北京房山大足鼠耳蝠食鱼性及回声定位信号

大足鼠耳蝠 (Myotisricketti)具有食鱼蝙蝠的形态特征 ,但食鱼习性待考。以北京房山种群为对象 ,夜间在洞口悬挂雾网 ,捕获取食返洞大足鼠耳蝠共 18只 ,胃检发现 7例全为鱼类 (宽鳍 ,鲫鱼和洛氏 ) ,10例以鱼类为主 ,仅 1例全为昆虫。室内实验观察到捕鱼行为 2 5 6次 ,成功率 12 5 %。如此 ,该种具食鱼习性的猜测得到证实。回声定位信号属调频型 ,扫频范围从 6 7 4 0kHz到 2 3 6 3kHz ,主频 (38 2 1± 1 18)kHz ,声信号时程 (2 5 8± 0 34)ms。这些特征具有一定的物种特异性     

两种鼠耳蝠回声定位叫声的比较

对鼠耳蝠属两种蝙蝠飞行状态下的声发射进行了比较研究.结果表明两种鼠耳蝠声发射信号的声谱图都呈调频(FM)型,但在波形及频率范围上有明显差异.大鼠耳蝠(四川亚种)的声脉冲宽度很小(1.6±0.3ms),能率环较低(4.0%),其主频率(DF=44.6±4.3kHz)也较低;而水鼠耳蝠的声脉冲宽度较大(4.2±1.6ms),能率环(9.6%)及主频率(DF=83.0±4.0kHz)也较高.文中结合两种蝙蝠的形态及食性分析了回声定位对捕食生境及捕食策略的适应性.     

大足鼠耳蝠的翼型和回声定位声波特征

大足鼠耳蝠(Myotis ricketti Thomas,1894)属翼手目(Chiroptera),蝙蝠科(Vespertilionidae),鼠耳蝠属(Myotis).     

普氏蹄蝠(Hipposideros pratti)回声定位声波、形态及捕食策略

研究了普氏蹄蝠（Hipposideros pratti)不同状态（飞行,悬挂）下的回声定位声波特征,形态特征和生态特征（捕食策略,捕食地和食物类型）。结果表明,普氏蹄蝠的回声定位声波为CF－FM型,在不同状态下,主频率有一定的差异,飞行状态的主频率略低于悬挂状态,表明普氏蹄蝠是利用多谱勒补偿效应来适应飞行速度引起的主频率变化,以进行准确的定位和有效的捕食;同时飞行状态下声脉冲时间,声脉冲间隔时间及FM带宽略低于悬挂状态,而声脉冲重复率和能率环略主于悬挂状态,表明普氏蹄蝠在不同状态下利用不同特征的声波进行捕食,由回声定位声波推断和野外观察可知,普氏蹄蝠可能在树冠周围以盘旋方式（在昆虫高峰期）或以捕蝇器式（在昆虫高峰期这后）捕食中等偏大的振翅昆虫（如甲虫）。     

大足鼠耳蝠的分布

首次报道北京、成都和广东发现大足鼠耳蝠,并结合文献对其形态特征及其在我国现有分布区进行了描述。     

食鱼蝙蝠——大足鼠耳蝠初报

大足鼠耳蝠属蝙蝠科,为中国特有种类。食性分析和野外观察证实大足鼠耳蝠为食鱼蝙蝠。室内放养条件下发现大足鼠耳蝠一次进食能连续消耗5．0—10．0g麦穗鱼。本研究首次报道北京房山亦有大足鼠耳蝠分布,并介绍了其地理分布和保护现状。     

湖南省蝙蝠新纪录——大足鼠耳蝠

于湖南省永州市铜岩洞采集到14只蝙蝠,经鉴定为大足鼠耳蝠(Myotis ricketti),为湖南省翼手目新纪录.本文报道了该物种体型和头骨特征,并与浙江和安徽样本进行比较.大足鼠耳蝠发出典型的下扫调频声波,其低峰频、短时程的声波特征以及强壮的后足和锋利的爪等形态特征与其在水面"拖网式(trawhng)"捕食鱼类的捕食...     

普氏蹄蝠(Hipposideros pratti)回声定位声波、形态及捕食策略

研究了普氏蹄蝠(Hipposideros pratti)不同状态(飞行、悬挂)下的回声定位声波特征、形态特征和生态特征(捕食策略、捕食地和食物类型).结果表明,普氏蹄蝠的回声定位声波为CFFM型,在不同状态下,主频率有一定的差异,飞行状态的主频率略低于悬挂状态,表明普氏蹄蝠是利用多谱勒补偿效应来适应飞行速度引起的主频率变化,以进行准确的定位和有效的捕食;同时飞行状态下声脉冲时间、声脉冲间隔时间及FM带宽略低于悬挂状态,而声脉冲重复率和能率环略高于悬挂状态,表明普氏蹄蝠在不同状态下利用不同特征的声波进行捕食.由回声定位声波推断和野外观察可知,普氏蹄蝠可能在树冠周围以盘旋方式(在昆虫高峰期)或以捕蝇器式(在昆虫高峰期之后)捕食中等偏大的振翅昆虫(如甲虫).     

大趾鼠耳蝠回声定位声波特征与分析

在12 m×4 m×4 m的围网内录制大趾鼠耳蝠(Myotis macrodactylus)飞行与悬挂状态下的回声定位声波,使用双尾t-检验对不同状态下的声波参数进行差异显著性分析.结果表明,大趾鼠耳蝠回声定位声波为短的、宽带的且能量主要集中在第1谐波的调频型声波,伴有1-2个谐波.第1谐波起始频率、带宽和声脉冲间隔在飞行与悬挂状态下具有显著差异(P<0.05).回声定位声波飞行状态下的第1谐波终止频率、带宽、声脉冲持续时间和声脉冲间隔均存在性别差异,而主频率没有显著的性别差异.回声定位声波的这些特征及差异体现了对其捕食生境、捕食策略及通讯行为的适应.     

大卫鼠耳蝠回声定位声波、翼型特征及夏季食性分析

2005 ～2009年,野外采集大卫鼠耳蝠(Myotis davidii)的回声定位声波、翼型数据及粪便样本,分析了其回声定位声波、翼型特征和夏季食性.结果表明,大卫鼠耳蝠回声定位声波主频为(60.4±10.0)kHz (Mean±SD),带宽为(54.7±8.5)kHz,能率环为7.4％±3.5％;翼展比为6.2±0...     

Postnatal development in the big-footed bat,Myotis macrodactylus: wing morphology,echolocation calls,and flight

We studied the postnatal development of wing morphology and echolocation calls during flight in a free-ranging population of the big-footed bat, Myotis macrodactylus, using the mark-recapture methodology. Young bats were reluctant to move until 7 days of age and started fluttering at a mean age of 10 days. The wingspan and wing area of pups followed a linear pattern of growth until 22 days of age, by which time the young bats exhibited flapping flight, with mean growth rates of 0.62 mm/day and 3.15 mm²/day, for wingspan and area, respectively, after which growth rates decreased. Pups achieved sustained flight at 40 days of age. Of the three nonlinear growth models (logistic, Gompertz, and von Bertalanffy), the logistic equation provided the best fit to the empirical curves for wingspan and wing area. Neonates emitted long echolocation calls with multiple harmonics. The duration of calls decreased significantly between flutter (19 days) and flight (22 days) stages. The peak and start frequency of calls increased significantly over the 3-week period of development, but the terminal frequency did not change significantly over the development period.     

Flight performance, foraging tactics and echolocation in the trawling insectivorous bat Myotis adversus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

The bat Myotis adversus hunts for prey by aerial hawking and by taking prey from the water surface with its feet (trawling). The flight performance and echolocation of this species were studied in Queensland, Australia, and comparisons were made with Myotis daubentoni , a bat filling a similar ecological niche in the Palaearctic Region. The bats foraged in very similar ways, using the same foraging tactics and feeding in similar habitats, yet they were not geometrically similar in shape. The slightly larger Myotis adversus had relatively larger wings than M. daubentoni , conferring a slightly lower wing-loading. Nevertheless, M. adversus flew faster than M. daubentoni during the searching phase of foraging. Myotis daubentoni turned in tighter circles than M. adversus . Both species used short frequency-modulated (FM) echolocation calls of a characteristic sigmoidal structure, and nulls typically observed in the calls were an observational artefact. Myotis adversus also adopted an unusual 'long'FM call while foraging. The relations between echolocation frequencies and body size were explored in male M. adversus . Specialized morphological and acoustic adaptations for prey capture by trawling in insectivorous bats are discussed.     

海南岛发现大足鼠耳蝠分布新记录

在2004年的海南岛野外调查中,于陵水黎族自治县吊罗山(N18°43′～18°58′,E109°43′～110°03′)和海口市(N19°57′～20°05′,E110°10′～110°23′)火山口地区的洞穴中分别采集到26只和1只大足鼠耳蝠(MyotisrickettiThomas,1894)标本,其外形测量值如表1。本次采集到的标     

北京地区大足鼠耳蝠主要食物及其食性组成的季节变化

20 0 2年 5月至 2 0 0 3年 11月初 (冬眠期除外 ) ,约每两周一次 (每次调查持续 1- 2晚 )于北京房山霞云岭乡四合村蝙蝠洞 (115°5 9′N ,39°4 3′E)捕捉觅食后返洞的大足鼠耳蝠 (Myotisricketti) ,通过 2 8次野外调查收集了 342个粪便样品 ,分析了其食物组成的频率差异。北京地区大足鼠耳蝠主要捕食宽鳍 (Zaccoplaty pus) (在总样品中的频率为 6 0 2 % )、鲫鱼 (Carassiusauratus) (5 8% )和洛氏 (Phoxinuslagowskii) (2 3% )三种淡水鱼 ;还捕食至少 7个目的昆虫 ,分别为鞘翅目 (2 0 2 % )、鳞翅目 (12 6 % )、同翅目 (9 6 % )、蜉蝣目(4 1% )、半翅目 (5 6 % )、双翅目 (3 5 % )和膜翅目 (2 6 % )。两年中三种淡水鱼的总频率与昆虫的总频率差异显著 ;年内数据比较显示 ,鱼类和昆虫频率 2 0 0 2年差异不显著 ,2 0 0 3年差异显著。大足鼠耳蝠雨季和旱季食物种类基本无差异 ,但鱼类和昆虫在其食物组成中有年内波动 ,即大足鼠耳蝠旱季多以鱼类为食 ,雨季捕获昆虫的数量相对增加。据两年的研究结果 ,证实北京房山霞云岭大足鼠耳蝠的食物主要组成部分是三种鱼类 ,而宽鳍为主要食物成分的原因是其多在水体浅层活动而易被大足鼠耳蝠捕获。从能量收支平衡的角度推测大足鼠耳蝠在雨季捕食昆虫可能     

Substrate-gleaning versus aerial-hawking: plasticity in the foraging and echolocation behaviour of the long-eared bat,Myotis evotis

The foraging and echolocation behaviour of Myotis evotis was investigated during substrate-gleaning and aerial-hawking attacks. Bats gleaned moths from both the ground and a bark-covered trellis, however, they were equally adept at capturing flying moths. The calls emitted by M. evotis during substrate-gleaning sequences were short, broadband, and frequency-modulated (FM). Three behavioural phases were identified: search, hover, and attack. Gleaning search calls were significantly longer in duration, lower in highest frequency, and larger in bandwidth than hover/attack calls. Calls were detected in only 68% of gleaning sequences, and when they were emitted, bats ceased calling 200 ms before attacking. Terminal feeding buzzes, the rapid increase in pulse repetition rate associated with an attempted prey capture, were never recorded during gleaning attacks. The echolocation calls uttered by M. evotis during aerial-hawking foraging sequences were also short duration, high frequency, FM calls. Two distinct acoustic phases were identified: approach and terminal. Approach calls were significantly different from terminal calls in all variables measured. Calls were detected in 100% of aerial-hawking attacks and terminal feeding buzzes were invariably produced. Gleaning hover/attack calls were spectrally similar to aerial approach calls, but were shorter in duration and emitted at a significantly lower (but constant) repetition rate than aerial signals. Although the foraging environment (flight cage contents) remained unchanged between tasks (substrate-gleaning vs. aerial-hawking), bats emitted significantly lower amplitude calls while gleaning. We conclude that M. evotis adjusts its echolocation behaviour to meet the perceptual demands (acoustical constraints) imposed by each foraging situations.Abbreviations BW bandwidth - CF constant frequency - dB SPL decibels sound pressure level - FM frequency modulated - HF highest frequency - LF lowest frequency - PF peak frequency Presented at the meeting Acoustic Images in Bat Sonar, a conference on FM echolocation honoring Donald R. Griffin's contributions to experimental biology (June 14–16, Brown University, Providence RI).     

Variations in the echolocation calls of the European free-tailed bat

The echolocation calls of Tadarida teniotis were studied in an outdoor flight enclosure (captive individuals) and in the wild using single microphones or an array of four microphones. Calls were characterized by measures of 10 call variables. Comparison of individual calls recorded on four microphones arrayed in a tetrahedron with 1 m between each microphone revealed that all calls were not equally detectable by all microphones but that there were no significant differences in call features obtained from calls recorded on all four microphones. A comparison of 47 calls recorded by all four microphones showed no significant differences in the features of the four recordings of each call. Analysis of calls of five individuals flying individually in an outdoor flight cage revealed significant individual differences in call features. In the field, T. teniotis used long, narrowband search-phase calls, usually without harmonics. Analysis of 1876 search-phase echolocation calls of T. teniotis recorded in the field in Israel and Greece in 2002, 2005 and 2006 showed significant year-to-year and site-to-site differences in some call features. When flying in the presence of conspecifics, T. teniotis changed their echolocation calls. We found a range of different buzzes in the wild, and based on their structure we attempted to classify them as feeding and social buzzes. The features of individual calls comprising buzzes differed significantly among buzzes, and yet there were no consistent differences between what we classified as feeding and social buzzes.     

Distribution and ultrastructure of Merkel cell of the fishing bat (Myotis ricketti)

The distribution and ultrastructure of Merkel cells were described in detail in piscivorous bats through immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The findings indicated that Merkel cells are commonly found in raised-domes,hair follicles and in the basal epidermis of the skin from their back,abdomen,intercrural membranes,wing membranes and footpads. However,the density of Merkel cells is significantly higher in the footpad than in other places. These results suggested that there ...