鼠李糖脂快速定量分析方法及其影响因素研究*

为探寻简单、快速的由铜绿假单胞菌生产鼠李糖脂的定量分析方法,对比分析了蒽酮-硫酸法、L-半胱氨酸-硫酸法、苯酚-硫酸法及其影响因素。结果显示,蒽酮-硫酸法优于其它两种方法,并得出了其最佳测试条件。发酵液中剩余的葡萄糖、上清液对鼠李糖脂定量分析的影响可以忽略,菌体和中层杂质对鼠李糖脂的定量分析有一定程度的影响。因而,分析时要去除菌体。而中层杂质对定量分析的影响可以通过制备含中层杂质的鼠李糖溶液标准曲线而消除。     

鼠李糖脂快速定量分析方法及其影响因素研究

为探寻简单、快速的由铜绿假单胞菌生产鼠李糖脂的定量分析方法,对比分析了葸酮—硫酸法、L-半胱氨酸-硫酸法、苯酚硫酸法及其影响因素。结果显示,蒽酮硫酸法优于其它两种方法,并得出了其最佳测试条件。发酵液中剩余的葡萄糖、上清液对鼠李糖脂定量分析的影响可以忽略,菌体和中层杂质对鼠李糖脂的定量分析有一定程度的影响。因而,分析时要去除菌体。而中层杂质对定量分析的影响可以通过制备含中层杂质的鼠李糖溶液标准曲线而消除。     

基于糖显色法测定鼠李糖脂的比例、含量

目的:确定微生物培养液中鼠李糖脂的组成、含量和鼠李糖脂在电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)中的离子化效率.方法:用薄层色谱分离并结合ESI-MS分析培养液中的糖脂产物、测定样品中单鼠李糖脂和双鼠李糖脂比例及离子化强度.结果:根据苯酚-硫酸法和蒽酮光度法中糖及糖脂与吸光度的定量关系[A=0.0103X+0.0465(X为鼠李糖量,μg),A=0.0043X+0.0446(X为鼠李糖脂量,μg)],用化学计量方法确定了糖脂含量84.8%,其中单鼠李糖脂的质量分数0.344,双鼠李糖脂的质量分数0.656,并基于电喷雾质谱中的离子强度和测定的浓度计算了鼠李糖脂的离子化效率,双鼠李糖脂的钠离子化效率仅为单鼠李糖脂钠离子化效率的50%.结论:可用于定量分析单双糖脂及评价鼠李糖脂的生产.     

9株海洋来源铜绿假单胞菌合成鼠李糖脂的比较分析

目的:从海洋来源的铜绿假单胞菌中筛选多株具有鼠李糖脂合成能力的菌株。方法:以9株分离自不同海洋环境的铜绿假单胞菌为研究对象,考察并比较其发酵合成鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂的表面活性、产量和产物成分的差异,扩增并比对合成途径中的关键基因。结果:9株菌的发酵产物均具有表面活性,其中菌株1A01151发酵液的表面活性最强,表面张力值可降低至28 m N/m;9株菌的基因组中均含有鼠李糖脂合成途径中关键基因rhl AB和rhl C,都具有合成单、双鼠李糖脂的能力;菌株1A01151和1A00364的发酵产量最高(2.69 g/L),产物经LC-MS/MS检测,所合成的鼠李糖脂同系物组分不同,双糖双脂的含量最高(1A01151:75.96%;1A00364:61.01%)。结论:海洋来源的铜绿假单胞菌是具有鼠李糖脂高产潜力的菌株,可用于合成性能不同、组成多样的鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂。     

以抽油烟机废油为原料发酵产鼠李糖脂的研究

鼠李糖脂是一种具有巨大潜力的阴离子生物表面活性剂,可应用于石油、食品、农业、日化工业等领域。探讨以抽油烟机废油为碳源发酵产鼠李糖脂的可能性,以铜绿假单胞菌WB505为出发菌体,在7 L发酵罐中鼠李糖脂的产量达到12.3±0.52 g/L。利用基质辅助激光解析飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)分析出所产鼠李糖脂的组成,结果显示其主要含Rha-C_(10)-C_(10)和Rha_2-C_(10)-C_(10),其中单鼠李糖脂和双鼠李糖脂的总相对丰度分别为49.7%和50.3%。所产鼠李糖脂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为45.0 mg/L,能将表面张力从60.5±0.81 mN/m降至25.3±0.68 mN/m,乳化系数E24均60%,并且对苯的乳化系数达到80.3±0.85%。以抽烟机废油为底物生产鼠李糖脂降低底物成本,为抽油烟机废油提供一种循环再利用处理方式。     

表面活性剂对绿色木霉产纤维素酶影响

利用绿色木霉,以稻草为唯一碳源,采用液态发酵的方法,分别加入生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂和化学表面活性剂Tween 80,重点研究了生物表面活性剂对绿色木霉产纤维素酶的影响。实验分析了加入不同浓度的表面活性剂时滤纸酶活、羧甲基纤维素酶活、微晶纤维素酶活及酶液的表面张力随时间的变化情况。结果表明,添加鼠李糖脂能够促进绿色木霉产酶,分别使滤纸酶活、羧甲基纤维素酶活、微晶纤维素酶活最大提高了1.08倍,1.6倍和1.03倍。与Tween 80相比,鼠李糖脂促进产酶的效果明显优于Tween 80。     

一株铜绿假单胞菌及其产生的鼠李糖脂特性研究

研究高效代谢表面活性剂的菌种,并对菌种和表面活性剂的理化性质进行分析。采用菌种16S rDNA序列分析对菌种进行鉴定,采用紫外光谱扫描、色谱柱层析、薄层层析、单糖分析对生物表面活性剂的种类进行鉴定,并对表面活性剂的理化性质进行研究。从油田采出水中筛选出一株高效代谢生物表面活性剂的菌株T-1,经16S rDNA鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)。该菌种以甘油和大豆油为碳源的培养基培养4 d后,其发酵液表面张力30.216 mN/m,EI24为100%。根据表面活性剂的红外光谱分析并结合薄层分析,可确定T-1样品中含有糖脂类物质,进一步的表面活性剂的单糖分析显示水解终产物为单一的鼠李糖,最终确定其产物为鼠李糖脂,苯酚-硫酸法测定其鼠李糖脂产率为5.2 g/L,从发酵液提取的棕黄色生物表面活性剂粗品,其表观临界胶束浓度为45 mg/L,该鼠李糖脂对环境(耐温、耐酸碱、耐盐)具有较强的适应性。该表面活性剂对恶劣环境具有较强的耐受性,可应用于微生物采油等用途。     

废弃食用油脂生物合成鼠李糖脂研究进展

碳源的成本过高限制了鼠李糖脂的工业化生产及应用,废弃食用油脂作为一种廉价易得的碳源,越来越多的研究者开始关注用它发酵生产鼠李糖脂.废弃食用油脂的种类、投加量对鼠李糖脂的产量、结构、性质均会产生影响,目前研究中用废弃食用油脂作碳源,鼠李糖脂产量最高可达24.61g/L、表面张力最低达到24mN/m、产物CMC最低可达40.19mg/L.此外,本文还总结了菌株、氮源、微量元素、pH、溶氧及培养方式等因素对废弃食用油脂生产鼠李糖脂的影响,并展望了利用废弃食用油脂生产鼠李糖脂实现产业化的重点研究方向.     

鼠李糖脂对微生物降解石油烃废水的影响

目的:研究鼠李糖脂对微生物降解石油烃废水的影响.方法:通过测定生物量和观察菌株表面来研究鼠李糖脂对菌株的影响;通过正交实验设计,确定石油烃降解率影响因素.通过石油烃降解率的测定,探讨鼠李糖脂与H2O2深度氧化协同作用对微生物降解石油烃的影响.结果:菌株对石油烃的降解率达53%,在相同条件下,添加鼠李糖脂的石油烃降解率提高了12%-20%.添加鼠李糖脂后菌株的生物量明显增多,菌株细胞表面疏水.正交设计表明,影响石油烃降解的主导因子是培养温度,其次是培养时间和鼠李糖脂的添加量.正交设计得到最佳组合为A3B2C1,即培养时间为7d;温度为35℃,鼠李糖脂浓度为60mg/L.3个因素的最佳组合下,石油烃降解率为82%.加入200 mg/L的H2O2时,降解率从82%提高到97%.结论:鼠李糖脂能促进菌株的生长.鼠李糖脂与H2O2深度氧化协同作用有助于微生物对石油烃类污染物降解效率的提高.     

一株产鼠李糖脂菌株的筛选、鉴定及其产物特性分析

鼠李糖脂是最常见,研究最深入,应用最广泛的一类生物表面活性剂。从油田附近、沼气池旁的土壤中分离得到了25株菌,通过硫酸-苯酚反应,乳化实验,排油性实验,薄层色谱实验筛选产鼠李糖脂的菌株并表征产生的鼠李糖脂,通过16S r DNA序列确定细菌的种属。硫酸-苯酚反应显示有2株菌可能产鼠李糖脂;5株菌的发酵液具有明显的乳化效果,命名为"其红"这株菌的乳化指数可达58.97%;1株菌的发酵液上清稀释10倍后排油圈直径仍可达3.53 cm;薄层色谱实验也显示"其红"菌产鼠李糖脂。在四个实验中"其红"菌都检测到了鼠李糖脂,故确认"其红"菌可以产鼠李糖脂。16S r DNA序列分析表明"其红"菌属于希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)并与腐败希瓦菌(S.putrefaciens LMG 26268(T))相似度最高。     

无患子水提皂素液发酵精制联产生物表面活性剂槐糖脂

无患子水提皂素液,经纤维二糖酶水解,以无患子水提水解液为底物,接种丘陵假丝酵母,将水提液中糖组分发酵转化为槐糖脂,得到天然皂素及生物表面活性剂复合产物。在发酵过程中,2%的丘陵假丝酵母菌种接种量,溶液中葡萄糖消耗速率最快;在水提水解液中额外添加大豆油作为补充碳源能较大幅度降低溶液表面张力。经过发酵转化,溶液中表面活性物质浓度达到52.48 g/L,比发酵前提高了23.4%,溶液表面张力值明显降低。无患子精制发酵液中不含糖类成分,是理想的液体洗涤剂生产原料。     

Correlations between the cerebrospinal fluid surface tension value and 1. Concentration of total proteins 2. Number of cell elements

The contribution gives a survey about the problematics of surface tension in biomedical sciences. The paper presents results of a study devoted to the cerebrospinal fluid. The distribution of the surface tension values of this liquid in healthy individuals is presented (n = 33), and further, statistically significant correlations between the cerebrospinal fluid surface tension value and 1. concentration of total proteins expressed by Spearman's coefficient p(s) = (-0.995) and 2. number of cell elements expressed through Spearman's coefficient p(s) = (-0.965) in cerebrospinal fluid are described.     

Production of surface-active lipids by Corynebacterium lepus.

Corynebacterium lepus was grown in 20-liter batch fermentations with kerosene as the sole carbon source. Critical micelle concentration measurements indicated the production of appreciable quantities of biosurfactants. This surface activity of the culture medium was due to lipids, which were extracted and identified. Samples of C. lepus whole broth were taken during a fermentation and monitored for surface tension, amount of surfactant present, and lipid content. The changes in the surfactant measured correlated with concentration changes of several surface-active lipids. An early dramatic increase in surfactant concentration was attributed to the production of a mixture of corynomycolic acids (beta-hydroxy alpha-branched fatty acids). Surface activity at the end of the fermentation was due to a lipopeptide containing corynomycolic acids plus small amounts of several phospholipids and neutral lipids which were identified by thin-layer chromatography.     

A substrate feeding strategy--using an oxystat for L-phenylalanine fermentation by Corynebacterium glutamicum

Summary A substrate feeding strategy using an oxystat was first successfully applied to a fed-batch phenylalanine fermentation. The control method allowed the fermentation to be under low dissolved oxygen tension, which was favourable phenylalanine formation, and to be from substrate inhibition during the course of fed-batch operation. The final product concentration was 3 times higher than in a batch culture.     

On the dynamics of cell cleavage

A completely fluid model of cleavage dynamics is studied in which the forces exerted within the boundary structure of a cell are approximated by an effective surface tension. The hypothesis that surface tension depends in part on the concentration of tension elements implies a contraction of the surface towards the equator resulting from a dynamical instability that once triggered develops spontaneously into cleavage. The circulation of the cytoplasm induced by surface stresses collects and aligns the surface-bound tension elements into an equatorial belt. This flow may be a means of assembling a contractile ring.     

Analysis of Abscisic Acid in the Brains of Rodents and Ruminants

The surface tension (σ) of batter prepared with one or two of the major ingredients of wheat flour, egg and sucrose was measured by the maximum bubble pressure method. The surface tension of the soft- and hard-wheat flour suspension decreased as the solid content of wheat flour was increased, finally reaching 48.2 and 52.7 dyn/cm, respectively. The surface tension of the wheat flour suspension was lower than that of its supernatant, which suggests that the precipitate reduced the surface tension. Gelatinization of the wheat flour suspension lowered its surface tension. The surface tension of the whole egg dispersion decreased markedly to about 53 dyn/cm as the solid concentration was increased from 0 to 1%, and remained almost constant as the concentration was increased further. This tendency was almost the same as that of the egg yolk dispersion. The surface tension of mixtures of two ingredients such as egg and wheat flour, and egg and sucrose was almost equal to that of the ingredient with the lower surface tension at the same concentration as in the mixture.     

TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE OF THE TENSION AT THE SURFACE OF SEA-URCHIN EGGS*

Tension at the surface of unfertilized sea-urchin eggs was measured at various temperatures by compression method. It was confirmed that the tension definitely decreases with a rise in temperature. This indicates that (1) the tension at the surface as determined with the compression method is due solely to the plasma membrane, and (2) the membrane is fluid in nature.     

A weighted test-area method for calculating surface tension

In this paper, we propose a weighted test-area method to calculate surface tension by incorporating the weighting factor from the Bennett method into the free energy perturbation scheme of the test-area method. This new method was tested by comparing against the results of the Bennett and test-area methods for simulations of square well (SW), Lennard-Jones and point charge fluid models. It is seen that the new method is accurate for all these simulations, giving the same results as the Bennett method, in contrast to the test-area method which cannot calculate the surface tension of a SW fluid. The new method converges as quickly, on the basis of computational time required, as the test-area method and almost twice as quickly as the Bennett method. This combination of speed and accuracy means that the weighted test-area method should be used in preference to the test-area method and Bennett method for surface tension and other macroscopic thermodynamic quantities that can be calculated through perturbation methods.     

Ultrafiltrative separation of rhamnolipid from culture medium

Classic methods of biosurfactant separation are difficult and require large amounts of organic solvents, thus generate high amounts of waste. This work presents and discusses in detail an original procedure to separate rhamnolipid from fermentation broth using high performance membrane techniques. Due to the unique properties of surface active agents, such as capability of forming aggregates above the critical micelle concentration, it is possible to easily purify the biosurfactant with high efficacy using inexpensive and commonly used membranes. In this article, two-stage ultrafiltration is proposed as a method for separating and purifying rhamnolipid from the culture medium. The obtained purified rhamnolipid solution was capable of reducing surface tension of water down to 28.6 mN/m at critical micelle concentration of 40 mg/l. Separation of rhamnolipid was confirmed by HPLC; three types of rhamnolipids were identified (RL1, RL2, RL4), with considerable predominance of RL2.     

1株耐高温生物表面活性剂产生菌的特性研究

研究了耐高温生物表面活性剂产生菌ZY-3的生理生化特性,并通过测定发酵液的菌体密度、表面张力和乳化活性等指标,研究不同碳源和初始pH对菌株ZY-3生长和产生物表面活性剂的影响,同时对其所产生物表面活性剂进行了初步分离和性质分析。菌株ZY-3被初步鉴定为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus),具有产酸、不产H_2S、还原硝酸盐等特性。在以淀粉为碳源、初始pH 6.0的培养基中发酵,产生物表面活性剂多且稳定;在种子培养基和发酵培养基中都有淀粉的条件下,菌体生长较多,降低表面张力和乳化的作用均较强,所产生物表面活性剂可以使发酵液的表面张力从72.1 mN/m降到53.1 mN/m,乳化活性从0升高到24%。初步判断产物为糖脂类阴离子表面活性剂。