切鳍标记对唐鱼游泳能力的影响

本研究通过测定完全切除背鳍、臀鳍、尾鳍或双侧胸鳍后唐鱼（Tanichthys albonubes）临界游泳速度来评价切鳍标记对游泳能力的影响。研究结果表明,在速度增量（ΔU）为36 mm/s,持续时间（Δt）分别为5 min、10 min、15 min、20 min、25 min、30 min的条件下,唐鱼临界游泳速度会随着持续时间的延长而降低。鳍组织完整的唐鱼〔体长（24 ± 1）mm〕,在不同持续时间（Δt）条件下,其绝对临界游泳速度（Uacrit）为（251.98 ± 11.04）mm/s ~（333.78±12.44）mm/s;同等条件下,切除唐鱼的背鳍或臀鳍均不会对唐鱼的绝对临界游泳速度造成显著影响（P＞0.05）,但切除唐鱼的尾鳍或胸鳍后其临界游泳速度与对照组相比极显著降低（P＜0.01）,其中切除尾鳍后绝对临界游泳速度平均下降47.20%,切除胸鳍后平均下降22.98%,两者间存在极显著的差异（P＜0.01）(图2)。研究表明背鳍切除可作为野外唐鱼短期标记-重捕的手段之一。     

游泳加速模式对团头鲂和南方鲇的最大游泳速度及运动代谢的影响

为了探讨游泳加速模式对不同生态习性鱼类游泳性能及运动代谢的影响,评估团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)和南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)的临界游泳速度(Ucrit)、爆发游泳速度(Uburst)和最大代谢率(MMR)的适宜测定方法,在4种加速模式条件下,检测了实验鱼的最大游泳速度(Vmax),以及鱼体在运动过程中及其力竭后代谢恢复期的耗氧率(MO2)。结果显示:在速度增量(ΔV)为20 cm/s,加速持续时间(Δt)为2min的加速模式条件下,团头鲂和南方鲇的Vmax及游泳过程的无氧代谢占比均分别显著高于其他3种加速模式(P<0.05),呈爆发运动(Uburst)状态。在ΔV为10 cm/s,Δt分别为20、40和60min的加速模式下,两种鱼的无氧代谢占比均在12%以下且相互间无显著差异(P>0.05);其中团头鲂在这3种加速模式下的Vmax之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);而南方鲇在ΔV为10 cm/s、Δt为20min条件下的Vmax显著高于另2种加速模式的测定值(P<0.05)。两种鱼的MO2在各加速模式下均随着...     

五种淡水鱼类幼鱼游泳能力的比较

为了探讨栖息于不同生境中鱼类的游泳能力和偏好游泳速度及其生理机制,本研究以中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)、异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)、岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)、青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)和胭脂鱼(Myxocryprinus asiaticus) 5种鱼的幼鱼为对象,在(25±1)℃条件下测定了5种鱼类的标准代谢率(SMR)、最大代谢率(MMR)、有氧代谢范围(MS)、临界游泳速度(U_crit)、最大匀加速游泳速度(U_cat)和偏好游泳速度(U_pref)。结果发现:5种实验鱼中,中华倒刺鲃的游泳能力最强,游泳能力较差的为青鱼和胭脂鱼; 5种鱼之间的代谢和游泳能力差异显著,其偏好游泳速度主要集中在(10～24.5cm·s^-1)区域。研究表明,鱼类游泳能力的种间差异可能主要由心鳃系统相关的呼吸能力和体型相关的游泳效率所决定。本研究提供的有关鱼类游泳能力、偏好游泳速度等资料对于鱼道设计等有一定的参考价值...     

基于Matlab的鱼类游泳动力学分析

鱼类游泳动力学分析研究对解决鱼道等工程应用中水力学设计方面的关键问题有着重要的意义,利用计算机技术对鱼类游泳动力学进行分析有助于研究目标鱼类的生理特性、游泳能力及其与水力环境因子的响应关系。基于MATLAB软件对我国特有鱼类鲢幼鱼进行游泳动力学分析,借助鲢幼鱼游泳时的摆尾行为,得到不同水流速度下鲢幼鱼的摆尾频率、摆尾幅度、游泳速度和加速度;对比人工计数和手动跟踪分析方法,从实际操作复杂程度和实验数据准确性的角度,分析各数据采集方法的优劣性。结果表明基于Matlab软件采用跟踪鱼的身体中线的思路能更高效的获取大量的运动参数,比如摆尾频率、摆尾幅度、游泳速度和加速度等指标。文章介绍了一种基于Matlab开发的鱼类游泳动力学分析方法,有助于为以后鱼类游泳动力学研究提供依据。     

两种温度条件下四种鱼类临界游泳速度的比较

以鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)、瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)4种暖水性鱼类为研究对象,分别在(28±1)℃和(10±1)℃条件下测定它们的临界游泳速度,采用SPSS17.0统计软件进行数据的分析比较。体长相近的鱼类之间比较,鳜的绝对临界游泳速度和相对临界游泳速度均显著性低于鳙(P0.01),瓦氏黄颡鱼的绝对临界游泳速度和相对临界游泳速度均显著性低于鲫(P0.01)。通过比较两种温度条件下同种鱼的临界游泳速度,结果发现4种鱼在这两种温度条件下的临界游泳速度均有极显著性差异(P0.01),在(28±1)℃条件下4种鱼的临界游泳速度极显著性高于(10±1)℃条件下它们的临界游泳速度。     

锦鲫幼鱼的社群等级地位及其与标准代谢率、血糖和临界游泳能力的关系

在(25.0±0.5)℃实验室条件下,考查标记后体重相近的30尾锦鲫幼鱼(3.5±0.1g)的标准代谢(standard metabolic rate,SMR),然后将实验鱼分为10个组(每组3尾);分别以好斗行为和摄食成功率两个指标将各组实验鱼评估为3个不同的社群等级;再分别测定各等级地位实验鱼的SMR、血糖浓度和临界游泳速度(critical swimming speed,Ucrit)。结果显示:锦鲫幼鱼3个等级地位由高到低的摄食成功率分别为(51.2±1.61)%、(29.3±1.87)%、(19.5±0.73)%;好斗行为指标得分分别为(8.1±0.30)、(1.9±0.30)、0.0,两个评估指标均存在显著性差异(P0.05);Ucrit分别为(35.5±0.22)、(33.7±0.66)、(29.8±1.02)cm/s,血糖浓度分别为(3.4±0.22)、(4.2±0.30)、(4.5±0.33)mmol/L(P0.05);而评估前、后各等级之间实验鱼的SMR均没有显著差异(P0.05)。结果表明:锦鲫幼鱼存在着明显社群等级分化的现象;好斗行为和摄食成功率两个指标分别对社群等级地位的评估结果具有显著的一致性;实验鱼等级地位越高其游泳能力越强,血糖浓度越低;这一现象提示,高等级地位的鱼受到较低的社群胁迫且具有较高的生理适合度。     

禁食对胭脂鱼幼鱼游泳能力、热耐受能力和自发运动的影响

为了考察1—2周禁食对胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)幼鱼游泳能力、热耐受能力和自发运动的影响,以胭脂鱼幼鱼[体质量(3.26±0.64) g,体长(5.32±0.32) cm]为实验对象,将其随机分成对照组、1周禁食组和2周禁食组测定其有氧运动能力及其代谢、热耐受能力和自发运动行为相关参数。结果发现:1周禁食组和2周禁食组的静止代谢和临界游泳速度与对照组没有显著性差异,但其最大代谢率、代谢空间、单位位移能量消耗、头高/头长及体高/体长显著低于对照组(P<0.05); 1周禁食组和2周禁食组的临界低温和致死低温与对照组没有显著性差异,但其临界高温和致死高温显著高于对照组(P<0.05); 1周禁食组和2周禁食组的运动总距离、平均运动速度和运动时间百分比与对照组没有显著性差异。综上所述:胭脂鱼幼鱼采取有氧运动能力和自发运动行为的维持策略应对1—2周禁食胁迫,这可能有利于维持其日常的觅食活动。此外,尽管对低温耐受没有显著影响,但1—2周的禁食显著提高了胭脂鱼幼鱼的高温耐受能力。     

不同生活史阶段秦岭细鳞鲑与同域物种拉氏鱥爆发游泳能力比较研究

爆发游泳能力是表征鱼类生存适合度的重要组分。栖息地破碎化对溪流鱼类(尤其是洄游性鱼类)的生存繁衍构成了严重威胁,同时也对鱼类爆发游泳能力提出了更高要求。秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax tsinlingensis)是我国珍稀特有种、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物,常需要进行多次重复爆发游泳运动以穿越激流甚至堤坝阻隔,因此爆发游泳能力及其可持续性对该物种生存至关重要。相较于秦岭细鳞鲑显著的洄游性,其分布区最为常见的同域物种拉氏鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)则趋于定居性,二者既是研究同域物种适应进化理论的优越动物模型,又是鱼类栖息地保护与修复实践中十分理想的受试目标。为探究秦岭细鳞鲑及其同域物种拉氏鱥爆发游泳能力的种间差异与种内变异,采用自制的仿生态鱼类爆发游泳能力测定装置,分别测定了不同生活史阶段两种实验鱼的绝对爆发游泳速度(Burst swimming speed, U_burst)、相对爆发游泳速度(Relative burst swimming speed,rU_burst)及其可持续性。结果表明:(1)两种实验鱼U_burst、rU_burst均具有较高的可持续性(ICC系数 ＞ 0.75),但秦岭细鳞鲑U_burst和rU_burst具有更强的恢复力;(2)总体上秦岭细鳞鲑的U_burst高于拉氏鱥,二者U_burst差异显著、不存在趋同适应;(3)生活史阶段效应对秦岭细鳞鲑和拉氏鱥U_burst、rU_burst均影响显著,两物种爆发游泳能力种内变异模式相近,U_burst随发育年龄增加而增加、rU_burst随发育年龄增加而减少。研究结果提示,未来鱼类游泳能力关联的鱼道设计或涉水工程评价中,应综合考虑生活史阶段效应和不同物种的生态习性及其种间差异。     

PFOS暴露对锦鲫自发运动与潜在游泳能力的影响

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温度对鳙幼鱼疲劳引起的生理变化和游泳能力的影响研究(英文)

鳙(花鲢)在自然环境中分布于中国南部流域至阿穆尔河,是重要的经济性鱼类,具江湖生殖洄游特性。大坝建设阻碍了其洄游产卵繁殖通道,导致自然环境中其繁殖力的下降,需要有效的过鱼设施帮助鳙通过大坝等水流屏障。为了设计高效的鱼道引导鳙通过,本文通过自制密封的鱼类游泳实验装置,研究了鳙幼鱼游泳能力。测定了5个温度(5、10、15、20和25℃)下鳙幼鱼的临界游泳速度。通过测定不同温度下,疲劳前后血清总蛋白(TP)、血糖(GLU)和甘油三酯(TG)含量,评价疲劳运动引起的生理胁迫。结果表明,在试验温度范围内,随着温度的升高,临界游泳速度显著提高(P0.05)。25℃时临界游泳速度最大,为7.01 BL/s(1.19 m/s)。在疲劳运动后,血清总蛋白、血糖和甘油三酯含量显著升高(P0.05)。水温低于15℃与高于15℃相比,鳙疲劳运动后血清总蛋白、血糖和甘油三酯含量显著升高。以鳙幼鱼为研究对象,研究了非适宜温度环境和疲劳运动胁迫下鱼类的生理反应。以期为鱼类生理学研究和渔业保护管理等领域提供理论依据,为制定有效的鱼道提供数据参考。     

Comparisons of swimming performance in rainbow trout using constant acceleration and critical swimming speed tests

Maximum swimming performance of seasonally acclimated rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was compared among short-duration constant acceleration tests ( U _max) and with the well established, but longer duration critical swimming speed ( U _crit) test. The present results show that U _max was insensitive to a range of acceleration rates that differed by more than three-fold. Thus, test duration could be reduced from 58 to 18 min without affecting the estimate of U _max. The value of U _max, however, was up to 57% higher than U _crit. Only the slowest acceleration rate tested (an increase of 1 cm s⁻¹ every min) had a significantly lower U _max, and this was up to 19% higher than U _crit. Even so, the potential saving in the test duration was small (70 v. 90 min) when compared with a ramp- U _crit test (a standard U _crit test but with the water velocity initially ramped to c . 50% of the estimated U _crit). Therefore, swim tests that are appreciably shorter in duration than a ramp- U _crit test result in U _max being appreciably greater than U _crit. An additional discovery was that the ramp- U _crit performance of cold-acclimated rainbow trout was independent of the recovery period between tests. These results may prove useful in making comparisons among different swim test protocols and in designing swim tests that assess fish health and toxicological impacts.     

The influence of flume length and group size on swimming performance in shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum

The main objectives of this study were to determine optimal methodologies to assess the general swimming performance of juvenile shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum. Swimming densities (group v. individual swimming) and flume length (2 v. 1 m) were altered to verify if any of those variables affected performance (i.e. time to fatigue) during critical swimming (U(crit)) and endurance tests. Results for both U(crit) and endurance swimming were not significantly different between fish swum in groups of five or fish swum individually. The U(crit) values, however, were c. 22% higher for fish swum in a longer flume. Although swimming fish in groups did not improve swimming performance, group swimming lowered the variance of the data. Results also reveal that juvenile A. brevirostrum may not possess an ability to swim at high speeds (i.e. burst phase) for long periods.     

Measuring Ucrit and endurance: equipment choice influences estimates of fish swimming performance

This study compared the critical swimming speed (U_crit) and endurance performance of three Australian freshwater fish species in different swim‐test apparatus. Estimates of U_crit measured in a large recirculating flume were greater for all species compared with estimates from a smaller model of the same recirculating flume. Large differences were also observed for estimates of endurance swimming performance between these recirculating flumes and a free‐surface swim tunnel. Differences in estimates of performance may be attributable to variation in flow conditions within different types of swim chambers. Variation in estimates of swimming performance between different types of flumes complicates the application of laboratory‐based measures to the design of fish passage infrastructure.     

Field-based measurements of oxygen uptake and swimming performance with adult Pacific salmon using a mobile respirometer swim tunnel

Novel field measurements of critical swimming speed ( U _crit) and oxygen uptake (  M o₂) in three species of adult Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. up to 3·5 kg in body mass were made using two newly designed, mobile Brett-type swim tunnel respirometers sited at a number of field locations in British Columbia, Canada. Measurements of U _crit, which ranged from 1· 68 to 2·17 body lengths s⁻¹, and maximum M o₂, which ranged from 8·74 to 12·63 mg O₂ kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ depending on the species and field location, were judged to be of similar quality when compared with available data for laboratory-based studies. Therefore high quality respirometry studies were possible in the field using adult wild swimming salmonids. In addition, the recovery of wild adult Pacific salmon from the exhaustive U _crit swim test was sufficiently rapid that swimming performance could be repeated with <1 h of recovery time between the termination of the initial swim test and the start of the second test. Moreover, this repeat swimming performance was possible without routine M o₂ being reestablished. This result suggests that wild adult salmon are capable of carrying a moderate excess post-exercise oxygen consumption without adversely affecting U _crit, maximum M o₂ or swimming economy. Such capabilities may be extremely important for timely migratory passages when salmonids face repetitive hydraulic challenges on their upstream migration.     

The effect of temperature and acclimation period on repeat swimming performance in cutthroat trout

Hatchery cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki clarki were used to examine the effects of 48 h and 3 week temperature acclimation periods on critical swimming speed ( U _crit). The U _crit was determined for fish at acclimation temperatures of 7, 14 and 18° C using two consecutive ramp‐ U _crit tests in mobile Brett‐type swim tunnels. An additional group was tested at the stock's ambient rearing temperature of 10° C. The length of the temperature acclimation period had no significant effect on either the first or the second U _crit( U _crit‐1 and U _crit‐2, respectively) or on the recovery ratio (the quotient of U _crit‐2  U _crit‐1⁻¹). As anticipated, there was a significant positive relationship between U _crit‐1 and temperature ( P  < 0·01) for both acclimation periods, and an increasing, though non‐significant, trend between U _crit‐2 and temperature ( P  = 0·10). Acclimation temperature had no significant effect ( P  = 0·71) on the recovery ratio. These results indicate that a 48 h acclimation to experimental temperatures within the range of −3 to +8° C of the acclimation temperature may be sufficient in studies of swimming performance with this species. This ability to acclimate rapidly is probably adaptive for cutthroat trout and other species that occupy thermally variable environments.     

Repeated evolution of local adaptation in swimming performance: population‐level trade‐offs between burst and endurance swimming in Brachyrhaphis freshwater fish

Specialization is fundamentally important in biology because specialized traits allow species to expand into new environments, in turn promoting population differentiation and speciation. Specialization often results in trade‐offs between traits that maximize fitness in one environment but not others. Despite the ubiquity of trade‐offs, we know relatively little about how consistently trade‐offs evolve between populations when multiple sets of populations experience similarly divergent selective regimes. In the present study, we report a case study on Brachyrhaphis fishes from different predation environments. We evaluate apparent within/between population trade‐offs in burst‐speed and endurance at two levels of evolutionary diversification: high‐ and low‐predation populations of Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora, and sister species Brachyrhaphis roseni and Brachyrhaphis terrabensis, which occur in high‐ and low‐predation environments, respectively. Populations of Brachyrhaphis experiencing different predation regimes consistently evolved swimming specializations indicative of a trade‐off between two swimming forms that are likely highly adaptive in the environment in which they occur. We show that populations have become similarly locally adapted at both levels of diversification, suggesting that swimming specialization has evolved rather rapidly and persisted post‐speciation. Our findings provide valuable insight into how local adaptation evolves at different stages of evolutionary divergence.     

Cardiorespiratory performance during prolonged swimming tests with salmonids: a perspective on temperature effects and potential analytical pitfalls

A prolonged swimming trial is the most common approach in studying steady-state changes in oxygen uptake, cardiac output and tissue oxygen extraction as a function of swimming speed in salmonids. The data generated by these sorts of studies are used here to support the idea that a maximum oxygen uptake is reached during a critical swimming speed test. Maximum oxygen uptake has a temperature optimum. Potential explanations are advanced to explain why maximum aerobic performance falls off at high temperature. The valuable information provided by critical swimming tests can be confounded by non-steady-state swimming behaviours, which typically occur with increasing frequency as salmonids approach fatigue. Two major concerns are noted. Foremost, measurements of oxygen uptake during swimming can considerably underestimate the true cost of transport near critical swimming speed, apparently in a temperature-dependent manner. Second, based on a comparison with voluntary swimming ascents in a raceway, forced swimming trials in a swim tunnel respirometer may underestimate critical swimming speed, possibly because fish in a swim tunnel respirometer are unable to sustain a ground speed.     

Burst and coast use, swimming performance and metabolism of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in sub-lethal hypoxic conditions

Prolonged swimming capacity (critical swimming speed, U _crit, protocol) and metabolism were measured for 14 Atlantic cod Gadus morhua exposed to seven oxygen levels within the non-lethal range normally encountered in the Gulf of St Lawrence (35 to 100% saturation). Burst-and-coast swimming was triggered earlier (at lower speeds) in hypoxia, and burst-and-coast movements were more frequent in hypoxia than in normoxia at low speeds. Furthermore, the metabolic scope beyond the metabolic rate at which Atlantic cod resorted to burst-and-coast movements decreased gradually as ambient oxygen concentration dropped. Overall, fewer burst-and-coast movements were observed in hypoxia while the distance swum in burst-and-coast mode remained c . 1% of the total distance swam in all tests. Oxygen availability had no effect on the rate of increase in metabolic rate with increasing velocity <50 cm s⁻¹_, but limited swimming performances and metabolic rate at higher speeds. The prevailing low oxygen tensions on the bottom in the deep channels may impair the swimming capacity of Atlantic cod in the estuary and northern Gulf of St Lawrence.