气温和降雨量对中国湿地生态系统CO2交换的影响

湿地由于具有较高的初级生产力以及较低的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的潜在有效碳汇.虽然近年来中国湿地生态系统CO₂交换过程及其影响机制研究取得了一系列进展,但尚缺乏对数据进行系统性整合分析.基于29篇文献的数据,对中国21个典型湿地植被净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)、总初级生产力(GPP)、NEE的光响应参数以及R_eco的温度响应参数进行整合分析,并探讨了这些指标对温度与降雨的响应.结果表明： 年尺度上,气温和降雨量对NEE(R²=50%,R²=57% )、GPP(R²=60%,R²=50%)和R_eco(R²=44%,R²=50%)均有显著影响(P<0.05).生长季尺度上,NEE (R²=50%)、GPP (R²=36%)和R_eco(R²=19%)与气温呈显著相关(P<0.05);同时NEE(R²=33%)和GPP(R²=25%)也与降雨量呈显著相关(P<0.05),但R_eco与降雨量的相关关系不显著(P>0.05).生长季降雨量与最大光合速率(A_max)之间呈显著相关 (P<0.01),但与表观量子产率(α)、白天生态系统呼吸速率(R_eco,day)无显著相关(P>0.05).生长季气温对α、A_max和R_{eco, day}均无显著影响(P>0.05).生态系统基础呼吸速率(R_ref)与降雨量无显著相关(P>0.05),但是生态系统呼吸的温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)与降雨量呈显著的线性负相关(P<0.05),同时气温对Q₁₀(R²=0.35)、R_ref(R²=0.46)均产生显著影响(P<0.05).     

气温和降雨量对中国湿地生态系统CO2交换的影响

湿地由于具有较高的初级生产力以及较低的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的潜在有效碳汇.虽然近年来中国湿地生态系统CO₂交换过程及其影响机制研究取得了一系列进展,但尚缺乏对数据进行系统性整合分析.基于29篇文献的数据,对中国21个典型湿地植被净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)、总初级生产力(GPP)、NEE的光响应参数以及R_eco的温度响应参数进行整合分析,并探讨了这些指标对温度与降雨的响应.结果表明： 年尺度上,气温和降雨量对NEE(R²=50%,R²=57% )、GPP(R²=60%,R²=50%)和R_eco(R²=44%,R²=50%)均有显著影响(P<0.05).生长季尺度上,NEE (R²=50%)、GPP (R²=36%)和R_eco(R²=19%)与气温呈显著相关(P<0.05);同时NEE(R²=33%)和GPP(R²=25%)也与降雨量呈显著相关(P<0.05),但R_eco与降雨量的相关关系不显著(P>0.05).生长季降雨量与最大光合速率(A_max)之间呈显著相关 (P<0.01),但与表观量子产率(α)、白天生态系统呼吸速率(R_eco,day)无显著相关(P>0.05).生长季气温对α、A_max和R_{eco, day}均无显著影响(P>0.05).生态系统基础呼吸速率(R_ref)与降雨量无显著相关(P>0.05),但是生态系统呼吸的温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)与降雨量呈显著的线性负相关(P<0.05),同时气温对Q₁₀(R²=0.35)、R_ref(R²=0.46)均产生显著影响(P<0.05).     

基于土壤异质背景的玉米秸秆覆盖度遥感反演

玉米秸秆覆盖还田是东北平原当前大力推广的一种保护性耕作方式。区域作物秸秆覆盖度(CRC)的遥感估算可大范围快速获取耕地秸秆覆盖还田信息,对于政府监测和推广秸秆覆盖还田工作有重要作用。本研究以吉林省梨树县为研究区,基于Sentinel-2A卫星影像,选取归一化耕作指数(NDTI)、归一化秸秆指数(NDRI)、简单耕作指数(STI)和归一化差值指数(NDI7)4种光谱指数,建立光谱指数与玉米秸秆覆盖度的线性回归模型,进行秸秆覆盖度反演。结果表明: 研究区土壤背景空间异质性较强,对光谱指数回归模型影响显著,采用土壤质地分类(分区)分别建立回归模型的方法可提高反演精度。土壤背景空间异质性会增大模型估算误差;4种光谱指数与玉米秸秆覆盖度均有较强相关性,其中,NDTI和STI模型表现更好;基于NDTI和STI的分区线性回归模型验证R²为0.84、RMSE为13.3%,优于不分区的模型(R²为0.75,RMSE为16.5%),有效提升了反演精度。     

上海市近地面CO2浓度及其与下垫面特征的定量关系

城市化所带来的土地利用变化和化石燃料燃烧对全球碳循环和气候变化产生了深远影响.明确城市区域CO₂浓度的空间变化特征,对于认识和控制温室气体排放、减少人类活动对全球气候变化的影响具有重要意义.本研究以高强度人类扰动和快速城市化背景下的上海市为研究对象,于2014年春季利用近红外气体分析仪Li 840A开展近地面CO2浓度样带监测,结合遥感数据获取的城市下垫面特征信息,在明确上海市近地面CO₂浓度空间分布格局的基础上,进一步定量分析其对城市下垫面特征的响应机制.结果表明： 上海市近地面CO₂浓度为(443.4±22.0) μmol·mol^-1,城市中心CO₂浓度比郊区平均高12.5%(52.5 μmol·mol^-1).近地面CO₂浓度空间异质性显著,呈现西北高、西南次之、东南低的趋势,总体表现为随着下垫面城市化水平的降低而降低. 城市下垫面植被覆盖率(C_Veg)是城市近地面CO₂浓度的重要指示因子,两者呈现负相关;不透水层覆盖率(C_ISA)次之,两者呈正相关.CO₂浓度（C_CO2）与C_ISA及C_Veg的相关性(R²)在缓冲距离为5 km时同时达到峰值,三者之间的定量关系可通过建立逐步回归方程表征：C_CO2=0.32C_ISA-0.89C_Veg+445.13 (R²=0.66, P<0.01).
     

上海市近地面CO2浓度及其与下垫面特征的定量关系

城市化所带来的土地利用变化和化石燃料燃烧对全球碳循环和气候变化产生了深远影响.明确城市区域CO₂浓度的空间变化特征,对于认识和控制温室气体排放、减少人类活动对全球气候变化的影响具有重要意义.本研究以高强度人类扰动和快速城市化背景下的上海市为研究对象,于2014年春季利用近红外气体分析仪Li 840A开展近地面CO2浓度样带监测,结合遥感数据获取的城市下垫面特征信息,在明确上海市近地面CO₂浓度空间分布格局的基础上,进一步定量分析其对城市下垫面特征的响应机制.结果表明： 上海市近地面CO₂浓度为(443.4±22.0) μmol·mol^-1,城市中心CO₂浓度比郊区平均高12.5%(52.5 μmol·mol^-1).近地面CO₂浓度空间异质性显著,呈现西北高、西南次之、东南低的趋势,总体表现为随着下垫面城市化水平的降低而降低. 城市下垫面植被覆盖率(C_Veg)是城市近地面CO₂浓度的重要指示因子,两者呈现负相关;不透水层覆盖率(C_ISA)次之,两者呈正相关.CO₂浓度（C_CO2）与C_ISA及C_Veg的相关性(R²)在缓冲距离为5 km时同时达到峰值,三者之间的定量关系可通过建立逐步回归方程表征：C_CO2=0.32C_ISA-0.89C_Veg+445.13 (R²=0.66, P<0.01).
     

基于影像纹理特征的川西南山地常绿阔叶林有效叶面积指数的空间分析

遥感是获取叶面积指数（LAI）信息的最有吸引力的选择之一,但目前基于遥感数据的叶面积指数估测精度有限.本文以川西南山地常绿阔叶林为研究对象,基于地面调查的83个20 m×20 m样地和SPOT5数据,运用灰度共生矩阵法提取影像单波段、简单波段比图和主成分图的纹理信息,以不同图像处理方式的纹理参数作为辅助变量进行地统计分析估算有效LAI（LAIe）.结果表明： LAIe与不同方式处理图像的纹理参数存在不同程度的相关性,其中,与B₁波段、B₁/B₄和PC₁的均质性呈极显著相关关系.与以归一化植被指数（NDVI）为辅助变量相比,以纹理参数B₁波段、B₁/B₄和PC₁的均质性作为辅助变量估测LAIe的精度均有所提高,分别提高5.3%、11.0%、14.5%,还能在一定程度上降低统计误差.以NDVI、PC₁均质性作为辅助变量的LAIe空间地统计估测模型最优（R²＝0.840,RMSE=0.212）.本研究结果为合理地选择除植被指数外的其他辅助变量估测区域LAI的空间分布提供了一种新的思路和方法.     

基于数据同化的哈佛森林地区水、碳通量模拟

模型模拟和站点观测是陆地生态系统水、碳循环研究最主要的两种手段,但各有优势和不足,若二者相互结合,则能更准确地反映生态系统水、碳通量的动态变化.数据同化为模型与观测结合提供了一条有效的途径.本文采用哈佛森林环境监测站相关数据,利用集合卡曼滤波同化算法,将实测叶面积指数(LAI)和遥感LAI同化进入Biome BGC模型中,对该地区水、碳通量进行模拟.结果表明：与未同化模拟相比,将1998、1999和2006年实测LAI数据同化后,模型模拟碳通量(NEE)与通量观测NEE的决定系数(R²)平均提升8.4%;蒸散发(ET)的R²平均提升10.6%;NEE的绝对误差和(SAE)和均方根误差(RMSE)平均下降17.7%和21.2%,ET的SAE和RMSE平均下降26.8%和28.3%.将2000-2004年MODIS LAI 产品与模型同化后,NEE、ET模拟值与观测值间的R²分别提升7.8%和4.7%;NEE的SAE和 RMSE分别下降21.9%和26.3%,ET的SAE和 RMSE分别下降24.5%和25.5%.无论实测LAI还是遥感观测LAI,同化进入模型都能不同程度地提高水碳通量的模拟精度.     

草原火烧严重度燃烧指数的适用性比较分析

基于遥感影像的燃烧指数被广泛应用于火烧严重度(fire severity)研究,选取适宜燃烧指数定量评估草原火烧严重度,对草原生态系统植被的恢复与管理具有重要意义。以呼伦贝尔草原火烧迹地为研究区域,基于landsat8 OLI影像分别构建4种燃烧指数(NBR、NSTV1、d NBR和Rd NBR)与综合燃烧指数(CBI)的回归模型并进行精度验证,对比分析不同燃烧指数识别草原火烧严重度等级的能力。结果表明:在燃烧指数与CBI构建的回归模型中,d NBR指数的相关性(n=70,R~2=0.856)最高;4种燃烧指数识别火烧严重度的精度存在差异,中度火烧区域(1CBI≤2)内,NSTV1指数识别精度最高,未过火(CBI=0)、轻度火烧(0CBI≤1)和重度火烧(2CBI≤3)区域内,d NBR指数识别精度均表现最好,分别为80%、62.5%和100%;基于不同燃烧指数的草原火烧严重度制图中,d NBR指数的总体精度同样高于其他燃烧指数,为82.1%,Kappa系数高达0.76。综上所述,d NBR指数是草原火烧严重度分析与评价的适宜遥感指数。     

基于多源遥感数据的大豆叶面积指数估测精度对比

近年来遥感技术的革新促使遥感源越来越丰富.为分析多源遥感数据的叶面积指数(LAI)估测精度,本文以大豆为研究对象,利用比值植被指数(RVI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、土壤调整植被指数(SAVI)、差值植被指数(DVI)、三角植被指数(TVI)5种植被指数,结合地面实测LAI构建经验回归模型,比较3类遥感数据(地面高光谱数据、无人机多光谱影像以及高分一号WFV影像)对大豆LAI的估测能力,并从传感器几何位置和光谱响应特性以及像元空间分辨率三方面分析讨论了3类遥感数据的LAI反演差异.结果表明： 地面高光谱数据模型和无人机多光谱数据模型都可以准确预测大豆LAI(在α=0.01显著水平下,R²均>0.69,RMSE均<0.40);地面高光谱RVI对数模型的LAI预测能力优于无人机多光谱NDVI线性模型,但两者差异不大(E_A相差0.3%,R²相差0.04,RMSE相差0.006);高分一号WFV数据模型对研究区内大豆LAI的预测效果不理想(R²<0.30,RMSE>0.70).针对星、机、地三类遥感信息源,地面高光谱数据在反演LAI方面较传统多光谱数据有优势但不突出;16 m空间分辨率的高分一号WFV影像无法满足田块尺度作物长势监测的需求;在保证获得高精度大豆LAI预测值和高工作效率的前提条件下,基于无人机遥感的农情信息获取技术不失为一种最佳试验方案.在当今可用遥感信息源越来越多的情况下,农业无人机遥感信息可成为指导田块精细尺度作物管理的重要依据,为精准农业研究提供更科学准确的信息.     

基于相关分析和偏最小二乘回归的黄绵土土壤全氮和碱解氮含量的高光谱预测

以采取植被恢复措施的陕西省吴起县为研究区,实地采集24个土壤剖面不同层次的黄绵土土样100个,在进行土壤样本全氮（TN）和碱解氮（AHN）含量及实验室反射光谱数据测量和分析的基础上,用相关分析（CA）结合偏最小二乘回归（PLS）方法建立黄绵土土壤TN和AHN含量的校正模型,并用独立样本对校正模型进行验证.结果表明： 利用6种光谱变换方式建立的校正模型中,微分光谱建立的校正模型是预测研究区土壤TN含量的最佳模型,校正和验证R²分别为0.929和0.935,均方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.045和0.047 g·kg^-1,相对预测偏差（RPD）为3.12;而归一化变换建立的校正模型是预测土壤AHN含量的最佳模型,校正和验证R²分别为0.873和0.773,RMSE分别为9.946和16.204 mg·kg^-1,RPD为1.538.所建立的全氮预测模型可以对0～40 cm土层的TN进行有效预测,而碱解氮的预测模型对同一深度只能进行粗略预测.本研究为采取植被恢复措施的退化生态系统区黄绵土土壤全氮的快速预测提供了一种较好的方法,但是对于碱解氮的准确、快速预测,需要进一步研究.     

Effects of fire on landscape heterogeneity in Yellowstone National Park,Wyoming

Abstract. A map of burn severity resulting from the 1988 fires that occurred in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) was derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery and used to assess the isolation of burned areas, the heterogeneity that resulted from fires burning under moderate and severe burning conditions, and the relationship between heterogeneity and fire size. The majority of severely burned areas were within close proximity (50 to 200 m) to unburned or lightly burned areas, suggesting that few burned sites are very far from potential sources of propagules for plant reestablishment. Fires that occurred under moderate burning conditions early during the 1988 fire season resulted in a lower proportion of crown fire than fires that occurred under severe burning conditions later in the season. Increased dominance and contagion of burn severity classes and a decrease in the edge: area ratio for later fires indicated a slightly more aggregated burn pattern compared to early fires. The proportion of burned area in different burn severity classes varied as a function of daily fire size. When daily area burned was relatively low, the proportion of burned area in each burn severity class varied widely. When daily burned area exceeded 1250 ha, the burned area contained about 50 % crown fire, 30 % severe surface burn, and 20 % light surface burn. Understanding the effect of fire on landscape heterogeneity is important because the kinds, amounts, and spatial distribution of burned and unburned areas may influence the reestablishment of plant species on burned sites.     

Fire as a Recurrent Event in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon: Effects on Forest Structure,Biomass, and Species Composition1

The effects of fire on forest structure and composition were studied in a severely fire-impacted landscape in the eastern Amazon. Extensive sampling of area forests was used to compare structure and compositional differences between burned and unburned forest stands. Burned forests were extremely heterogeneous, with substantial variation in forest structure and fire damage recorded over distances of <50 m. Unburned forest patches occurred within burned areas, but accounted for only six percent of the sample area. Canopy cover, living biomass, and living adult stem densities decreased with increasing fire inrensiry / frequency, and were as low as 10–30 percent of unburned forest values. Even light burns removed >70 percent of the sapling and vine populations. Pioneer abundance increased dramatically with burn intensity, with pioneers dominating the understory in severely damaged areas. Species richness was inversely related to burn severity, but no clear pattern of species selection was observed. Fire appears to be a cyclical event in the study region: <30 percent of the burned forest sample had been subjected to only one burn. Based on estimated solar radiation intensities, burning substantially increases fire susceptibility of forests. At least 50 percent of the total area of all burned forests is predicted to become flammable within 16 rainless days, as opposed to only 4 percent of the unburned forest. In heavily burned forest subjected to recurrent fires, 95 percent of the area is predicted to become flammable in <9 rain-free days. As a recurrent disturbance phenomenon, fire shows unparalleled potential to impoverish and alter the forests of the eastern Amazon.     

The influence of fire on the phenological behaviour of Mediterranean plant species in Bas-Languedoc (southern France)

Fire is an ancient ecological factor influencing the Mediterranean vegetation of southern France. The study was carried out on three areas to determine the phenological behaviour of plants with regard to fire. First we studied the flowering responses of perennials in relation to the time since fire: in a Quercus coccifera garrigue most species flower during the year following burning. In comparing species by species between burned and unburned areas most species did not show major differences in the phenological stages. However, fire did increase the number of inflorescences of grasses. A phenological synthesis showed that differences at the community level existed for the flowering stages between the burned areas and the unburned control sites during the first and second years following fire. The growth of some woody species was also studied; the elongation and growth of the plants were biggest during the first or second year after fire. The lack of differences in phenological response between burned and unburned plants may be an adaptive trait to fire.     

Controls of nitrogen limitation in tallgrass prairie

Summary The relationship between fire frequency and N limitation to foliage production in tallgrass prairie was studied with a series of fire and N addition experiments. Results indicated that fire history affected the magnitude of the vegetation response to fire and to N additions. Sites not burned for over 15 years averaged only a 9% increase in foliage biomass in response to N enrichment. In contrast, foliage production increased an average of 68% in response to N additions on annually burned sites, while infrequently burned sites, burned in the year of the study, averaged a 45% increase. These findings are consistent with reports indicating that reduced plant growth on unburned prairie is due to shading and lower soil temperatures, while foliage production on frequently burned areas is constrained by N availability. Infrequent burning of unfertilized prairie therefore results in a maximum production response in the year of burning relative to either annually burned or long-term unburned sites.Foliage biomass of tallgrass prairie is dominated by C₄ grasses; however, forb species exhibited stronger production responses to nitrogen additions than did the grasses. After four years of annual N additions, forb biomass exceeded that of grass biomass on unburned plots, and grasses exhibited a negative response to fertilizer, probably due to competition from the forbs. The dominant C₄ grasses may out-compete forbs under frequent fire conditions not only because they are better adapted to direct effects of burning, but because they can grow better under low available N regimes created by frequent fire.     

Fire and soil-plant nutrient relations in a pine-wiregrass savanna on the coastal plain of North Carolina

Summary Changes in soil and plant nutrient conditions were evaluated following various burn and clip treatments in a longleaf pine-wiregrass savanna in Bladen Co., N.C., USA. Ground fires were found to add substantial quantities of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg to the soil, though not necessarily in forms immediately available to plants. Less than 1% of the total nitrogen in the charred residue (ash) is present as nitrate or ammonium. Considerable quantities of all nutrients examined were lost to the atmosphere during burning. Green leaf tissue in recently burned areas was consistently higher in N, P, K, Ca, and Mg compared to unburned areas. Howerver, when compared to similar tissues from clipped plots, burned area tissues were significantly higher in N, Ca, and Mg only. Data presented here suggest that tissue age significantly affects nutrient content and must be considered in any analysis of tissue nutrient content following burning. Within 4–6 months following fire, burned-area tissue nutrient content decreases to concentrations found in the unburned area. Burning resulted in initial enrichment of available soil nutrients including PO₄, K⁺, Ca⁺⁺, and Mg⁺⁺, however, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ concentrations in burned soil were not significantly different from unbruned soil. Soil and plant nutrient changes in an area burned two years in succession indicate that repeated burning may diminish nutrient availability. Plant response to various nutrient enrichment treatments of the soil indicated that nitrogen is limiting growth in both burned and unburned soils and that burning may alter some factors other than nutrients which may retard plant growth in unburned areas.     

Effects of wildfire and permafrost on soil organic matter and soil climate in interior Alaska

The influence of discontinuous permafrost on ground‐fuel storage, combustion losses, and postfire soil climates was examined after a wildfire near Delta Junction, AK in July 1999. At this site, we sampled soils from a four‐way site comparison of burning (burned and unburned) and permafrost (permafrost and nonpermafrost). Soil organic layers (which comprise ground‐fuel storage) were thicker in permafrost than nonpermafrost soils both in burned and unburned sites. While we expected fire severity to be greater in the drier site (without permafrost), combustion losses were not significantly different between the two burned sites. Overall, permafrost and burning had significant effects on physical soil variables. Most notably, unburned permafrost sites with the thickest organic mats consistently had the coldest temperatures and wettest mineral soil, while soils in the burned nonpermafrost sites were warmer and drier than the other soils. For every centimeter of organic mat thickness, temperature at 5 cm depth was about 0.5°C cooler during summer months. We propose that organic soil layers determine to a large extent the physical and thermal setting for variations in vegetation, decomposition, and carbon balance across these landscapes. In particular, the deep organic layers maintain the legacies of thermal and nutrient cycling governed by fire and revegetation. We further propose that the thermal influence of deep organic soil layers may be an underlying mechanism responsible for large regional patterns of burning and regrowth, detected in fractal analyses of burn frequency and area. Thus, fractal geometry can potentially be used to analyze changes in state of these fire prone systems.     

Interaction of multiple disturbances: importance of disturbance interval in the effects of fire on rehabilitating mined areas

Abstract Multiple disturbance regimes are increasingly common as novel anthropogenic disturbances are added to existing natural disturbances. However, it is generally unknown whether simultaneous or sequential effects of different forms of disturbance are predictable from the independent effects of each disturbance. This study examines the short‐term effects of sequential disturbance by mineral sand‐mining followed by fire in a forest community in south‐eastern Australia. Four combinations of disturbance were sampled: unburned mined, burned mined, unburned forest (unmined) and burned forest (unmined, with between‐fire interval matching the disturbance interval between mining and fire of the burned mined treatment). All combinations were sampled approximately 12 months following fire on the burned sites. The impact of fire after mining depended on disturbance interval. Sites burned 0.5–2.4 years since mining had fewer native vascular plant species than unburned mined sites of the same mined age, whereas sites with 10–16 years or 20–26 years between mining and fire had greater native species richness than unburned mined sites of the same age. Burning 20–26 years after mining brought native species richness within the range of burned forest. For both unmined and mined sites native seedling densities increased with burning, and with longer disturbance intervals. Weed species richness and weed seedling densities were greater on mined sites than in forest, and burning mined sites elevated weed seedling densities further, particularly for short intervals. Both disturbance interval and fire intensity are likely to have contributed to these results, as intensity on mined areas increased with interval, and at 20–26 years post‐mining was equivalent to unmined forest. These results suggest that fire could be used to promote rehabilitation of these mined areas after at least 10 years, but should be excluded from earlier stages of post‐mining regeneration. However, other sources of spatial and temporal variability should be considered in addition to interval and intensity, as variation among mined areas was correlated with post‐fire weather conditions and available weed sources. Finally, the combined effects of mining and fire could not be predicted from knowledge of the disturbances operating separately, indicating that effects of multiple disturbance may be synergistic rather than additive.     

Elk grazing and vegetation responses following a late season fire in Yellowstone National Park

We studied responses of aboveground production, grazing by elk and the availability of eight elements (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, N, Na, P, Zn) in a Yellowstone National Park sagebrush grassland following a fire in 1992. We compared four areas of differing fire history: (1) an area burned in 1992, (2) an area burned in 1992 and 1988, (3) an area burned in 1988 and (4) an area with no recent fire history. The year after burning, graminoids produced more aboveground biomass on burned areas compared with unburned areas. Forages growing on burned soils were highly concentrated with all nutrients, except Ca, when elk grazed the site. Despite nutrient-rich forage on burned areas, elk consumed little forage in these areas. We hypothesized that elk ate less than expected in burned areas because of a large bloom of lupine (Lupinus sericeus), which may be unpalatable to elk.     

Wildfire reduces carbon dioxide efflux and increases methane uptake in ponderosa pine forest soils of the southwestern USA

Severe wildfire may cause long-term changes in the soil-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide and methane, two gases known to force atmospheric warming. We examined the effect of a severe wildfire 10?years after burning to determine decadal-scale changes in soil gas fluxes following fire, and explored mechanisms responsible for these dynamics. We compared soil carbon dioxide efflux, methane uptake, soil temperature, soil water content, soil O horizon mass, fine root mass, and microbial biomass between a burned site and an unburned site that had similar stand conditions to the burned site before the fire. Compared to the unburned site, soil carbon dioxide efflux was 40% lower and methane uptake was 49% higher at the burned site over the 427-day measurement period. Soil O horizon mass, microbial biomass, fine root mass, and surface soil water content were lower at the burned site than the unburned site, but soil temperature was higher. A regression model showed soil carbon dioxide efflux was more sensitive to changes in soil temperature at the burned site than the unburned site. The relative importance of methane uptake to carbon dioxide efflux was higher at the burned site than the unburned site, but methane uptake compensated for only 1.5% of the warming potential of soil carbon dioxide efflux at the burned site. Our results suggest there was less carbon available at the burned site for respiration by plants and microbes, and the loss of the soil O horizon increased methane uptake in soil at the burned site.     

2005—2007年大兴安岭林火释放碳量

根据野外火烧迹地调查,比较过火前后归一化植被指数的差异,计算2005—2007年大兴安岭林区各种可燃物类型的过火面积、火烧消耗的可燃物量,对森林火烧程度进行分级,并利用植物平均含碳率估算林火释放碳量.结果表明：2005—2007年大兴安岭林区总过火面积为436512.5 hm²,其中轻度、中度和重度火烧面积分别为207178.4、150159.2和79159.4 hm².这些火烧消耗可燃物量为3.9×10⁶ t,释放碳1.76×10⁶ t,其中落叶松林、针阔混交林、阔叶林和草地燃烧释放的碳量分别为0.34×10⁶、0.83×10⁶、0.27×10⁶和0.32×10⁶ t.