生态化学计量学研究进展

生态化学计量学结合生物学、化学和物理学等基本原理,研究能量和碳、氮、磷等化学元素在生态系统中,特别是各种生态系统过程(如竞争、捕食、寄生、共生等)参与者中的变化,以及它们之间的动态平衡,并分析这种平衡对生态系统的影响。目前,C∶N∶P化学计量学研究已深入到生态学的各个层次(细胞、个体、种群、群落、生态系统)及区域等不同尺度。近年来,由于认识到化学计量学研究可以把生态实体的各个层次在元素水平上统一起来,因此生态化学计量学已成为许多生态系统的新兴研究工具。其中,C∶N∶P化学计量学是各种生态过程研究中的核心内容。论述了生态化学计量学在物种、群落、生态系统等各层次的应用现状,并指出了C∶N∶P化学计量学研究的应用前景和发展趋势,以期引起同行的重视并推动该领域的进一步发展。     

日光温室光温因子对黄瓜叶绿体超微结构及其功能的影响

在日光温室内,研究了光温因子对黄瓜叶绿体超微结构及其功能的影响．结果表明,因季节之间光、温条件不同,日光温室黄瓜叶片显微结构和叶绿体超微结构有一定差异,1月份光照弱叶肉细胞较大,而5月份光照强叶绿体数较多．在该试验条件下,未发现叶片光合速率与叶绿体超微结构之间有直接或密切的相关性．在各生长季节其光合速率均为第4叶>初展叶>基部叶,与叶龄及各叶位的受光量有关．如果将不同叶位叶放在相同的光照下,则差异明显减少．黄瓜叶片的叶肉细胞、叶绿体和淀粉粒的大小以及叶绿体数、基粒数、基粒厚度、基粒片层数都随叶位的下降而呈增加趋势。不同品种、同品种不同生长时期的叶片显微结构和叶绿体超微结构及其功能也有一定的差异．限制日光温室冬季黄瓜光合作用的主要因素是光照弱、有效光照时数少,而在晴天温度的限制作用相对较小。阴天因光照弱而导致的室内低温则是限制黄瓜生长的关键因素．     

中国典型生态脆弱区生态化学计量学研究进展

在人类活动和自然环境变化的相互作用下,生态脆弱区生态系统随之变迁,荒漠化、盐碱化、水土流失、植被生产力下降等是生态脆弱区面临的重要问题。生态化学计量学作为当前多学科交叉研究的热点领域,强调从生态系统能量与元素平衡角度,揭示元素生物地球化学循环和生态系统对环境变化的调控机制。为了促进对生态脆弱区碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）生态化学计量的深入理解,本文重点总结了近年来有关我国典型生态脆弱区植物、凋落物、土壤和土壤微生物量C、N、P生态化学计量及其对环境变化响应的研究成果,并展望未来研究方向,以期促进生态化学计量学的发展和生态脆弱区生态保护与恢复研究。研究表明,植物-凋落物-土壤-土壤微生物系统C、N、P化学计量具有较强相关性,并受土壤因子、气候因子、生物因子和人类活动的显著影响。在生态脆弱区,我国北方荒漠及荒漠化地区由于较高的N∶P比值易受P限制,而青藏高原脆弱区、西南岩溶石漠化地区和黄土高原脆弱区等生态脆弱区更易受N限制;随着植被恢复,养分限制逐渐由N限制向P限制转变。生态脆弱区相对较低的养分含量和C∶N∶P比值或许可在一定程度上解释植被生产力较低的原因,而具有较高N、P化学计量内稳性的植物在贫瘠环境中具有较强竞争力和更高稳定性。今后可加强多尺度、不同生态系统植物-凋落物-土壤-土壤微生物系统生态化学计量和长期、多因子交互控制实验的研究。     

生态化学计量学特征及其应用研究进展

生态化学计量学已成为生态学研究的热点问题。作为一门新兴学科,综观国内外最新研究进展,相关研究目前尚存在着许多不足。基于此,从全球与区域尺度、功能群尺度及个体水平3个方面阐述生态化学计量学特征,从空间、时间、生境和植物类型等生物与非生物因素综述生态化学计量学特征的驱动因素。并讨论生态化学计量学特征在限制性养分判断、生态系统稳定性、生长率与C:N:P关系中的应用。     

生态系统碳氮磷元素的生态化学计量学特征

生态系统元素平衡是当前全球变化生态学和生物地球化学循环的研究热点和焦点.在系统介绍生态化学计量学与碳氮磷元素循环研究进展的基础上,重点从土壤C:N:P化学计量比的分布特征、指示作用、对碳固定的影响,以及人类活动对C:N:P比的影响等方面探讨了C:N:P比在养分限制、生物地球化学循环、森林演替与退化等领域中的应用等问题,并展望了生态系统碳氮磷平衡的元素化学计量学未来研究的发展方向.通过对生态化学计量学理论和方法的研究,可以深入认识植物-凋落物-土壤相互作用的养分调控因素,对于揭示碳氮磷元素之间的相互作用及平衡制约关系,为减缓温室效应提供新思路和理论依据,具有重要的现实意义.     

全球木本植物叶片硅钙生态化学计量学特征

收集全球803种木本植物叶片硅（Si）、钙（Ca）数据,研究不同木本植物生活型（常绿植物以及落叶植物、针叶植物以及阔叶植物）叶片Si、Ca元素的化学计量学特征及其与纬度、气候因子（年平均温度,年平均降水量）间的关系。结果表明：（1）全球尺度上木本植物叶片Si、Ca含量存在较大变异性,且含量均低于中国境内的研究结果;（2）不同生活型树种间存在差异,针叶树叶片Si含量及Ca/Si显著高于阔叶树,落叶树叶片Si、Ca含量及Ca/Si均显著高于常绿树种;（3）随着纬度升高、年平均温度及年平均降水量的下降,全球尺度木本植物叶片Si、Ca含量显著升高,而Ca/Si显著下降;（4）不同生活型木本植物对气候因子的响应不同,除针叶及落叶树种的Ca含量外,其余各生活型树种Si、Ca含量与纬度及气候因子显著相关,随着纬度升高而升高,随年平均温度及年平均降水量的升高而降低,且随着年平均温度的降低,常绿及阔叶树种叶片Si含量下降速度显著高于落叶及针叶树种。研究结果能够为全球尺度生态化学计量学模型的发展提供数据基础,有助于更好地理解和模拟区域乃至全球尺度上纬度和气候因子对植物叶片Si、Ca含量的影响。     

石油污染对海洋浮游生物的影响

从浮游植物和浮游动物两方面分析了海洋石油污染对海洋浮游生物的影响。石油污染影响多种海洋浮游生物的生长、分布、营养吸收、光合作用及浮游植物参与DMS的产生和循环的过程,可以引发赤潮。石油污染对浮游生物的生长可以表现出促进作用也可表现出抑制作用。由于石油的遮光作用,浮游生物的光合作用受到抑制,进而影响垂直分布及昼夜移动情况。石油污染可由浮游生物经食物链对其它海洋生物产生的影响。     

沉水植物生态化学计量学特征的区域差异以及生态修复的影响

为深入了解沉水植物生态化学计量学特征在西南高原地区和长江中下游平原地区湖泊中的差异,以及生态修复的影响,于2010年—2016年的夏季(6—9月)调查了36个湖泊的沉水植物。结果表明:(1)高原湖泊沉水植物群落的碳(C)含量显著高于平原湖泊,氮(N)含量显著低于平原湖泊,磷(P)含量高于平原湖泊但差异不显著;高原湖泊沉水植物群落的C/N和C/P的比值显著高于平原湖泊, N/P显著低于平原湖泊;在平原湖泊和高原湖泊共有的金鱼藻、苦草、穗花狐尾藻、微齿眼子菜和伊乐藻中,仅有伊乐藻的N含量和金鱼藻的P含量与群落的差异性不一致。(2)在长江中下游平原地区生态修复后的水域中,沉水植物群落的C和P含量显著高于未修复区, N含量低于未修复区但差异不显著;修复区沉水植物群落的C/P和N/P显著低于未修复区,C/N显著高于未修复区;修复区和未修复区共有的金鱼藻、苦草、穗花狐尾藻和竹叶眼子菜的C和P含量都跟群落的差异性一致。以上结果说明,在清澈的水体中,沉水植物的C和P含量高而N含量低;湖泊富营养化会导致沉水植物N含量升高。因此,在湖泊生态修复过程中,应注重提高水体的透明度,这将会提高沉水植物中C和P的含...     

永利煤矿复垦区植物叶片和枯落物生态化学计量学特征

为了明确煤矿复垦区植被恢复与重建以及不同物种的合理配置,以内蒙古永利露天煤矿复垦区不同植物群落叶片和枯落物为研究对象,通过对其碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量(质量含量)及生态化学计量学特征的研究,探讨煤矿复垦区植物养分状况及限制因子,同时研究叶片和枯落物之间的养分循环状况。结果表明:(1)不同植物类型叶片C含量变化较大,表现为乔木(侧柏537.96 g/kg)最大,草本(沙打旺423.73 g/kg)最小;N、P、K含量变化较小。枯落物中沙棘C含量(417.84 g/kg)显著高于沙打旺、柠条;N、P含量差异显著,氮含量表现为沙打旺(20.30 g/kg)最大,柠条最小,磷含量表现为沙打旺(1.57 g/kg)最大,沙棘最小;沙打旺K含量(6.31 g/kg)显著高于沙棘、柠条。叶片C、N、P、K含量高于枯落物。N、P、K的回收率分别为5.17%—50.16%、4.19%—6.41%、11.27%—23.24%,其中P回流率表现为沙打旺(6.41%)最大,柠条最小;K回流率表现为沙棘(23.24%)最大,柠条最小。(2)灌木、草本植物N/P16,乔木类N/P14,灌木类、草本类生长受制于P,乔木类生长受制于N。结合土壤C、N、P含量,建议在植被恢复初期种植豆科等先锋植物,随着土壤肥力的提高再逐步种植灌木、乔木。     

全球变化背景下陆地植物N/P生态化学计量学研究进展

生态化学计量学理论最早应用在水生生态系统的研究中,但最近20年来在陆地生态系统中也开展了大量的相关研究,特别是关于全球变化背景下陆地植物N/P生态化学计量学方面的研究得到很大的发展,极大地丰富和提升了我们对陆地植物包括生态系统生态过程的认识。就全球变化背景下陆地植物生态化学计量学的研究现状进行了综述,同时以中国科学院华南植物园90周庆为契机,总结我们关于南亚热带森林植物生态化学计量学的研究工作,进而分析当前存在的一些问题并提出今后研究的发展重点,以期促进和推动我园和我国生态化学计量学相关领域的研究。     

UV-B辐射增强对土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis)结皮生理代谢及光系统相关蛋白表达的影响

以中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站人工固沙植被区的土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis(Brid.) Zand.)结皮为试验材料,通过室内模拟UV-B 4个辐射强度[2.75(对照)、3.08、3.25和3.41 W·m-2]的处理,研究了UV-B辐射增强对土生对齿藓结皮生理代谢及光系统相关蛋白表达的影响.结果表明:随着UV-B辐射强度增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量呈增加趋势;叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数、可溶性蛋白质及类囊体膜蛋白表达量随着辐射强度的增加而降低,且与辐射强度呈反比.模拟UV-B辐射增强促进了土生对齿藓结皮活性氧的代谢速率,导致了膜脂过氧化,可溶性蛋白质含量减少,进而降低PSII反应中心活性,最终导致光合作用能力下降,这一结果对于进一步理解生物土壤结皮对UV-B辐射的响应机制,探索应用生物土壤结皮进行荒漠化治理具有重要的理论与实践意义.     

Environmental influences on long-term variability in marine plankton

The major patterns of geographical and seasonal variability of the plankton of the north-east Atlantic and the North Sea are described to provide the background to a presentation of the dominant patterns of year-to-year fluctuations in the abundance of the plankton of the area for the period 1948 to 1984. A feature of the variability is a marked similarity both between species and between areas. The main pattern of year-to-year change has the form of a quasi linear downward trend in abundance with, superimposed on this, an element of variability with a periodicity of about three years. There is a complex relationship between the plankton and an estimate of changes in the frequency of westerly weather which can be interpreted in terms of influences acting over limited periods of the seasonal cycle coupled with persistence in the stocks of zooplankton. Relationships between year-to-year variations in the abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton can be interpreted in terms of a response by the zooplankton to variations in food supply coupled with feed-back to the phytoplankton involving in situ nutrient regeneration.     

海洋微塑料污染的生态效应研究进展

海洋微塑料污染已成为全球性环境问题。微塑料粒径小,易与海洋生物发生相互作用,可通过多种途径进入海洋生物体内,并在其组织和器官中蓄积和转移,对机体产生毒害。微塑料可沿食物链进行传递,威胁海洋生态系统的健康与稳定。因此,海洋生物与微塑料的相互作用以及海洋微塑料污染的生态效应成为当前研究的热点。综述微塑料的生物附着、生物摄入、对海洋生物的毒性效应及其与化学污染物的复合毒性效应研究的基础上,提出未来微塑料生态效应研究应重点关注我国海洋环境中微塑料的污染现状及生物摄入状况、微塑料的生物效应及其毒理学机制研究、微塑料与其他污染物的复合效应、以及微塑料在海洋生态系统中的作用及其生物地球化学行为等。     

Characteristics of plankton communities in Chinese integrated fish ponds: effects of excessive grazing by planktivorous carps on plankton communities

Biomass and production of plankton communities were investigated in two Chinese integrated fish culture ponds in August, Dianshanhu Pond (with high density of planktivorous carp) and Pingwang Pond (with low density of planktivorous carp). The plankton communities were composed of rotifers, protozoans, phytoplankton (<40 µm) and bacteria. The large phytoplankton (>40 µm), cladocerans and copepods were rare because of grazing pressure by the carp. The density or biomass of bacteria (1.93 × 10⁷ and 2.20 × 10⁷ cells ml^–1 on average in Dianshanhu and Pingwang Ponds, respectively), picophytoplankton (24.6 and 18.5 mg m^–3 Chla on average) and rotifers (5372 and 20733 ind. 1^–1 on average) exceeded the maximum values reported for natural waters.The average [³H]thymidine uptake rates were 694 and 904 pmoles 1^–1 h^–1 (13.4 and 20.6 µgC 1^–1) and the bacterial production by the >2 µm fraction amounted 21–28% of total [³H] thymidine uptake rate in both ponds. The mean chlorophylla concentrations were 59.1 and 183 mg m^–3 in Dianshanhu and Pingwang Ponds, respectively. 82.4% and 65.3% of the total Chla was contributed by the <10 µm nano- and picophytoplankton in each pond, respectively. In particular, the picophytoplankton contribution amounted 41.2% of thtal Chla in Dianshanhu Pond. Primary production was 2.5 and 3.4 gC m^–2 d^–1 in each pond, respectively, and >50% of production was contributed by picophytoplankton. The mean biomasses of protozoa were 168 µg 1^–1 and 445 µg 1^–1 and those of rotifers were 763 µg 1^–1 and 1186 µg 1^–1 in Dianshanhu and Pingwang Ponds, respectively. The ecological efficiencies expressed in terms of the ratios of primary production to zooplankton production were 0.22 and 0.31, for the two ponds.     

植物生态化学计量内稳性特征

化学计量内稳性是生态化学计量学研究的核心概念之一,是指生物在面对外界变化的时候保持自身化学组成相对稳定的能力,其反映了生物对周围环境变化作出的生理和生化响应与适应。通过研究植物生态化学计量内稳性,有助于深入了解植物对环境的适应策略和生态适应性,以及植物化学计量内稳性与生态系统功能的关系,但目前关于植物生态化学计量内稳性的研究较少。已有的研究结果表明:不同物种或功能群由于其生长策略不同而具有不同的生态化学计量内稳性特征;同一物种的不同器官、不同生长阶段以及不同元素的内稳性存在较大的差异。该文对植物生态化学计量内稳性概念、内稳性指数的测算方法,不同植物物种或功能群、不同器官、不同生长阶段内稳性特征,以及植物内稳性与生态系统结构、功能和稳定性的关系等方面进行了综述,并结合现已开展的工作,对有待进一步拓展的相关植物生态化学计量内稳性研究领域进行了展望,以期为促进国内相关研究工作的开展提供参考。     

Reconstructing marine plankton food web interactions using DNA metabarcoding

Knowledge of zooplankton in situ diet is critical for accurate assessment of marine ecosystem function and structure, but due to methodological constraints, there is still a limited understanding of ecological networks in marine ecosystems. Here, we used DNA‐metabarcoding to study trophic interactions, with the aim to unveil the natural diet of zooplankton species under temporal variation of food resources. Several target consumers, including copepods and cladocerans, were investigated by sequencing 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA genes to identify prokaryote and eukaryote potential prey present in their guts. During the spring phytoplankton bloom, we found a dominance of diatom and dinoflagellate trophic links to copepods. During the summer period, zooplankton including cladocerans showed a more diverse diet dominated by cyanobacteria and heterotrophic prey. Our study suggests that copepods present trophic plasticity, changing their natural diet over seasons, and adapting their feeding strategies to the available prey spectrum, with some species being more selective. We did not find a large overlap of prey consumed by copepods and cladocerans, based on prey diversity found in their guts, suggesting that they occupy different roles in the trophic web. This study represents the first molecular approach to investigate several zooplankton–prey associations under seasonal variation, and highlights how, unlike other techniques, the diversity coverage is high when using DNA, allowing the possibility to detect a wide range of trophic interactions in plankton communities.     

Consistent trophic amplification of marine biomass declines under climate change

The impact of climate change on the marine food web is highly uncertain. Nonetheless, there is growing consensus that global marine primary production will decline in response to future climate change, largely due to increased stratification reducing the supply of nutrients to the upper ocean. Evidence to date suggests a potential amplification of this response throughout the trophic food web, with more dramatic responses at higher trophic levels. Here we show that trophic amplification of marine biomass declines is a consistent feature of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) Earth System Models, across different scenarios of future climate change. Under the business‐as‐usual Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) global mean phytoplankton biomass is projected to decline by 6.1% ± 2.5% over the twenty‐first century, while zooplankton biomass declines by 13.6% ± 3.0%. All models project greater relative declines in zooplankton than phytoplankton, with annual zooplankton biomass anomalies 2.24 ± 1.03 times those of phytoplankton. The low latitude oceans drive the projected trophic amplification of biomass declines, with models exhibiting variable trophic interactions in the mid‐to‐high latitudes and similar relative changes in phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass. Under the assumption that zooplankton biomass is prey limited, an analytical explanation of the trophic amplification that occurs in the low latitudes can be derived from generic plankton differential equations. Using an ocean biogeochemical model, we show that the inclusion of variable C:N:P phytoplankton stoichiometry can substantially increase the trophic amplification of biomass declines in low latitude regions. This additional trophic amplification is driven by enhanced nutrient limitation decreasing phytoplankton N and P content relative to C, hence reducing zooplankton growth efficiency. Given that most current Earth System Models assume that phytoplankton C:N:P stoichiometry is constant, such models are likely to underestimate the extent of negative trophic amplification under projected climate change.     

Consumer-resource stoichiometry in detritus-based streams

Stoichiometric relationships between consumers and resources in detritus‐based ecosystems have received little attention, despite the importance of detritus in most food webs. We analysed carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) content of invertebrate consumers, and basal food resources in two forested headwater streams (one reference and the other nutrient‐enriched). We found large elemental imbalances between consumers and food resources compared with living plant‐based systems, particularly in regard to P content, which were reduced with enrichment. Enrichment significantly increased nutrient content of food resources (consistent with uptake of N and P by detritus‐associated microbes). P content of some invertebrates also increased in the enriched vs. reference stream, suggesting deviation from strict homeostasis. Nutrient content varied significantly among invertebrate functional feeding groups, orders and, to some extent, size classes. Future application of stoichiometric theory to detritus‐based systems should consider the potential for relatively large consumer‐resource elemental imbalances and P storage by insect consumers.     

中国海域海洋生物的营养级指数变化特征

利用联合国粮农组织(FAO)1950-2011年渔获物捕捞量资料, 分析了我国海域(包括大陆海域、台湾海域、香港海域和澳门海域)129种渔获物的营养级指数变化特征。研究表明, 1950-1974年我国海洋营养级指数在3.45左右波动, 1975-1978年下降至3.35左右, 1982-1987年急剧下降到3.25并维持到1996年, 1997-2011年平稳回升至3.34。与全球海洋营养级指数相比, 1984年之前我国高于全球水平, 而1984年之后则低于全球水平。就生物类群而言, 鱼类对我国海洋营养级指数的贡献最大, 达73.1-85.8%; 甲壳动物次之, 为9.2-15.5%; 软体动物较小, 为3.3-11.6%; 其他无脊椎动物的贡献最小, 不超过1.8%。过度捕捞使我国部分渔获物由原来的长寿命、高营养级的底层鱼类变为现在的短寿命、低营养级的无脊椎动物和中上层鱼类。渔业捕捞许可管理制度、禁渔期和禁渔区制度、海洋捕捞产量“零增长”和“负增长”计划、增殖放流、扩大海洋保护区面积等措施的实施可能是我国海洋营养级指数回升的主要原因。