基于大型底栖动物群落的上海市河道水质生物学评价

2011年夏秋季,在上海市全境83个河道断面开展了河道底栖动物采样,共获取底栖动物20个分类单位（种）。9个极严重污染断面未采集到活体生物,生境基本丧失。其余74个有活体生物断面,采用三种常用生物指数：Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Hilsenhoff耐污指数、Goodnight修正指数分别进行计算及评价。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数判别为25个严重污染和49个重污染断面;Hilsenhoff耐污指数划分38个重污染、5个中污染和31个轻污染断面;Goodnight修正指数划分33个重污染、2个中污染和39个轻污染断面。与典型河道断面的水质理化指标监测值进行对照,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数对河道水质评价的准确度较低,Hilsenhoff生物指数和Goodnight修正指数的水质评价效率及准确度均较高,断面污染等级与水质理化指标基本对应。     

巢湖流域水质生物学评价——以大型底栖动物为例

由于长期暴露在自然环境中,底栖动物可整合不同时间尺度的物理、化学及生物信息,能反映污染物质对其造成的协同危害特征,因而被广泛应用于水体健康评价。为了弄清巢湖流域水体污染状况,于2009年4月对巢湖流域大型底栖动物进行采样调查。59个采样点中,鉴定出大型底栖动物共23种,其中:环节动物门6种,占26.1%;节肢动物门8种,占34.8%;软体动物门9种,占39.1%。尽管不同栖息环境中底栖动物的优势种有较大变化,但霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)和铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)为整个巢湖流域优势物种。河流综合生物污染指数评价结果表明,巢湖流域水体均已受到不同程度的污染,南淝河的污染程度>白石山河>派河>巢湖湖体>柘皋河>杭埠河>裕溪河>丰乐河,这一结果与水质指标评价结果基本一致。     

An appraisal of a biocontamination assessment method for freshwater macroinvertebrate assemblages; a practical way to measure a significant biological pressure?

Freshwater invasive or alien species (IAS) can have a major impact on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage structure and diversity. This has implications for accurate biological monitoring, the assessment of the ecological quality status of rivers and achievement of Water Framework Directive (WFD) objectives. Although IAS constitutes a major biological pressure to WFD objectives, current approaches to ecological status assessment tend to ignore their presence. This problem is compounded as biotic indices such as the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) score do not distinguish between native and IAS, when IAS tend to be more tolerant of organic pollution than the natives they replace. Biocontamination is the presence of an IAS in a system, and we tested a new method of biocontamination assessment, designed to be used alongside current routine water quality monitoring techniques, by applying it to biological monitoring data from the river monitoring programme of a small Island, The Isle of Man. Although 54% of monitoring sites exhibited no biocontamination, 19% showed low or moderate biocontamination and 27% high or severe biocontamination. Richness contamination was low (only two contaminated families being recorded), but abundance contamination was high in some sites (87% of individuals being IAS). Sites with a greater relative abundance of IAS individuals exhibited lower BMWP water quality. Within invaded sites BMWP monitoring was not responsive to changing chemical water quality, whereas within uninvaded sites it was. In invaded sites, the relative abundance of IAS increased as ammonia and BOD₅ increased. Our study shows current monitoring approaches mask the presence of AIS within assemblages, with some highly biocontaminated sites registering high BMWP biological quality. This new index represents a simple way to integrate the IAS biological pressure into established WFD monitoring programmes, to produce more comprehensive estimates of ecological quality status than are currently being realised.     

Invertebrate food sources for waterbirds provided by the reconstructed wetland of Nyirkai-Hany,northwestern Hungary

Detailed studies of the macroinvertebrate benthos and zooplankton communities in Loch Leven, the largest shallow lowland lake in Scotland, UK, were carried out from 1966 to 1973 as part of the International Biological Programme (IBP). The results revealed a reduction in species diversity that was attributed to increasing eutrophication. This work provides a baseline against which the response of the invertebrate communities to subsequent changes in management can be assessed. This article compares macroinvertebrate benthos and zooplankton data from the IBP study with the post-IBP era during which changes at Loch Leven included a 60% reduction in the phosphorus input from external sources and variations in fish stocking rates. Only in recent years has there been evidence of ecological recovery by the invertebrate communities: the number of macroinvertebrate and zooplankton taxa has increased (including taxa considered to be sensitive to nutrient enrichment) and invertebrate abundances have declined. These changes appear to reflect the improvements in water quality and habitat conditions at Loch Leven that have occurred as a result of the recent reduction in nutrient loads, albeit with a substantial delay before any ecological response could be detected. This time lag in recovery has important implications for assessing improvements in the ecological status of other lake systems, as is required by the EU Water Framework Directive.     

The use of benthic macroinvertebrate families for river quality assessment in Lithuania

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of macroinvertebrate taxa in different sized lowland Lithuanian rivers. A secondary aim was to assess ecological river quality and to determine the most suitable biotic index. A final aim was to determine the most appropriate macroinvertebrate families for river quality assessment in Lithuania. Species composition and quantitative characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrate communities have been investigated using standard kick-sampling method by a standard hand net in 24 different river sites in spring. Physical and chemical environmental parameters were measured in the same study site as the macroinvertebrate sampling. A total of 186 taxa representing 66 families or higher taxonomic ranks of benthic macroinvertebrates have been identified. Water temperature and current velocity influenced the highest number of ivestigated families. Seven of the most tolerant and eleven of the most sensitive macroinvertebrate taxa for hydrochemical parameters related with organic pollution were determined. The DSFI method was founded to be the best index for assessment of ecological status for Lithuanian rivers until more accurate estimation method will be created.     

Benthic macroinvertebrates along the Czech part of the Labe and lower section of the Vltava rivers from 1996–2005, with a particular focus on rare and alien species

In the Czech part of the Labe River and the lower part of the Vltava River, we examined if the benthic macroinvertebrate composition changed from 1996 to 2005 due to expected improvements in water quality resulting from socioeconomic changes in the Czech Republic since the 1990s. Special attention was given to rare and alien species. The four biological metrics used (Number of taxa, BMWP, Number of sensitive taxa, and Number of EPT taxa) demonstrated that there was indeed an improvement in water quality as well as a slight improvement of the Labe microhabitats during the investigated period. An increasing Number of taxa over time was observed at most sites. Two main concurrent ecological processes are recently in progress in the Labe: a recovery of native species and an expansion of alien species, some of which are considered invasive. The caddisfly Setodes punctatus and the beetle Pomatinus substriatus, considered as regionally extinct in the Czech Republic until 2005, were rediscovered during our investigations. Findings of the crustacean Hemimysis anomala (invasive) and the chironomids Stenochironomus sp. and Lipiniella sp. were the first records of these taxa in the Czech Republic.     

Comparative study of diatoms and macroinvertebrates as indicators of severe water pollution: Case study of the Kebena and Akaki rivers in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia

We assessed the relative performance of diatoms and macroinvertebrates to measure municipal and industrial impacts on the ecological integrity of the three major rivers flowing through Addis Ababa. Both community metric and multivariate statistical techniques were used to analyze the environmental variables and species data along the pollution gradient. This study in the Addis Ababa urban area revealed that three biologically highly stressed rivers are being impacted primarily by physical habitat degradation and both point and nonpoint pollution. The macroinvertebrate composition was liable to severe physical habitat and chemical water quality degradation. Consequently, macroinvertebrates were less diverse and not found at all at the most polluted sites with very low dissolved oxygen levels. Based on community metrics and multivariate analysis results, diatoms more reliably indicated a gradient of pollution than macroinvertebrates. However, both organism groups equally discriminated the two relatively unimpacted upstream sites from all other impacted sites. As diatoms are immobile and ubiquitous (i.e., at least a few can be found under almost any condition), they are good indicators of pollution levels among heavily impacted sites where macroinvertebrates are completely absent or less diverse. Therefore, diatoms are the powerful bioindicators for monitoring urban-impacted and seriously stressed rivers and to examine pollution gradients and impacts of specific pollution sources.     

Macrozoobenthos response to environmental degradation in a heavily modified stream: Case study the Upper Elbe River,Czech Republic

Benthic macroinvertebrates are an important indicator of river health. However, their response upon water quality development downstream the pollution outlets considerably depends on the environmental habitat characteristics. Three successive stretches, each of them providing three different mesohabitats in stillwater (S), torrential (T) and riparian (R) zones were selected for evaluation of the impact of altered metapotamal river bed morphology (channelization) and chemical determinants of water quality on the Upper Elbe River. In downstream direction, the stretches are separated by weirs and characterized as a low polluted low modified natural stream (N), a low polluted channelized stream (C) and a channelized polluted stream (CP). Altogether, 111 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa were recorded in the Pardubice hotspot between Němčice and Přelouč. Despite different levels of stream bed and water quality degradation, micro- and mesohabitat characteristics appeared to be the most important factors determining the diversity of macrozoobenthos in riffle (substrate size structure) and in shoreline (macrophyte community composition and structure) mesohabitats. The diversity of macroinvertebrate communities was highest in riparian mesohabitats compared to stillwater and torrential ones. Saprobic indices increased in downstream direction, thus indicating the decline of water quality.     

Large‐scale,long‐term trends in British river macroinvertebrates

Rivers are among the world's most modified ecosystems, with poor water quality representing a prominent problem for over 200 years, especially in urban areas. In Western Europe, however, industrial decline, tighter regulation and improved wastewater treatment have combined over recent decades to create conditions conducive to extensive restoration and positive biological change. Here, we evaluate the river macroinvertebrate fauna of England and Wales in relation to water quality, physical habitat and climate over almost two decades. We predicted that biological recovery would be characterized by: (i) greater taxon richness and prevalence of pollution‐sensitive taxa, (ii) larger changes in more heavily urbanized catchments, and (iii) temporal trends in assemblage structure that correlated with improving water quality. Family level richness increased on average by nearly 20% during 1991–2008, accompanied by a widespread shift towards taxa characteristic of well‐oxygenated and less polluted waters. Changes were largest in the most urbanized catchments. A combination of natural gradients and anthropogenic pressures explained the variation among sites, whereas temporal changes correlated with improving water quality and variations in discharge. Positive trends were not universal, however, and there was localized deterioration in some streams draining upland areas and in the lowland south east. Our results are consistent with a large‐scale ecological recovery of English and Welsh rivers since 1990, probably continuing a trend from the mid‐20th century. Based on these results, we suggest: (i) freshwater communities are resilient to long‐term anthropogenic pressures, (ii) biodiversity benefits can arise from investment and long‐term restoration intended largely to enhance ecosystem services such as drinking water and sanitary concerns, and (iii) long‐term monitoring data collected for statutory purposes–based in this case on nearly 50 000 samples–can address scientific questions at spatial and temporal extents seldom achieved in research programmes.     

广东省6座水库及其入库河流底栖动物调查与综合评价

2010年8月对广东省6座水库及其入库河流的大型底栖无脊椎动物群落进行采样调查,并分别利用Goodnight-Whitley指数和BPI指数对水库及入库河流的水质进行评估。结果表明,水库共检出底栖动物13种,优势种为霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)和八斑多足摇蚊(Polypedilum masudai),种类丰富度变动范围为2～5种,平均密度为277ind/m²,变动范围160～480ind/m²。入库河流的种类丰富度和密度均高于水库,共检出底栖动物28种,优势种为苏氏尾鳃蚓、霍甫水丝蚓、花翅前突摇蚊(Procladius choreus)和河蚬(Corbicula fluminea),种类丰富度变动范围为2～7种,底栖动物平均密度为382ind/m²,变动范围192～816ind/m²。水质评价结果表明,6座水库的水质状况总体良好,但入库河流均受到不同程度的污染,污染较为严重的黄岗河和黄羌河,其水库汤溪水库和公平水库也产生了污染。     

Assessing the suitability of genetic diversity of Chironomus riparius (Meigen) as an indicator of environmental pollution

Reliable and cost-effective indicators are needed to reduce uncertainty in ecological risk assessments of chemicals so that their long-term and evolutionary impacts in the dynamics of stressed biological communities can be accounted for.In the present study we investigate the suitability of genetic diversity as an indicator of ecological disturbance of freshwater ecosystems. For that, we selected three freshwater systems with well-known histories of metal contamination and three nearby reference sites located in Northern Portugal and the effects of metal contamination were assessed both in the levels of genetic diversity of the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius Meigen (at microsatellite markers) and in the diversity and composition of the benthic macroinvertebrate communities.Results showed a remarkable impoverishment in the abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrate communities of metal polluted sites in which most sensitive taxa were eliminated and replaced by more opportunistic ones belonging mainly to Oligochaeta and Diptera. In contrast, no evidence for pollution-induced genetic erosion was found in C. riparius populations in the studied area, with genetic diversity of the species being indeed higher in sites with impoverished macroinvertebrate communities and poor habitat quality.Our findings suggest that there are important limitations to the use of measures of genetic diversity of C. riparius per se to unravel ecological disturbance. Field studies aiming at quantifying pollutant-driven genetic erosion need to carefully consider the ecological and demographic aspects of potential target species.     

Study on ecological protection and rehabilitation technology of a reservoir-type water source in the northeastern region of China

ABSTRACT

Surface water is the main source of water for human life and production. The quality of water affects living conditions and the overall health of people. Ecological protection and restoration engineering technology, combining ecological revetment and an ecological floating bed, is applied to a selected shallow beach experimentation area of a reservoir water source area in Northeast China. According to local conditions, the ecological revetment plants were identified as Goosegrass, sedges, and water grasses, and other local species of Polygonum hydropiper bagen, reeds, and bulrushes were identified as ecological floating bed plants. Regular monitoring of water quality in the experimentation area and a control area showed that the ecological protection and restoration technology can effectively reduce the concentrations of BOD₅ (five day biochemical oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand), TN, NH₃-N, NO₃^?-N, TP, TDP, Mn, Zn, Fe, Pb, total coliforms, and other indicators of surface water in the experimentation area. The BOD₅, COD, Max TN, NH₃-N, NO₃^?-N, TP, and TDP reduction rates were 84.76%, 57.14%, 86.76%, 83.78%, 89.26%, 94.02%, and 95.89%, respectively, with the implementation of water pollution prevention and the purifying shoal.     

Links Between Anthropogenic Perturbations and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Afromontane Forest Streams in Uganda

Relationships between environmental variables and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were investigated among several sites that varied in disturbance history in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, an Afromontane site in East Africa. Environmental variables were correlated with the level of past catchment disturbance – logging, agricultural encroachment, and present tourism activity. For example, sites in medium and high disturbance categories had higher values of specific conductance and lower water transparency than low disturbance category sites, these environmental variables may therefore act indicators of ecological quality of rivers. Environmental variables such as conductivity and water transparency were found to be good predictors of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, with anthropogenically stressed sites having lower diversity than the reference sites. Impacted sites were dominated by tolerant taxa such as chironomid and leeches, while ‘clean water’ taxa such as Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera dominated at minimally impacted sites. Comparison of sites with different disturbance histories provided evidence for differences in benthic macroinvertebrate communities that reflect the state of forest restoration and recovery. We recommend quarterly monitoring of water quality to act as an early warning system of deterioration and tracking ecological recovery of previously impacted sites.     

Response of macroinvertebrates and water quality to long-term decrease in organic pollution in some Estonian streams during 1990–1998

A survey was started in 1990 of the benthic macroinvertebrate community and water quality in some Estonian streams affected by organic pollution, especially the spreading of slurry on fields. The study was expanded during 1991–1998 to involve 47 sampling sites. Long-term dependence was tested using the SAS/GLM contrast statement. All biological indices used (BMWP-ASPT, number of ASPT scoring families (N_ASPT), Danish Fauna Index, Belgian Biotic Index, EPT-index) were significantly related to the degree of organic pollution. Compared with the reference sites, the test sites revealed significantly lower water quality: higher BOD₇, total P and NH₄; lower pH and all hydrobiological indices. Season and stream size at the sampling site (expressed in km from the stream source) had significant effects on both hydrochemical and hydrobiological variables. On the contrary, discharge and precipitation had no significant influence on the studied water quality indicators, with the exception of pH in a few cases. At the same time, all but three variables for the reference and the test sites were different at the beginning of the sampling period; this difference remained only for a few sensitive indices such as ASPT and Danish Fauna Index at the end of the period, indicating general improvement in the environment.     

松花江流域大型底栖动物群落结构与水质评价

【目的】松花江流域是中国最早的工业基地之一,其水生态环境遭到严重破坏,环境保护工作面临巨大挑战。开展松花江流域水质评价及典型生物类群多样性状况调查,可为松花江流域生态系统的保护和修复提供依据。【方法】于2016年7月调查整个松花江流域近岸的大型底栖动物群落组成和测定水质理化指标,开展其水质理化特征评价和生物指数评价,并探讨底栖动物群落分布与水环境因子间的关系。【结果】理化指标评价结果显示,南源松花江水质状况最差,处于中度污染;北源松花江处于轻度污染;梧桐河水质最好,处于良好状态。松花江流域3个河段的底栖动物群落结构存在空间差异性。另外,梧桐河的物种多样性最高,北源松花江次之,南源松花江最低。溶解氧和营养元素K的浓度是驱动底栖动物群落组成发生显著性差异的主要环境因子。生物指数评价结果显示,3个河段水质均处于轻度污染状态。【结论】松花江流域水质处于轻度到中度污染状态。有机污染是松花江流域面临的主要水质环境问题,对松花江流域底栖动物群落结构产生了显著影响。因此,控制有机质的输入是维持松花江流域水生态系统平衡的重要举措之一。     

The invertebrate fauna of a physically modified urban river

The typical urban river is affected by various factors relating to water quality problems, physical habitat modification (for flood prevention) and flashy flows. These restrict macroinvertebrate biodiversity such that a few tolerant taxa may dominate and more sensitive organisms may be completely absent. This paper presents the findings of a year long, macroinvertebrate survey of an urban river catchment and investigates the effects of physical habitat modification on macroinvertebrates using various analytical tools. It is demonstrated that considerable variation in invertebrate species, abundance, diversity and tolerance exists between different urban rivers, sites on the same river and individual sites at different sampling times. Analysis of paired sites with similar water quality, but contrasting physical habitat, indicates that less modified sites support a slightly higher quality macroinvertebrate fauna (defined by biotic score and beta diversity) than heavily engineered sites. It is concluded that water quality is the primary limiting factor of invertebrate biodiversity in the heavily urbanized River Tame catchment. The removal of heavy engineering structures may facilitate improvements to invertebrate fauna in urban rivers only in conjunction with improvements to water quality.     

The combined effects of treated sewage discharge and land use on rivers

Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly threatened by multiple anthropogenic stressors. Release of treated sewage effluent and pollution from agricultural or urban sources can independently reduce water quality with implications for ecological communities. However, our knowledge of the combined effects of these stressors is limited. We performed a field study to quantify the combined effect of treated sewage discharge and land use on nutrient concentrations, sewage fungus presence and communities of macroinvertebrates and benthic algae. Over three seasons in four rivers we found that a model which included an interaction between sewage pollution and time of the year (i.e. months) was the best predictor of nutrient concentrations and the abundance of algae and sewage fungus. Both macroinvertebrate and algae communities shifted downstream of sewage input. Specifically, more tolerant groups, such as cyanobacteria and oligochaetes, were more abundant. The EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Tricoptera) water quality score was best explained by an interaction between month and agriculture in the surrounding landscape. Overall, our results show that sewage discharge has a significant impact on water quality and benthic riverine communities, regardless of the surrounding land uses. Agricultural inputs, however, could be more important than treated sewage discharge in reducing the abundance of sensitive invertebrate taxa. We need both improvements to wastewater treatment processes and reductions in agricultural pollution to reduce threats to vulnerable freshwater communities.     

One decade of benthic macroinvertebrate biomonitoring in the River Meuse

The benthic macroinvertebrate community of the River Meuse was studied at four locations in Belgium and The Netherlands from 1983–1993. Macroinvertebrates were collected from artificial substrates, placed near the river bottom from June–August. The results were analyzed using autecological information. At an upstream sampling site in the Belgian Ardennes (Hastière) the most diverse fauna was found. One quarter of the taxa found at this site are known to be confined to running waters and none of the dominant or subdominant taxa could be characterized as a specialized riverine taxon. These findings indicate an impoverished riverine fauna. This was especially the case in years with low discharge, indicating a delicately balanced ecosystem, easily susceptible to disturbances in the environment. Further downstream, in the heavily industrialized region of Liège (Hermalle) and just across the Belgian-Dutch border (Borgharen) the macroinvertebrate fauna consisted of taxa tolerating severe organic pollution. The ecosystem at these sites is on the brink of collapse. Recent results indicate an improvement of this situation at Borgharen. The macroinvertebrate fauna in the lowland reach (Keizersveer) indicates ecological recovery. It is concluded that abatement of the severe pollution must be the first step for an ecological rehabilitation of the degraded ecosystem and for the safe drinking water supply for millions of people in Belgium and The Netherlands.This article is dedicated to my friend and colleague Nicole Frantzen, who died in 1992 at the age of 27.     

Macroinvertebrate community structure,secondary production and trophic‐level dynamics in urban streams affected by non‐point‐source pollution

1. Despite non‐point‐source (NPS) pollution being perhaps the most ubiquitous stressor affecting urban streams, there is a lack of research assessing how urban NPS pollution affects stream ecosystems. We used a natural experimental design approach to assess how stream macroinvertebrate community structure, secondary production and trophic structure are influenced by urban NPS pollution in six streams. 2. Differences in macroinvertebrate community structure and secondary production among sites were highly correlated with stream‐water specific conductivity and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations. Macroinvertebrate richness, the Shannon diversity index and the Shannon evenness index were all negatively correlated with specific conductivity. These patterns were driven by differences in the richness and production of EPT and other intolerant taxa. Production of the five most productive taxa, tolerant taxa, non‐insect taxa and primary consumers were all positively correlated with stream‐water DIP. 3. Despite the positive correlation between primary consumer production and DIP, there was no correlation between macroinvertebrate predator production and either total or primary consumer macroinvertebrate production. This was observed because DIP was positively correlated with the production of non‐insect macroinvertebrate taxa assumed to be relatively unavailable for macroinvertebrate predator consumption. After removing production of these taxa, we observed a strong positive correlation between macroinvertebrate predator production and production of available prey. 4. Our results suggest that urban NPS pollution not only affects macroinvertebrate community structure, but also alters secondary production and trophic‐level dynamics. Differences in taxon production in our study indicate the potential for altered energy flow through stream food webs and potential effects on subsidies of aquatic insect prey to riparian food webs.     

Heavy metals in water,sediments and invertebrates from a metal-contaminated river free of organic pollution

A study was made of water, sediments and invertebrates in the R. Derwent, North-East England, at one site above and three sites below a stream bringing in high concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb derived from an active fluorspar mine. The mean concentrations of these metals in filtrable water at the unpolluted site were 0.020, <0.0003, 0.005 mg l^-1, respectively, while those at the first polluted site were 0.29, 0.0006, 0.016 mg l^-1. The benthic macroinvertebrate fauna was dominated by insects; all taxa present at the unpolluted site were represented at one or more of the polluted sites. In almost all cases the elevated concentrations of metals in water and sediments at polluted sites were paralleled by higher concentrations in animals. Significant positive correlations were demonstrated between metal concentrations in certain taxa and those in their environment e.g. Ecdyonurus venosus and aqueous Pb. Mayflies tended to concentrate Zn, Cd and Pb to higher levels than other groups. Comparison of carnivorous species with other taxa revealed no indication of increased metal concentrations at higher trophic levels.