呈逐渐减小趋势,繁殖分配呈增加趋势;不同坡向霸王叶数量、叶面积与花大小均呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05),标准化主轴斜率显著小于1.0(P0.01),花大小的增加速度大于叶面积和叶数量;随着坡向由北坡向东坡、西坡和南坡转变,叶面积与花大小的异速斜率逐渐减小,叶数量与花大小的异速斜率逐渐增大。坡向差异造成环境因子和植被群落的梯度性变化,影响了霸王小枝内叶花构件的生长速率,体现了荒漠区植物应对异质生境的表型可塑性和生长-繁殖的资源权衡机制。     

高寒退化草地狼毒种群个体大小与茎、叶的异速生长

叶片和茎的生长规律决定植物对光截取的模式以及与外界环境的物质交换面积,其生物量分配是研究植物生活史对策的一个重要途径.在石羊河上游高寒退化草地,采用标准化主轴估计(standardized major axis estimation,SMA)方法,研究了狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群茎大小对茎与叶生物量分配的影响,以及对叶面积支持效率的影响.结果表明:狼毒种群茎干重与比叶重(LMA)、单叶面积、叶干重呈异速生长关系,SMA斜率分别为0.781(95％的置信区间,CI=O.71 ～0.94)、0.824(CI=0.77 ～0.95)和0.856(CI=0.79 ～0.99).狼毒种群中较大茎的狼毒植株具有较高的叶生物量分配比例和叶面积支持效率,同时具有较高的比叶重,说明较大的狼毒采取以提高资源利用效率为主的适应策略,而相对较小的狼毒采取以快速生长为主的适应策略.     

祁连山北坡霸王花大小-数量权衡关系的坡向差异

权衡关系是植物生活史对策理论的基础,花大小-数量的权衡关系对理解花构件的资源分配具有重要意义。本文采用GIS与实验生态学相结合的方法,研究了祁连山北坡荒漠草原不同坡向霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)花大小-数量的关系。结果表明:随着坡向由北坡向东坡、西坡、南坡转变,草地植物群落的高度、密度、地上生物量、土壤含水量以及霸王的花大小、分枝数和枝干重呈逐渐减小趋势,霸王的花数量和繁殖分配逐渐增大;北坡和南坡霸王的花大小和花数量之间呈极显著负相关(P0.01),异速斜率显著小于-1,东坡和西坡霸王的花大小和花数量之间呈显著负相关(P0.05),异速斜率接近于-1。不同坡向霸王在花大小与花数量间"此消彼长"的资源分配权衡关系,反映了植物优化生境适应性的种群繁殖策略。     

清凉峰不同海拔木本植物小枝内叶大小-数量权衡关系

权衡关系是生活史对策理论的基础, 叶大小-数量的权衡关系对理解叶大小进化具有重要的意义。该研究以单叶面积和单叶片干重表示叶大小, 用小枝干重和小枝茎干重表示小枝大小, 采用标准化主轴估计(standardized major axis estimation, SMA)和系统独立比较分析(phylogenetically independent contrast analysis, PIC)的方法, 对浙江省清凉峰自然保护区3个不同海拔落叶阔叶木本植物当年生小枝内的叶大小与数量间的关系进行研究。结果显示, 无论叶大小和小枝大小是用面积或干重表示, 在每个海拔, 叶大小与出叶强度均存在显著的等速负相关关系, 表明在落叶阔叶木本植物中发现的叶大小与出叶强度之间的权衡关系在不同生境物种中是普遍存在的, 植物在叶大小方面的种间变化, 可能不是自然选择的直接产物, 而是叶片数量变化权衡关系的一个副产物。不同海拔间的比较显示, 高海拔物种的叶面积或干重与出叶强度相关关系的y轴截距比中、低海拔物种小, 表明在出叶强度一定的情况下, 高海拔物种比低海拔物种具有更小的叶大小。与高海拔物种相比, 中海拔物种的共同斜率沿共同主轴有一个向上的位移, 表明中海拔物种比高海拔物种具有更大的叶大小, 但出叶强度更小。这些结果表明生境对叶大小-数量的权衡关系具有显著的影响, 中海拔生境具有更适宜植物生长的气候及养分条件, 而高海拔的低温等不利影响使得叶片变小。     

川西风毛菊(Saussurea dzeurensis)花展示的变异:检验花及花序水平大小-数量的权衡

植物花展示对传粉昆虫吸引和植物繁殖成功至关重要。理论研究指出,花展示的组成部分(如花的大小和数量)之间由于资源的限制而存在权衡关系,从而制约花展示的进化,但相关实验研究并不经常能检测到花的大小-数量之间的权衡关系。本文以广泛分布于青藏高原的川西风毛菊(Saussurea dzeurensis)为对象,研究不同海拔种群间花展示(花序水平和花水平)的变异,检验花大小-数量的权衡关系。结果表明:每株的头状花序数、单个头状花序重、单花的数量/头状花序与地上生物量呈显著的正相关,说明花展示大小(包括花序水平和花水平)依赖于个体的资源状况;高海拔种群个体更小,平均花序数更少,但单个头状花序的重量、单花的数量及重量/头状花序与低海拔种群相比没有显著差异;在花序水平上头状花序的大小和数量间并没有权衡关系,但在花序内的花水平上,高海拔种群花的大小和数量呈显著负相关,表现出权衡关系,而在低海拔种群并没有权衡关系;当控制川西风毛菊个体大小的影响后,花序水平大小-数量及花大小-数量间的相关均没有发生改变,说明资源获取能力的差异,即个体大小的差别并没有影响川西风毛菊花序水平或花水平大小-数量间的权衡关系;植物花大小-数量的权衡关系可能较为复杂,今后的研究需要同时考虑多个组织水平,如种群、个体、花序水平的花大小与数量的关系,有助于全面揭示植物花的资源分配的模式及花展示大小的进化机制。     

兰州北山半干旱区刺槐叶大小-数量权衡与坡向间的关系

权衡关系是生活史对策理论的基础,叶大小-数量的权衡关系对理解不同生境下植物生物量分配具有重要的意义。采用标准化主轴估计(standardized major axis estimation,SMA)方法,研究了西北半干旱区兰州市北山各坡向人工林刺槐叶数量和大小的生长关系。结果表明:随坡向由北坡向东坡、西坡和南坡转变,植物群落盖度、高度和土壤含水量逐渐减小,刺槐小枝单叶面积和单叶片干重逐渐减小,出叶强度逐渐增大;4个坡向刺槐小枝出叶强度与单叶面积、单叶片干重均呈显著的负相关关系(P0.05),并存在接近-1的共同斜率;随坡向由北坡向东坡、西坡和南坡转变,出叶强度与单叶面积、单叶片干重四组关系的回归方程截距均逐渐减小。刺槐叶大小-数量的权衡关系,反映了植物功能性状对异质生境的响应和适应,以及植物资源分配的权衡机制。     

Application of leaf size and leafing intensity scaling across subtropical trees

Understanding the scaling between leaf size and leafing intensity (leaf number per stem size) is crucial for comprehending theories about the leaf costs and benefits in the leaf size–twig size spectrum. However, the scaling scope of leaf size versus leafing intensity changes along the twig leaf size variation in different leaf habit species remains elusive. Here, we hypothesize that the numerical value of scaling exponent for leaf mass versus leafing intensity in twig is governed by the minimum leaf mass versus maximum leaf mass (M _min versus M _max) and constrained to be ≤−1.0. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing the twigs of 123 species datasets compiled in the subtropical mountain forest. The standardized major axis regression (SMA) analyses showed the M _min scaled as the 1.19 power of M _max and the ‐α (−1.19) were not statistically different from the exponents of M _min versus leafing intensity in whole data. Across leaf habit groups, the M _max scaled negatively and isometrically with respect to leafing intensity. The pooled data''s scaling exponents ranged from −1.14 to −0.96 for M _min and M _max versus the leafing intensity based on stem volume (LIV). In the case of M _min and M _max versus the leafing intensity based on stem mass (LIM), the scaling exponents ranged from −1.24 to −1.04. Our hypothesis successfully predicts that the scaling relationship between leaf mass and leafing intensity is constrained to be ≤−1.0. More importantly, the lower limit to scaling of leaf mass and leafing intensity may be closely correlated with M _min versus M _max. Besides, constrained by the maximum leaf mass expansion, the broad scope range between leaf size and number may be insensitive to leaf habit groups in subtropical mountain forest.     

Functional design space of single-veined leaves: role of tissue hydraulic properties in constraining leaf size and shape

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Morphological diversity of leaves is usually quantified with geometrical characters, while in many cases a simple set of biophysical parameters are involved in constraining size and shape. One of the main physiological functions of the leaf is transpiration and thus one can expect that leaf hydraulic parameters can be used to predict potential morphologies, although with the caveat that morphology in turn influences physiological parameters including light interception and boundary layer thickness and thereby heat transfer and net photosynthesis. METHODS: An iterative model was used to determine the relative sizes and shapes that are functionally possible for single-veined leaves as defined by their ability to supply the entire leaf lamina with sufficient water to prevent stomatal closure. The model variables include the hydraulic resistances associated with vein axial and radial transport, as well as with water movement through the mesophyll and the leaf surface. KEY RESULTS: The four parameters included in the model are sufficient to define a hydraulic functional design space that includes all single-veined leaf shapes found in nature, including scale-, awl- and needle-like morphologies. This exercise demonstrates that hydraulic parameters have dissimilar effects: surface resistance primarily affects leaf size, while radial and mesophyll resistances primarily affect leaf shape. CONCLUSIONS: These distinctions between hydraulic parameters, as well as the differential accessibility of different morphologies, might relate to the convergent evolutionary patterns seen in a variety of fossil lineages concerning overall morphology and anatomical detail that frequently have evolved in linear and simple multi-veined leaves.     

Large-scale histological analysis of leaf mutants using two simple leaf observation methods: identification of novel genetic pathways governing the size and shape of leaves

Observations of cellular organization are essential in understanding the mechanisms underlying leaf morphogenesis. These observations require several preparative steps, such as fixation and clearing of organs, and such procedures are time-consuming and labor-intensive for large-scale analyses. Thus, we have developed simple methods for the observation of leaf epidermal and mesophyll cells. To visualize the epidermis, a gel cast was made of the leaf surface, which was then observed under a light microscope. To visualize the leaf mesophyll cells, leaves were immersed in a solution containing Triton X-100, briefly centrifuged, and then viewed under a light microscope. These methods allowed us to conduct a histological phenome analysis for a large number of known and newly isolated leaf-shape/size mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana by measuring various parameters, including cell number, size, and distribution of cells within a leaf blade. Mutants showed changes in leaf size caused by specific increases or decreases in the number and/or size of cells. In addition, altered cell distributions in the leaf blade were observed, resulting from increases or decreases in the number of cells along the proximo-distal or medio-lateral axis, or recruitment of cells along a particular axis at the expense of other leaf parts. These results provide a phenomic view of the cellular behavior involved in organ size control and leaf-shape patterning.     

从叶内生物量分配策略的角度理解叶大小的优化

叶大小的变化是许多因素综合作用的结果, 对叶大小优化机制的研究有助于我们更好地理解植物的适应进化和生活史策略。该研究通过对浙江省清凉峰常绿阔叶混交林中的19个常绿阔叶物种和30个落叶阔叶物种叶水平上的相关性状进行分析, 探讨叶内生物量分配策略对叶大小优化的限制性影响。研究结果显示: 无论叶大小用面积还是质量表示, 常绿物种和落叶物种均呈现出叶内生物量分配到支撑结构的比例随着叶大小的增加而增加的规律, 这主要是由叶柄大小与叶片大小之间显著的异速生长关系导致的。这种异速生长关系在常绿物种和落叶物种中普遍存在。然而, 由于常绿物种对叶柄具有较高的机械以及抵抗冰冻栓塞等不利环境的需求, 在某一给定的叶面积下, 常绿物种比落叶物种具有更高的叶柄生物量投资。这些结果表明: 作为整个植株支撑投资的一个重要组成部分, 叶内支撑投资所占的生物量比例对叶大小的优化具有一定的限制性影响。     

The effect of leaf size on mutual shading and cultivar differences in soybean leaf photosynthetic capacity

This study investigated the basis of the negative relationship between leaf size and photosynthetic rate per unit of area among five cultivars of soybeans. Exposure of developing mainstem leaves to light, and sizes and light saturated photosynthesis rates of those leaves at maturity were compared in cultivars grown in field plots for two years at Beltsville, Maryland, USA. Plants were grown both in stands at 2.5 cm by 1 m spacing and as isolated plants. While cultivar differences in leaf size were large and consistent in both planting arrangements, significant cultivar differences in light saturated photosynthetic rates were found only in plants grown in stands. Similarly, leaf size was significantly correlated with specific leaf weight only for plants grown in stands. The mainstem apex and developing mainstem leaves experienced more severe shading in large-leaved cultivars than in small-leaved cultivars when plants were grown in stands. Thus, cultivar differences in photosynthetic capacity were probably a consequence of differences in the exposure of developing leaves to light.