氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运的影响

氮素平衡对干物质积累与分配的影响是农业生态系统研究的重要内容,在保障产量前提下减少氮肥施用量可减少环境污染与温室气体排放。以晚播冬小麦为研究对象,设置4个施氮量水平:0 kg/hm2(N0)、168.75 kg/hm2(N1)、225 kg/hm2(N2)、281.25 kg/hm2(N3),每个施氮量水平下设置2个追氮时期处理:拔节期(S1)、拔节期+开花期(S2),研究了氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:拔节期追施氮肥(S1)条件下,在225 kg/hm2(N2)基础上增施25%氮肥(N3)对开花期氮素积累总量和营养器官氮素转运量无显著影响;拔节期+开花期追施氮肥(S2)条件下,随施氮量增加,开花期氮素积累总量和花后营养器官氮素转运量升高;S2较S1显著提高成熟期籽粒及营养器官氮素积累量、花后籽粒氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素积累的贡献率。同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了成熟期的干物质积累量、开花至成熟阶段干物质积累强度和花后籽粒干物质积累量。同一追氮时期条件下,籽粒产量N2与N3无显著差异,氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低;同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了晚播冬小麦的籽粒产量和氮肥吸收利用率。拔节期+开花期追施氮肥,总施氮量225kg/hm2为有利于实现晚播冬小麦高产和高效的最优氮肥运筹模式。     

氮肥运筹对稻茬冬小麦土壤无机氮时空分布及氮肥利用的影响

以宁麦9号和豫麦34号为材料,研究了氮肥基追比对土壤无机氮时空变化、氮素表观盈亏和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施用基肥提高了越冬期0-60 cm土层NO3--N和NH4+-N含量,拔节期追肥对孕穗期各土层无机氮含量无显著影响,追施孕穗肥显著提高了开花期0-60 cm土层硝态氮含量和0-20 cm土层铵态氮含量。不施氮处理各生育阶段均表现为氮素亏缺,施氮处理氮素盈亏呈明显的阶段性,播种至孕穗阶段出现氮素盈余,孕穗至成熟阶段出现氮素亏缺;全生育期氮素表观盈余量两品种平均以5∶5处理最低,7∶3处理最高。两品种氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观回收率和产量均随基肥比例的增加呈先增后降的趋势,均以5∶5处理最高。因此,在小麦生产中应适当减少基施氮肥用量,在小麦拔节孕穗期适当增加追肥比例有利于提高产量和氮肥利用效率,并降低土壤氮素损失。     

氮肥运筹对砂田西瓜产量、品质及氮素积累与转运的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同氮肥运筹方式对砂田西瓜产量、品质及氮素和干物质积累与转运的影响.结果表明： 基肥氮过低或过高均不利于砂田西瓜苗期生长,伸蔓期或膨果期不施氮肥则限制了西瓜“源”或“库”的形成,在相同的施氮量水平下,T₄(30%基肥+30%伸蔓肥+40%膨瓜肥)和T₆\[100%基肥+长效复合肥添加剂(NAM)\]处理较传统施肥模式T1(30%基肥+70%伸蔓肥)西瓜坐果后茎叶干物质和氮素积累量显著降低,而果实干物质和氮素积累量显著增加.其中,T₄处理的氮素运转率和氮素贡献率分别达到33.6%和12.0%,T₄和T₆处理的氮素收获指数、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥利用率较传统施肥模式T₁分别显著提高14.1%和12.7%、11.6%和12.5%、5.3%和8.7%.T₄和T₆处理较T₁西瓜分别增产11.6%和12.5%,可溶性糖含量分别显著提高16.5%和11.7%,有效酸度分别提高4.5%和2.8%,糖酸比分别提高19.4%和13.4%,Vc含量分别提高35.6%和19.0%.因此,T₄和T₆处理为砂田西瓜高产优质的较优氮肥运筹模式,若减轻砂田施肥难度,延长砂田使用年限,可采用100%基肥+NAM(T₆)的施肥方式.     

减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作体系土壤氮素残留和氮肥损失的影响

通过田间试验,研究了玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米-豆套作3种种植模式和不施氮、减量施氮(180 kg N·hm^-2)、常量施氮(240 kg N·hm^-2)3种施氮水平对玉米和大豆植株氮素吸收、土壤氮素残留和氮肥损失的影响.结果表明: 玉米-豆套作体系下,施氮提高了玉米土壤中残留的NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N含量,但在大豆土壤中则降低.与单作相比,玉米套作的土壤氮素残留量增加,氮肥损失量降低,大豆套作的土壤氮素残留量和氮肥损失量均降低.减量施氮处理下,玉米-豆套作系统的氮肥残留率、损失率和氨挥发损失率分别比玉米单作低17.7%、21.5%和0.4%,比大豆单作高2.0%、19.8%和0.1%.与常量施氮相比,减量施氮降低了玉米-豆套作系统的氮肥残留量、残留率、损失量和损失率,同时还降低了由氨挥发所引起的氮肥损失,其中氮肥残留率、损失率和氨挥发损失率分别降低12.0%、15.4%和1.2%.     

氮肥运筹对小麦产量、氮素利用效率和光能利用率的影响

连续2年在西南冬麦区的重庆、仁寿、广汉、西昌4个地点,开展3种施氮水平(每公顷纯氮0、120、180 kg,简写为N₀、N₁₂₀、N₁₈₀)和3种氮肥分配模式(N_A:底肥100%;N_B:底肥70%+苗肥30%;N_C:底肥60%+拔节肥40%)的田间试验,监测小麦花后冠层叶片SPAD值、群体光合速率(CAP)、光能利用等生理参数和籽粒产量,计算氮素利用效率、光能利用率等.结果表明: 随施氮水平增加,小麦上三叶SPAD值、CAP、光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率和产量均呈增加趋势,而氮肥农学利用效率、生产效率、吸收效率和利用效率呈降低趋势.氮肥后移的增效作用因施氮水平而异,SPAD于N₁₈₀增效明显,而CAP于N₁₂₀增效明显,不同氮肥管理模式的光能利用率因地点而异.氮肥后移能明显提高小麦氮肥农学效率、生产效率、吸收效率和氮素表观回收率,但氮肥利用效率则略有减少.氮肥后移效果N_C总体优于N_B处理.不同地点比较,广汉的SPAD值、CAP、PAR截获率、氮肥利用参数较高,其产量也相应最高;西昌的产量、SPAD值及氮素利用效率较高,但其光能利用率和CAP较低;重庆和仁寿的SPAD值、光能利用率及氮素利用效率均较低,其产量也最低.小麦生物产量与各地点的籽粒产量、CAP、SPAD值和PAR累积截获量均呈显著或极显著的正相关关系.表明不同生态区域增施氮肥都能促进小麦增产,氮肥后移可进一步优化产量结构、改善氮肥和光能利用效率,但存在年份和地点差异,各地需要制定有针对性的氮肥管理模式.     

玉/豆和玉/薯模式下氮肥运筹对玉米氮素利用和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

过量施用氮肥造成的环境问题日益严重,氮肥合理使用已成为人们研究的热点.本文研究了西南玉米两种主要套作模式下氮肥运筹对玉米氮素利用和土壤硝态氮残留的影响.结果表明：连续分带轮作种植玉/豆模式后,玉米收获期植株中的氮素积累较玉/薯模式平均提高了6.1%,氮收获指数增加了5.4%,最终使氮肥利用效率提高4.3%,氮素同化量提高了15.1%,氮肥偏生产力提高了22.6%;玉米收获后硝态氮淋溶损失减少,60～120 cm土层中硝态氮残留玉/豆模式较玉/薯模式降低了10.3%,而0～60 cm土层中平均提高了12.9%,有利于培肥地力,两年产量平均较玉/薯模式高1249 kg·hm^-2,增产22%;增加施氮量提高了植株氮素积累,降低了氮肥利用率,显著提高了表层土壤中硝态氮的累积,60～100 cm土层中硝态氮的累积量在0～270 kg·hm^-2处理间差异不显著,继续增加施氮量会显著增加土壤硝态氮的淋溶;氮肥后移显著提高了土壤0～60 cm土层硝态氮的积累.两种模式下施氮量和底追比对玉米氮素吸收和硝态氮残留的影响结果不一致,玉/豆模式以施氮180～270 kg·hm^-2、按底肥∶拔节肥∶穗肥=3∶2∶5的施肥方式有利于提高玉米植株后期氮素积累、氮收获指数和氮肥利用效率,减少了氮肥损失,两年最高产量平均可达7757 kg·hm^-2;而玉/薯模式在180 kg·hm^-2、按底肥∶穗肥=5∶5的施肥方式下,氮素积累利用及产量均优于其他处理,两年平均产量为6572 kg·hm^-2,可实现两种模式下玉米高产、高效、安全的氮肥管理体系.
     

矮壮素配合氮肥全基施对华北夏玉米氮素利用的调控效应

为了解矮壮素(CCC)配合氮肥基施对夏玉米氮代谢及氮素利用率的调控效应,本研究以‘京农科728’(简称JNK728)和‘中单909’(简称ZD909)为材料,于2018和2019年在中国农业科学院新乡试验基地开展大田试验。试验设置常规氮肥处理(CN)和常规氮肥配合CCC处理(CN-CCC),包含0、62.5、125、187.0 kg·hm^-2 4个施氮水平。结果表明: 与常规氮肥处理相比,矮壮素配合氮肥全基施处理在施氮量为62.5和125 kg·hm^-2时,JNK728和ZD909产量在2018和2019年试验中平均分别增加了7.7%和5.0%。CCC处理提高了玉米生育期内功能叶硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶和可溶性蛋白含量,促进了玉米氮素代谢。CCC配合低中施氮量(62.5和125 kg·hm^-2)条件下,JNK728和ZD909植株的含氮量平均分别增加17.6%和30.3%,籽粒含氮量分别增加10.3%和17.4%,氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥利用率分别较常规氮肥处理平均提高10.0%、15.7%、23.3%、24.8%和5.7%、15.0%、49.9%、71.7%。CCC配合适量氮肥全基施可以增强玉米氮素代谢,提高玉米氮素利用率和产量。在本研究中,CCC配合125 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理的夏玉米增产效果最佳。     

基于氮同位素标记技术的高寒人工草地氮肥氨挥发和氮素回收率研究

通过野外原位试验, 采用¹⁵N 标记技术和密闭室间歇通气法, 在青海省同德牧场高寒燕麦人工草地研究不施肥对照、单施尿素、尿素+脲酶抑制剂(NBPT)、尿素+硝化抑制剂(DMPP)、尿素+NBPT+DMPP 处理下高寒人工草地氨挥发、草地初级生产力及15N 标记肥料在牧草茎叶、根系和土壤中的回收率, 为高寒草地生态系统管理和可持续利用模式提供科学依据。结果表明: (1)不同处理下高寒人工草地土壤氨挥发速率表现为: 不施尿素对照处理总体上处于较低且稳定的水平(4.13-7.11g N·hm^-2·d^-1); 单施尿素处理氨挥发速率第2 天达到最大值343.43 g N·hm^-2·d^-1, 随后逐渐下降; 尿素+DMPP 处理氨挥发速率第2 天达到最大值216.53 g N·hm^-2·d^-1; 尿素+NBPT 和尿素+NBPT +DMPP 处理氨挥发速率均在第7 天达到最大值, 分别为43.19 g N·hm^-2·d^-1、34.55 g N·hm^-2·d^-1。(2)不同处理下高寒人工草地土壤累计氨挥发量表现为: 尿素(727.77 g N·hm^-2)> 尿素+DMPP(439.30 g N·hm^-2)> 尿素+NBPT(94.85 g N·hm^-2)> 尿素+NBPT+DMPP(80.01 g N·hm^-2)。统计结果表明, 除尿素+NBPT+DMPP 和尿素+NBPT 之间差异不显著外, 其余处理间累计氨挥发量差异显著(P<0.05)。(3)不同处理下高寒人工草地总初级生产力表现为: 不施肥对照处理总初级生产力为565.57 g·m^-2·y^-1,施尿素处理总初级生产力为652.36 g·m^-2·y^-1, 尿素+DMPP、尿素+NBPT、尿素+NBPT+DMPP 处理总初级生产力为678.33-704.41 g·m^-2·y^-1。(4)不同处理下高寒人工草地¹⁵N 肥料在牧草茎叶、根系和土壤中的回收率看: 单施尿素处理15N 总回收率(茎叶+土壤+根系)为57.67%, 尿素+DMPP 处理¹⁵N 总回收率为58.08%, 尿素+NBPT、尿素+NBPT+DMPP 处理¹⁵N 总回收率分别为68.74%和79.82%。统计结果显示尿素+NBPT+DMPP 和尿素+NBPT 处理显著提高高寒人工草地氮肥回收率。另外, ¹⁵N 标记肥料在牧草茎叶的回收率为28.45%-37.62%, 在牧草根系中的回收率为2.33%-2.68%, 土壤层(0-0 cm)中回收率为25.90%-41.64%。可以看出, 尿素+NBPT+DMPP 与尿素+NBPT 是同德高寒人工草地降低氨挥发和提高氮肥利用率的最佳施肥措施。     

控释氮肥对洞庭湖区双季稻田表面水氮素动态及其径流损失的影响

用渗漏池模拟洞庭湖区2种主要稻田土壤(河沙泥和紫潮泥),研究了施用尿素(CF)和控释氮肥(CRNF)对双季稻田表面水pH、电导率(EC)、全氮（TN）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）浓度变化规律及TN径流损失的影响.结果表明,双季稻田施用尿素后,表面水TN、NH₄⁺-N浓度分别在第1、3天达到高峰,然后迅速下降;NO₃^--N浓度普遍很低;早稻表面水pH在施用尿素后15 d内(晚稻3 d)逐渐升高;EC与NH₄⁺动态变化一致.与尿素相比,施用CRNF能显著降低双季稻田表面水pH、EC、TN和NH₄⁺-N浓度,70% N控释氮肥的控制效果最显著;但后期NO₃^--N浓度略有升高.径流监测结果表明,洞庭湖区种植双季稻期间施用尿素的TN径流损失为7.70 kg·hm^-2,占施氮量的2.57%;施肥后20 d内发生的径流事件对双季稻田TN径流损失的贡献极为显著;与施用尿素相比,施用控释氮肥显著降低了施肥后10 d内发生的第1次径流液中的TN浓度,施用CRNF和70%N CRNF的氮素径流损失分别降低24.5%和27.2%.     

生物炭对农田土壤氨挥发的影响机制研究进展

降低土壤氨挥发量是农田生态系统中减少土壤氮素损失、提高氮肥利用率的关键途径之一。生物炭具有独特的理化性质,施入土壤后可改变土壤理化性状,影响土壤氮素循环,并对农田土壤中氨挥发产生重要的影响。本文首先介绍了稻田和旱田两种土地利用方式下农田氨挥发过程及其影响因素(气候条件、土壤环境、施肥管理等);其次,重点综述了生物炭对农田生态系统氨挥发影响的研究进展,并从物理吸附机制、气液平衡机制、生物化学过程调节机制等方面探讨了生物炭介入下农田土壤氨挥发的响应机制,认为土壤氨挥发减排的响应主要是基于生物炭表面含氧官能团对土壤NH₄⁺和NH₃的吸附作用及促进土壤硝化作用;而生物炭增加土壤氨挥发排放主要与生物炭提高土壤pH值和透气性、增强土壤有机氮矿化微生物活性有关。最后,对生物炭减少土壤氨挥发、提高氮肥利用率的研究方向进行了展望。     

庐山不同海拔日本柳杉年轮宽度对气候因子的响应

以庐山自然保护区3个不同海拔样地采集的138根日本柳杉样芯为研究材料,利用树木年轮学方法分析其径向生长与季节和月气候因子的响应关系。结果表明:低海拔处日本柳杉径向生长对气候因子的响应相比于中、高海拔更敏感;中、低海拔径向生长与春季相对湿度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),低海拔径向生长与春季日照时数、夏季均温呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而中海拔径向生长与夏、秋季均温呈显著负相关(P<0.05);高海拔径向生长与各个季节气候因子表现出一定的相关性,但相关性不显著; 3个海拔径向生长均与当年1月均温呈显著正相关(P<0.05),中、低海拔径向生长与上年7月及当年7月均温呈显著负相关(P<0.05),高温会抑制树木的生长,低海拔径向生长与当年4月空气相对湿度、降水量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与当年4月日照时数呈显著负相关(P<0.05),随海拔的升高相关性降低;庐山日本柳杉径向生长与主要气候要素之间的相关性呈现出明显的季节性,日本柳杉径向生长主要受上年7及7月均温和4月空气相对湿度的影响,海拔是影响日本柳杉径向生长对气候因子响应的重要因素,最终建立...     

Nitrogen inputs and losses from New Zealand dairy farmlets, as affected by nitrogen fertilizer application: year one

Inputs and losses of nitrogen (N) were determined in dairy cow farmlets receiving 0, 225 or 360 kg N ha^-1 (in split applications as urea) in the first year of a large grazing experiment near Hamilton, New Zealand. Cows grazed perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures all year round on a free-draining soil. N₂ fixation was estimated (using ¹⁵N dilution) to be 212, 165 and 74 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 in the 0, 225 and 360 N treatments, respectively. The intermediate N rate had little effect on clover growth during spring but favoured more total pasture cover in summer and autumn, thereby reducing overgrazing and resulting in 140% more clover growth during the latter period.Removal of N in milk was 76,89 and 92 kg N ha^-1 in the 0, 225 and 360 N treatments, respectively. Denitrification losses were low (7–14 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1), increased with N application, and occurred predominantly during winter. Ammonia volatilization was estimated by micrometeorological mass balance at 15, 45 and 63 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 in the 0, 225 and 360 N treatments, respectively. Most of the increase in ammonia loss was attributed to direct loss after application of the urea fertilizer.Leaching of nitrate was estimated (using ceramic cup samplers at 1 m soil depth, in conjunction with lysimeters) to be 13, 18 and 31 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 in a year of relatively low rainfall (990 mm yr^-1) and drainage (170–210 mm yr^-1). Drainage was lower in the N fertilized treatments and this was attributed to enhanced evapotranspiration associated with increased grass growth.Nitrate-N concentrations in leachates increased gradually over time to 30 mg L^-1 in the 360 N treatment whereas there was little temporal variation evident in the 0 (mean 6.4 mg L^-1) and 225 (mean 10.1 mg L^-1) N treatments. Thus, the 360 N treatment had a major effect by greatly reducing N₂ fixation and increasing N losses, whereas the 225 N treatment had little effect on N₂ fixation or on nitrate leaching. However, these results refer to the first year of the experiment and further measurements over time will determine the longer-term effects of these treatments on N inputs, transformations and losses.     

A model to predict transformations and losses of nitrogen in UK pastures grazed by beef cattle

The model simulates the cycling of N in grassland systems grazed by beef cattle and predicts the annual amount of N in liveweight gain, and the amounts lost through ammonia volatilization, denitrification and leaching, on the basis of fertilizer application and soil and site characteristics. It aims to provide a better understanding of the way in which these various factors interact in their influence on N transformations. The model has been programmed to run on IBM-compatible personal computers and responds rapidly to changes in input parameters. The model has been constructed from the average annual amounts of N passing through various components of the N cycle in ten field systems grazed by beef cattle. The amounts were either measured directly or were calculated from empirical sub-models, assuming a balance between inputs to, and outputs from the soil inorganic N pool. The model is given wide applicability through the inclusion of a mineralization sub-model which is sensitive to soil texture, sward age, previous cropping history, and climatic zone. Another important sub-model determines the partitioning of soil inorganic N to either plant uptake or the processes of loss: the proportion partitioned to plant uptake decreases as the total amount of soil inorganic N increases. Outputs from the model indicate that fertilizer N has a strong influence on ammonia volatilization, denitrification and leaching at a given site but that, over a range of sites with a given rate of fertilizer N, total loss and the proportions lost by the three processes are greatly influenced by the amount of N mineralized by the soil. The model indicates how fertilizer N should be matched with mineralization to limit gaseous and leaching losses and to achieve optimum efficiency of N use in grazing systems.     

Effects of enhanced nitrogen deposition and phosphorus limitation on nitrogen budgets of semi-natural grasslands

Increased reactive atmospheric N deposition has been implicated in floristic changes in species‐rich acidic and calcareous grasslands, but the fate of this pollutant N in these ecosystems is unknown. This paper reports the first analysis of N budgets and N fluxes for two grasslands in the White Peak area of Derbyshire, one of the most heavily N‐polluted locations in the UK. N fluxes were monitored in lysimeter cores (retaining the original turfs) taken from field plots of unimproved acidic and calcareous grasslands that had received (in addition to ambient N deposition) simulated enhanced N deposition treatments of 3.5 and 14 g N m^?2 yr^?1 for 6 years. The influence of reducing phosphorus limitation was assessed by factorial additions of P. Seasonal leached losses of nitrate, ammonia and organic N were monitored in detail along with estimates of N removal through simulated grazing and gaseous losses through denitrification and volatilization. The rates of N fluxes by these pathways were used to create N budgets for the grasslands. Both grasslands were found to be accumulating much of the simulated additional N deposition: up to 89% accumulated in the calcareous grassland and up to 38% accumulated in the acidic grassland. The major fluxes of N loss from these grasslands were by simulated grazing and leaching of soluble organic N (constituting 90% of leached N under ambient conditions). Leached inorganic N (mainly nitrate) contributed significantly to the output flux of N under the highest N treatment only. Loss of N through ammonia volatilization accounted for less than 6% of the N added as simulated deposition, while denitrification contributed significantly to output fluxes only in the acidic grassland during winter. The implications of the results for ecosystem N balances and the likely consequences of N accumulation on these grasslands are discussed.     

不同施氮水平下杨树-苋菜间作系统对土壤氮素流失的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了杨树 苋菜间作系统,即株行距2 m×5 m(L₁)和2 m×15 m(L₂)在0(N₀)、91(N₁)、137(N₂)和183(N₃) kg·hm^-2施氮水平下的土壤氮素流失特征.结果表明: 不同施氮水平对地表径流量、淋溶量和土壤侵蚀量的控制效果均为L₁＞L₂＞L₃ (单作苋菜);L₁、L₂地表径流量分别比L₃降低65.1%、55.9%;L₁、L₂距林带0.5 m处淋溶量比L₃降低30.0%、28.9%,距林带1.5 m处淋溶量比L₃降低25.6%、21.9%;L₁、L₂土壤侵蚀量分别比L₃降低65.0%、55.1%.对地表径流和淋溶损失中TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N流失量的控制效果均为L₁＞L₂＞L₃;常规施氮(91 kg·hm^-2)水平下,L₁地表径流中TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N流失量较L₃分别降低62.9%、45.1%、69.2%,L₂较L₃分别降低23.4%、6.9%、46.2%;杨树间作密度越大、距离林带越近,对土壤NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N的淋溶损失削减作用越强.同一间作密度下,随着施氮量的增加,地表径流中NO₃^--N流失比例减少,NH₄⁺-N流失比例增加;淋溶流失中
NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N浓度变化趋势一致,均为 N₃＞N₂＞N₁＞N₀.     

控释肥对夏玉米产量及田间氨挥发和氮素利用率的影响

在大田条件下研究了树脂包膜控释肥（CRF）和硫包膜控释肥（SCF）对夏玉米产量、田间氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明：控释肥能显著提高玉米产量.在相同施肥量（N、P、K量相同）情况下,全量控释肥CRF(1428 kg·hm^-2)和SCF（1668 kg·hm^-2）分别比全量普通复合肥CCF（1260 kg·hm^-2）增产13.15%和14.15%;控释肥施肥量减少25%（CRF 1071 kg·hm^-2;SCF 1251 kg·hm^-2）时,分别比CCF增产9.69%和10.04%;控释肥施肥量减少50%时（CRF 714 kg·hm^-2;SCF 834 kg·hm^-2）,其产量与CCF无显著差异.对夏玉米田间土壤原位氨挥发进行研究表明,控释肥处理氨挥发速率上升缓慢,最大挥发高峰出现时间比普通肥处理晚7 d,土壤氨挥发量在0.78～4.43 kg N·hm^-2,比普通肥处理(9.11 kg N·hm^-2)减少51.34%～91.34%.控释肥的氮肥利用率和农学效率也均显著高于普通肥处理.     

氮添加对沙质草地氨挥发及硝态氮淋溶的影响

采用密闭室法和离子交换树脂袋法,研究了科尔沁沙质草地不同处理(水添加、氮添加、水氮添加)氧挥发的损失量和硝态氮的淋溶量.结果表明:氮添加处理和水氮添加处理显著促进了氨挥发(P＜0.05),最大氨挥发速率显著高于对照;氮添加处理和水氮添加处理的氨挥发累积量为111.80和148.64 mg·m-2,分别占氮添加量的1.1％和1.5％;水氮同时添加条件下,氨挥发累计量显著高于氨添加处理(P＜0.05),水添加处理和对照相比没有显著差异(P＞0.05);水氮添加处理显著增加了土壤深度20 cm处的硝态氮淋溶量(P＜0.05),氮添加处理和水氮添加处理的硝态氮淋溶量分别是对照的1.96和4.22倍,然而在土壤深度40 cm处各处理硝态氮淋溶量差异不显著(P＞0.05);可见,氮添加和水氮添加均促进了土壤的氧挥发,对硝态氮的淋溶没有显著影响.     

氮肥水平对不同基因型水稻氮素利用率、产量和品质的影响

以不同基因型的水稻品种日本晴、N70、N178和OM052为供试品种,氮肥采用尿素,按基肥(70%)和蘖肥(30%)两次施用,设置3个施氮水平(N用量设0、120、270 kg·hm^-2)的田间小区试验,研究氮素水平对水稻产量、氮素利用效率和稻米品质的影响,以期为氮肥合理施用和氮高效水稻品种创制提供科学依据.结果表明:施氮能增加水稻品种产量的原因是提高了有效穗数和每穗实粒数;与对照(0 kg·hm^-2)相比,当施氮量为120和270 kg·hm^-2时,OM052籽粒产量在4个品种中增幅最大,分别为41.1%和76.8%;品种产量增幅不同是由于氮素利用效率的差异,在120、270 kg·hm^-2氮处理下,4个供试品种中,日本晴籽粒产量和氮素农学利用率(40.90 g·g^-1、18.56 g·g^-1)都最低,为氮低效品种,OM052籽粒产量和氮素农学利用率(145.9 g·g^-1、81.24 g·g^-1)都最高,为氮高效品种.施N能够增加各品种的直链淀粉和蛋白质含量,使胶稠度变长,降低垩白率、垩白度和碱消值;随施氮量增加,热浆黏度、峰值黏度、回复值和崩解值递减,而消碱值递增.相关性分析表明,低N水平下,供试品种产量及产量构成因子与外观品质、蒸煮食味的相关性更显著.综上,OM052是一个籽粒产量和氮素利用效率“双高”基因型品种,合理施用氮肥可以显著增加水稻的有效穗数和每穗粒数,改善稻米籽粒品质,实现高产和优质的协同.     

Gaseous nitrogen emmissions from undisturbed terrestrial ecosystems: An assessment of their impacts on local and global nitrogen budgets

There is increasing interest in the importance of nitrogen gas emissions from natural (non-agricultural) ecosystems with respect to local as well as global nitrogen budgets and with respect to the effects of nitrogen oxides on atmospheric ozone levels and global warming. The volatile forms of nitrogen of common interest are ammonia (NH₃), nitrous oxide, (N₂O), dinitrogen (N₂), and NO_x (principally NO + NO₂). It is often difficult to attribute emissions of these compounds from soils to a single process because they are produced by a variety of common biogeochemical mechanisms. Although environmental conditions in the soil often appear to favor nitrogen gas emissions, the potential nitrogen gas emission rate from undisturbed ecosystems is rarely approached. The best estimates to date suggest that nitrogen gas emission rates from undisturbed ecosystems typically range from > 1 to perhaps 10 or 20 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1. Under certain conditions, however, emission rates may be much higher. For example, excreta from animals in grasslands may elevate ammonia volatilization up to 100 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 depending on grazer density; tidal input of nutrients to coastal wetlands may support denitrification rates of several hundred kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 . Excepting such cases, gaseous nitrogen losses are probably a small component of the local nitrogen budget in most undisturbed ecosystems. However, emissions from undisturbed soils are an important component of the global source strengths for (N₂O + N₂), N₂O and NO_x (50%, 21%, and 10% respectively). Emission rates of N₂O from natural ecosystems are higher than assumed previously by perhaps 10 times. Large-scale disturbance may have a stimulatory effect on nitrogen emission rates which could have important effects on global nitrogen budgets. There is a need for more sophisticated methods to account for natural temporal and spatial variations of emissions rates, to more accurately and precisely assess their global source strengths.     

保氮剂对水葫芦堆肥进程及氮素损失的影响

为研究保氮剂对水葫芦堆肥进程及氮素损失的影响,以切碎的水葫芦为原料,以硫酸亚铁、腐植酸钠、过磷酸钙按75∶20∶5质量比配制成保氮剂,进行35 d的好氧堆肥试验.试验设置占堆体总质量0%(对照,CK)、1%(PN1)、2%(PN2)、3%(PN3)的保氮剂4个处理,对堆肥过程中堆体理化性质、氮组分含量、氨挥发及氮素损失率进行监测.结果表明: 堆肥高温期,保氮剂处理的堆温明显高于CK,堆体含水量则在降温期显著低于CK(P<0.05).堆肥完成后,保氮剂处理的全氮、有机氮含量均显著增加,以PN3处理最高,其全氮、有机氮含量分别比CK高16.3%和13.2%;同时,PN1、PN2、PN3处理的氨挥发总量分别比CK低25.9%、31.5%、42.4%,氮素固定率则分别达31.3%、40.7%、72.2%.表明水葫芦堆肥过程中添加保氮剂可加快启动速度、缩短堆肥时间,并能减少氨挥发、氮素损失.总体上,以PN3处理效果最佳.