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1.
Cladocera is a primarily-freshwater monophyletic group, an important component of the microcrustacean zooplankton. They inhabit
most types of continental fresh and saline water habitats, occurring more abundantly in both temporary and permanent stagnant
waters. Cladocera is an ancient group of Palaeozoic origin. About 620 species are currently known, but we estimate that the
real number of species is 2–4 times higher. A number of currently-recognised widespread species can be expected to harbour
extensive cryptic diversity.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
2.
Ellen E. Strong Olivier Gargominy Winston F. Ponder Philippe Bouchet 《Hydrobiologia》2008,595(1):149-166
The world’s gastropod fauna from continental waters comprises ∼4,000 valid described species and a minimum of 33–38 independent
lineages of Recent Neritimorpha, Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia (including the Pulmonata). The caenogastropod component
dominates in terms of species richness and diversity of morphology, physiology, life and reproductive modes and has produced
several highly speciose endemic radiations. Ancient oligotrophic lakes (e.g., Baikal, Ohrid, Tanganyika) are key hotspots
of gastropod diversity; also noteworthy are a number of lower river basins (e.g., Congo, Mekong, Mobile Bay). But unlike many
other invertebrates, small streams, springs and groundwater systems have produced the most speciose associations of freshwater
gastropods. Despite their ecological importance in many aquatic ecosystems, understanding of even their systematics is discouragingly
incomplete. The world’s freshwater gastropod fauna faces unprecedented threats from habitat loss and degradation and introduced
fishes and other pests. Unsustainable use of ground water, landscape modification and stock damage are destroying many streams
and springs in rural/pastoral areas, and pose the most significant threats to the large diversity of narrow range endemics
in springs and ground water. Despite comprising only ∼5% of the world’s gastropod fauna, freshwater gastropods account for
∼20% of recorded mollusc extinctions. However, the status of the great majority of taxa is unknown, a situation that is exacerbated
by a lack of experts and critical baseline data relating to distribution, abundance, basic life history, physiology, morphology
and diet. Thus, the already considerable magnitude of extinction and high levels of threat indicated by the IUCN Red List
of Threatened Species is certainly a significant underestimate.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers and K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
3.
Helen M. Barber-James Jean-Luc Gattolliat Michel Sartori Michael D. Hubbard 《Hydrobiologia》2008,595(1):339-350
The extant global Ephemeroptera fauna is represented by over 3,000 described species in 42 families and more than 400 genera.
The highest generic diversity occurs in the Neotropics, with a correspondingly high species diversity, while the Palaearctic
has the lowest generic diversity, but a high species diversity. Such distribution patterns may relate to how long evolutionary
processes have been carrying on in isolation in a bioregion. Over an extended period, there may be extinction of species,
but evolution of more genera. Dramatic extinction events such as the K-T mass extinction have affected current mayfly diversity
and distribution. Climatic history plays an important role in the rate of speciation in an area, with regions which have been
climatically stable over long periods having fewer species per genus, when compared to regions subjected to climatic stresses,
such as glaciation. A total of 13 families are endemic to specific bioregions, with eight among them being monospecific. Most
of these have restricted distributions which may be the result of them being the relict of a previously more diverse, but
presently almost completely extinct family, or may be the consequence of vicariance events, resulting from evolution due to
long-term isolation.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
4.
Tardigrada is a phylum closely allied with the arthropods. They are usually less than 0.5 mm in length, have four pairs of
lobe-like legs and are either carnivorous or feed on plant material. Most of the 900+ described tardigrade species are limnoterrestrial
and live in the thin film of water on the surface of moss, lichens, algae, and other plants and depend on water to remain
active and complete their life cycle. In this review of 910 tardigrade species, only 62 species representing13 genera are
truly aquatic and not found in limnoterrestrial habitats although many other genera contain limnoterrestrial species occasionally
found in freshwater.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
5.
Leonard C. FerringtonJr. 《Hydrobiologia》2008,595(1):447-455
Chironomidae are common inhabitants of most aquatic habitats, and often dominate aquatic insect communities in both abundance
and species richness. Species occur in all continents, including Antarctica, and most major oceanic islands that have been
investigated. The family is divided into 11 subfamilies and 22 nominal tribes. Although individual species occur in a wide
range of habitats from terrestrial to fully aquatic, a total of 339 genera and 4,147 species are unambiguously aquatic in
their immature stages. Greatest species and generic richnesses occur in the Palaearctic Region and Nearctic Region, respectively,
but this pattern may largely reflect historical patterns of past taxonomic research efforts.
Guest editors: E.V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
6.
Species that are dependant on, or adapted to, freshwater environments are found in almost all mammalian orders, and two orders,
the Cetacea and the Sirenia, are strictly aquatic and include some freshwater-dependant species. Overall, the aquatic and
freshwater-dependant species represent around 70 of the more than 1,200 living or recent genera of mammals, and occur in all
continents except Antarctica. They include some of the most endangered species of mammals, and several have gone extinct or
become critically endangered in recent decades. One of the main threats is habitat loss or degradation. This chapter provides
an overview of the freshwater species within each order of mammals, their evolutionary history, their relations to humans
and their conservation status.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
7.
Viola Clausnitzer 《African Journal of Ecology》1999,37(4):400-418
A checklist of Odonata has been compiled for Kenya. It is based on an inventory of museum material, publications and personal observations made between 1978 and 1997. Changes of scientific names and synonyms are documented. The list contains 194 valid dragonfly species recorded for Kenya. 相似文献
8.
9.
Michael J. Samways 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2003,12(9):1785-1792
The dragonfly fauna of the 374 km2 island of Mayotte in the western Indian Ocean comprises some widespread African species and some Comoro endemics, and is a biodiversity hotspot. This dragonfly assemblage is under threat from increasing human impact as it creeps up the water courses from the periphery of the island towards the centre. Among these impacts are indigenous tree removal and replacement growth by alien vegetation. An even greater impact and threat is detergent input into streams. The intensity of this impact is so great that the streams and rocks become white. To date, although often the wings and bodies of odonates become stained white with detergent, the dragonfly assemblage appears remarkably tolerant of this impact. However, there is differential impact, with loss of island endemic species in the most impacted areas. In contrast, the geographically widespread and eurytopic species continue to thrive in these impacted areas, at least in the short term. It is urgent to change people's water-usage behaviour, both for their benefit and for the endemic dragonfly assemblage. 相似文献
10.
Georgina Bond-Buckup Carlos G. Jara Marcos Pérez-Losada Ludwig Buckup Keith A. Crandall 《Hydrobiologia》2008,595(1):267-273
The freshwater anomuran crabs of the family Aeglidae are all restricted to southern South America occurring in Chile, Brazil,
Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina. The family consists of a single genus, Aegla, containing 63 currently described species. There are another 5–10 known yet undescribed species to complement this diversity.
The aeglids occur in freshwater lakes, streams, rivers, and in caves with freshwater. The origin of the family appears to
be from marine ancestors from the Pacific invading streams in Chile about 75 mya radiating both in Chile and again on the
eastern side of the Andes, particularly in Brazil. Of the 63 species, 23 or 36.5% are considered under threat and are in need
of conservation action.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
11.
A literature review of Polychaeta (Annelida) including Aphanoneura (the oligochaete-like Aeolosomatidae and Potamodrilidae),
living in freshwater yielded 168 species, 70 genera and 24 families representing all of the major polychaete clades, but less
than 2% of all species. The best-represented families were, in order, Nereididae, Aeolosomatidae, Sabellidae, Spionidae and
Histriobdellidae. Fourteen families were represented by a single species and genus. Regions supporting the highest diversity
of freshwater polychaetes were in order, Palaearctic, Neotropical, Oriental, Nearctic, Australasian, and Afrotropical. More
than half of all species and genera inhabitat lakes and rivers, followed by lagoons/estuaries, which have a high proportion
of euryhaline species, and inland seas. Less common, atypical polychaete habitats include subterranean waters, the hyporheic
zone of rivers and plant container habitats (phytotelmata). At least three distinct ecological/historical processes appear
to account for the colonisation of continental waters: invasion of a clade prior to the break-up of Gondwana, as in Aphanoneura,
Namanereis, Stratiodrilus, and Caobangia; relatively recent stranding of individual species (relicts); and the temporary visitation of euryhaline species.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
12.
Water-dependency appeared independently in several clades of the class Collembola, which is basically of terrestrial origin
according to recent phylogenetic analyses. Though moderately diversified (less than 8,000 species), Collembola are among the
most numerous terrestrial arthropods in wetland communities, with a small number of species living on the surface of water.
Many species are dependent on water-saturated atmosphere of caves, and on snow or ice in high mountains. A total of 525 water-dependent
species have been recognized, of which 103 are linked to free freshwaters and 109 to anchialine or marine waters. Many interstitial
species are also dependent to an unknown extent on water saturation in the deep layers of the soil. The numbers provided here
are underestimates, as Collembola are extremely poorly known outside the Holarctis, and the ecology of described species usually
not documented. However, a general biogeographical pattern is emerging from available data. The most remarkable feature is
that about 15% of the fauna is water-dependent in the holarctic region, compared to 4% in the tropics and southern hemisphere.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
13.
14.
Most ribborn worms (phylum Nemertea) are marine and only 22 of the currently named around 1,200 species are known from freshwater
habitats (mainly lakes/ponds). They are all free-living benthic forms found in all continents except Antarctica. The vast
majority of species have been recorded from the Palearctic region, but this may reflect sampling efforts rather than biogeography.
Guest editors: E.V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
15.
16.
In this article we present a biogeographical assessment of species diversity within the Mysida (Crustacea: Malacostraca: Peracarida)
from inland waters. Inland species represent 6.7% (72 species) of mysid diversity. These species represent three of the four
families within the Mysida (Lepidomysidae, Stygiomysidae, and Mysidae) and are concentrated in the Palaearctic and Neotropical
regions. The inland mysid species distributional patterns can be explained by four main groups representing different freshwater
invasion routes: (1) Subterranean Tethyan relicts (24 spp.); (2) Autochthonous Ponto-Caspian endemics (20 spp.); (3) Mysis spp. ‘Glacial Relicts’ (8 spp.); and (4) Euryhaline estuarine species (20 spp.). The center of inland mysid species diversity
is the Ponto-Caspian region, containing 24 species, a large portion of which are the results of a radiation in the genus Paramysis.
Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers and K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
17.
Sherratt TN Hassall C Laird RA Thompson DJ Cordero-Rivera A 《Journal of evolutionary biology》2011,24(4):810-822
Any population whose members are subject to extrinsic mortality should exhibit an increase in mortality with age. Nevertheless, the prevailing opinion is that populations of adult damselflies and dragonflies do not exhibit such senescence. Here, we challenge this contention by fitting a range of demographic models to the data on which these earlier conclusions were based. We show that a model with an exponential increase in age-related mortality (Gompertz) generally provides a more parsimonious fit than alternative models including age-independent mortality, indicating that many odonates do indeed senesce. Controlling for phylogeny, a comparison of the daily mortality of 35 odonate species indicates that although male and female mortalities are positively correlated, mortality tends to be higher in males of those species that exhibit territoriality. Hence, we show for the first time that territoriality may impose a survivorship cost on males, once the underlying phylogenetic relationships are accounted for. 相似文献
18.
The not yet uploaded Trichoptera World Checklist (TWC) [], as at July 2006, recorded 12,627 species, 610 genera and 46 families of extant and in addition 488 species, 78 genera and
7 families of fossil Trichoptera. An analysis of the 2001 TWC list of present-day Trichoptera diversity at species, generic/subgeneric
and family level along the selected Afrotropical, Neotropical, Australian, Oriental, Nearctic and Palaearctic (as a unit or
assessed as Eastern and Western) regions reveals uneven distribution patterns. The Oriental and Neotropical are the two most
species diverse with 47–77% of the species in widespread genera being recorded in these two regions. Five Trichoptera families
comprise 55% of the world’s species and 19 families contain fewer than 30 species per family. Ten out of 620 genera contain
29% of the world’s known species. Considerable underestimates of Trichoptera diversity for certain regions are recognised.
Historical processes in Trichoptera evolution dating back to the middle and late Triassic reveal that the major phylogenetic
differentiation in Trichoptera had occurred during the Jurrasic and early Cretaceous. The breakup of Gondwana in the Cretaceous
led to further isolation and diversification of Trichoptera. High species endemism is noted to be in tropical or mountainous
regions correlated with humid or high rainfall conditions. Repetitive patterns of shared taxa between biogeographical regions
suggest possible centres of origin, vicariant events or distribution routes. Related taxa associations between different regions
suggest that an alternative biogeographical map reflecting Trichoptera distribution patterns different from the Wallace (The
Geographical Distribution of Animals: With a Study of the Relations of Living and Extinct Faunas as Elucidating the Past Changes
of the Earth’s Surface, Vol. 1, 503 pp., Vol. 2, 607 pp., Macmillan, London, 1876) proposed biogeography patterns should be considered. Anthropogenic development threatens biodiversity and the value of Trichoptera
as important functional components of aquatic ecosystems, indicator species of deteriorating conditions and custodians of
environmental protection are realised. 相似文献
19.
Global diversity of fish (Pisces) in freshwater 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The precise number of extant fish species remains to be determined. About 28,900 species were listed in FishBase in 2005,
but some experts feel that the final total may be considerably higher. Freshwater fishes comprise until now almost 13,000
species (and 2,513 genera) (including only freshwater and strictly peripheral species), or about 15,000 if all species occurring
from fresh to brackishwaters are included. Noteworthy is the fact that the estimated 13,000 strictly freshwater fish species
live in lakes and rivers that cover only 1% of the earth’s surface, while the remaining 16,000 species live in salt water
covering a full 70%. While freshwater species belong to some 170 families (or 207 if peripheral species are also considered),
the bulk of species occur in a relatively few groups: the Characiformes, Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, and Gymnotiformes, the
Perciformes (noteably the family Cichlidae), and the Cyprinodontiformes. Biogeographically the distribution of strictly freshwater
species and genera are, respectively 4,035 species (705 genera) in the Neotropical region, 2,938 (390 genera) in the Afrotropical,
2,345 (440 genera) in the Oriental, 1,844 (380 genera) in the Palaearctic, 1,411 (298 genera) in the Nearctic, and 261 (94
genera) in the Australian. For each continent, the main characteristics of the ichthyofauna are briefly outlined. At this
continental scale, ichthyologists have also attempted to identify ichthyological ‘‘provinces’’ that are regions with a distinctive
evolutionary history and hence more or less characteristic biota at the species level. Ichthyoregions are currently identified
in each continent, except for Asia. An exceptionally high faunal diversity occurs in ancient lakes, where one of the most
noteworthy features is the existence of radiations of species that apparently result from intra-lacustrine speciation. Numerous
fish-species flocks have been identified in various ancient lakes that are exceptional natural sites for the study of speciation.
The major threats to fish biodiversity are intense and have been relatively well documented: overexploitation, flow modification,
destruction of habitats, invasion by exotic species, pollution including the worldwide phenomena of eutrophication and sedimentation,
all of which are interacting.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
20.