高寒草甸灭鼠后鼠兔和鼢鼠数量恢复的数学模型

灭鼠后残鼠种群的恢复研究具有重要意义。为使防治工作更有效,1976—1980年,我们在青海省门源县海北高寒草甸生态系统定位研究站调查了高原鼠兔和中华鼢鼠的种群恢复过程,发现灭鼠后残鼠数量按逻辑斯蒂曲线增长。 残鼠数量恢复时间t与种群返回时间t_r呈正比。灭鼠后数量恢复时间可按下式估计: 每年杀灭种群一定比例,残鼠数量恢复的数学模型如下; 每年杀灭一定数量,残鼠数量恢复的模型如下: 高原鼠兔和中华鼢鼠的残鼠种群恢复速度不同。根据上述数学模型估计,高原鼠兔数量恢复较快,丽中华鼢鼠较慢,因此,其最适灭鼠率也不相同。若每年杀灭一次,对于高原鼠兔,杀灭率必须在80％以上,对于中华鼢鼠,必须在70％以上。     

101-粘鼠胶灭鼠试验

作为主要消灭害鼠的化学药物,由于长期大面积的使用,鼠的耐药性相继出现,导致灭鼠效果显著下降。加之化学药物有毒,对人畜等不安全,在城市居民区及食品行业灭鼠,还存在一定的困难。为此,我们于1980年4月至1981年10月进行了101-粘鼠胶的研制与灭鼠效果试验。现将试验结果整理如下:     

城镇灭鼠后鼠类种群数量的恢复及其控制对策的探讨

根据室内繁殖和野外调查获得的生态学数据及种群参数,从理论上分析我国南方城镇主要害鼠（褐家鼠、小家鼠、黄胸鼠）种群的数量恢复动态．研究不同杀灭效果和杀灭时间间隔对种群恢复的影响。并从实践出发,提出城镇灭鼠后控制害鼠种群数量恢复的措施,以达到长期控制城镇害鼠的目标。     

杀鼠灵灭鼠试验

杀鼠灵(Warfarin)是香豆素类抗凝血灭鼠剂,我们于1984年3—5月对2.5/万的杀鼠灵毒饵的灭鼠效果作了初步试验观察,结果如下。 (一)小现场灭鼠效果 为开展大面积灭鼠工作积累经验,在本所实验动物房(约200平方米)作灭鼠效果观察,投药前用食饵消耗法测定鼠密度,然后投放毒饵65堆,每堆20克,每天补充消耗的毒饵,连续投放8天,过10天后再用食饵消耗法测定鼠密度,结果灭鼠率达87.5％,投放毒饵第3天拣到死鼠1只,第4天9只,第5天6只,第6天5     

灭鼠后黄毛鼠种群回升动态及防治时机的研究

1987年不同时期灭鼠试验结果表明,全年必须全面灭鼠两次。第一次灭鼠宜选在冬春季节的二月中旬,防治效果好,鼠量恢复时间四至五个月。第二次灭鼠应在八月份进行,同时在九月份水稻孕穗期对早熟田块进行局部补充灭鼠,以控制重鼠害田块的出现。鼠量恢复时间只有三个月。     

草颗粒灭鼠诱饵的性能

草颗粒原是把牧草加工成颗粒饲料饲喂牲畜的,我们于1975—1978年先后在内蒙、甘肃等地用它作诱饵对布氏田鼠(Microtus brandti)、达乌尔黄鼠(Citellus dauricus)、高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)和长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)作了灭鼠试验。试验表明,在我国北方草原上可以用草颗粒代粮灭一些草食性鼠类。实践中遇到一些问题,有必要了解草颗粒的性能,几年来就影响草颗粒灭鼠效果的有关因素作了试验,现整理如下。     

化学灭鼠对长江流域农区鼠类群落结构的影响

长江流域农业生态系统内,农田的主要害鼠为褐家鼠、黑线姬鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠、东方田鼠等,各地的鼠种组成有所不同,优势鼠种也因地而异。农房区的害鼠主要有褐家鼠、小家鼠、黄胸鼠3种,优势鼠种各地亦有区别。但经化学灭鼠后的残留鼠种却有一共同的特点：灭鼠活动对褐家鼠种群的打击最大,灭后褐家鼠种群密度下降幅度最大;相对而言,小型鼠黑线姬鼠（农田区）与小家鼠（农舍区）及栖息在房屋上层的黄胸鼠,常成为灭鼠活动后的主要残留鼠种。化学灭鼠后鼠类群落结构比灭前都要发生较大的变化,这种差别中维持3a左右,但经过3-4a左右的恢复后,灭鼠区的鼠类群落组成与相似环境内自然演变区的已达基本一致。可见,化学灭鼠活动可以在短时间内对害鼠群落结构造成重大的影响,从长期看,害鼠群落的演变有着自身的规律,灭鼠后一定时期,鼠类群落结构将恢复到环境所决定的水平,灭鼠区的长期演替结构仍与相似环境内未灭鼠区的一样。     

广东省农田灭鼠技术的推广与效果

近年来广东省农田鼠害发生范围广,面积大,为害严重,已成为农业生产的重要灾害之一。通过开展对农田害鼠的调查研究和鼠情监测,掌握农田害鼠的发生动态和发展趋势,以及害鼠的活动、为害和取食特性等,为灭鼠提供科学依据。同时组织农田灭鼠技术宣传普及和培训工作,广泛开展统一灭鼠活动,大力推广抗凝血类杀鼠剂毒杀为主的综合治理农田鼠害技术,并改进了毒杀时机、毒饵配制和投毒方法等技术,提高了灭鼠的科学性和毒杀效果,取得了较为明显的经济生态和社会效益。     

C型肉毒梭菌毒素杀灭高原鼠兔的研究

本文报道用C型肉毒梭菌毒素杀灭高原鼠兔的试验,冬季灭鼠效果达98%。作为一种新的杀鼠剂,具有毒性强、用量少、成本低、残效期短、无二次中毒、不污染环境、对人畜安全、使用方便等优点。是我国首次用生物毒素灭鼠成功的试验,打开了生物灭鼠的新途径。     

灭鼠特毒杀黄胸鼠的效果试验

为考核灭鼠特（Thiosemicarbazide）毒杀黄脑鼠（Rattus flavipectus）的效果,我们于1984年4月及8月进行了试验,简报如下。     

Role of male scent glands in improving poison bait acceptance in female rats,Rattus norvegicus

The poison (Zn3P2) bait mixed with preputial gland and cheek gland extract was highly effective as compared to poison bait mixed without the scent gland extract, in increasing the food consumption and mortality rate in rats. Among these two scent glands, preputial gland extract was more effective than cheek gland extract in increasing the bait acceptance. The scent gland extract mixed with poison bait was capable of improving the poison bait acceptance. A 10% concentration of scent gland extract was more effective than 5% concentration in acceptance of poison bait. The results suggest efficacy of scent gland in improving the poison bait acceptance.     

The effectiveness of poison bait stations at reducing ship rat abundance during an irruption in a Nothofagus forest

Abstract

Ship rats exhibit large increases in abundance (irruptions) following heavy beech seedfall in New Zealand's Nothofagus forests. Predation by rats at high density severely damages native fauna populations. In 2006 the Department of Conservation undertook a management experiment in the Eg‐linton Valley to see if they could protect endangered species during a rat irruption. Poison (0.15% 1080, followed by 0.0375% coumatetralyl, or Racumin®) was laid in bait stations, and the consequences for rat abundance and survival were estimated. All 10 radio‐tagged rats died, suggesting that 1080 had a high impact on the rat population. The two rats that made the smallest daily movements survived longer than the others. Live trapping documented a reduced abundance of rats within the poison area (450 ha) after 1 month of poisoning. However, after 4 months of poisoning, the abundance of rats had begun to recover. Further investigation is needed on acceptance of Racumin® to rats, optimum spacing of bait stations for rats, and bait competition between rats and mice when densities of both species are high.     

Conditioned taste aversion in lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis

The lesser bandicoot rat after ingesting a sublethal dose of 0.025% zinc phosphide, in preferred food millet (Pennisetum typhoides) grains, for 4 days, showed aversion for 5-6 days towards plain millet offered in choice with the less preferred sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) grains. The aversion response to nontoxic bait was stronger (aversion index greater than 0.7) for first 3-4 days in individual and for 1-2 days in paired rats. 100% or more shift in aversion index from pre-treatment to post-treatment periods indicated that the aversive and naive partners of the heterosexual and unisexual female pairs mutually influence the feeding preferences of each other as a result of which they showed aversion for first 2-3 days to the plain food in which poison was given to one of the partner earlier.     

Eradication of Norway Rats for Recovery of Seabird Habitat on Langara Island, British Columbia

Introduced Rattus norvegicus (Norway rats) caused the decline of Synthliboramphus antiquus (ancient murrelets) and other seabirds breeding on Langara Island (approximately 3,100 ha), British Columbia. Using funds from the litigation settlement following the Nestucca oil spill, Environment Canada eradicated Norway rats using a technique developed in New Zealand which involved dispensing wax baits containing the anticoagulant brodifacoum at 50 ppm from fixed bait stations. Bait stations were placed every 75 to 100 m on a grid over the entire island (1 station/ha). Rats removed bait for 26 days, after which crews placed baits in protective plastic bags in each bait station. Stations loaded with baits were left on the island and rechecked four times over 2 years, after which bait stations and remaining bait were removed. The eradication succeeded. No signs of rats have been detected on Langara Island and its associated islands since January 1996. No rats were trapped during 1,700 trap‐nights following the poison campaign. Incisor marks of rats were not found on apples or oil‐dipped chew‐sticks. Corvus corax (common ravens) likely suffered greater than 50% mortality from the eradication after apparently gaining access to the poison directly from bait stations and from scavenging rat carcasses. A monitoring and response system is being developed in conjunction with current users of the islands. The success on Langara Island demonstrates how the technique proven on small New Zealand islands of less than 300 ha can be effectively extrapolated to much larger islands.     

Sprouting of the fructan- and starch-storing geophyte Lachenalia minima: Effects on carbohydrate and water content within the bulbs

N-linked glycans of wall-bound exo- β -glucanases from mung bean and barley seedlings, namely Mung-ExoI and Barley-ExoII, were characterized. The N-linked glycans of Mung-ExoI and Barley-ExoII were liberated by gas-phase hydrazinolysis followed by re-N-acetylation. Their structures were determined by two-dimensional sugar-mapping analysis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. N-glycans from both glucanases were of paucimannosidic-type (small complex-type) structures, Man α 1-6(±Man α 1-3)(Xyl β 1-2)Man β 1-4GlcNAc β 1-4(±Fuc α 1-3) GlcNAc, which are known as typical vacuole-type N-glycans. The results suggest that N-glycans of cell-wall glucanase were produced by partial trimming of complex-type N-glycans by exoglycosidases during its transport from Golgi apparatus to cell walls or in the cell walls.     

Influence of the proportion of (−) α-pinene in pheromone bait on Ips typographus (Col., Scolytidae) catch in pheromone trap barriers and in single traps

Abstract:  Further possibilities of increasing catch efficiency of Ips typographus L. in pheromone trap barriers with two different levels of release of (4S)- cis -verbenol (cV) and in single traps were tested. Pheromone mixtures containing cV, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB) and 0, 1, 10, 35, 60 and 90% (−) α -pinene were prepared. Basically, MB was successively replaced by (−) α -pinene in the mixtures. Tests were performed on the edge of a spruce forest when outbreaks of I. typographus occurred. The substitution of MB with (−) α -pinene had different effects in different types of pheromone trap barriers and in single traps. It is not possible to increase the attractiveness of the bait having a higher percentage of cV by supplementing a certain percentage of MB with (−) α -pinene. The catch of I. typographus decreased with an increase in the percentage of (−) α -pinene in the bait. It is possible to increase the attractiveness of the bait having a lower percentage of cV by supplementing certain percentages of MB with (−) α -pinene. A slight synergistic effect of (−) α -pinene with MB/cV mixture is visible in this type of bait. In the case of single traps, supplementing MB with (−) α -pinene possibly causes a slight synergistic effect. An increase in the percentage of (−) α -pinene increases the percentage of males in the catch.     

Characterization and isolation of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">L</Emphasis>-to-<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">D</Emphasis>-amino-acid-residue isomerase from platypus venom

Summary. Platypus venom contains an isomerase that reversibly interconverts the second amino-acid residue in some peptides between the L-form and the D-form. The enzyme acts on the natriuretic peptides OvCNPa and OvCNPb, and on the defensin-like peptides DLP-2 and DLP-4, but it does not act on DLP-1. While the isomerization of DLP-2 to DLP-4 is inhibited by the amino-peptidase inhibitor amastatin, it is not affected by the leucine amino-peptidase inhibitor bestatin. The enzyme, that is only present in minute quantities in an extract of the venom gland, is thermally stable up to 55 °C, and it was found by anion-exchange chromatography to be acidic. Isolation of the isomerase was carried out by combined ion-exchange chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).     

Large-Scale Poisoning of Ship Rats (

This paper describes the impact of nine poison operations on ship rats in four areas (35 ha to 3200 ha) of North Island forest. Poisoning with 1080, brodifacoum, or pindone killed 87- 100% of rats, based on trapping and tracking-tunnel indices. Rat populations took 4-5 months to recover. Operations to protect nesting birds should therefore coincide with the onset of nesting and be rePeated each year, although not necessarily with the same methods. Population reduction declined each year at Mapara, King Country, during three annual 1080 operations which used the same lures and baits, but remained high at Kaharoa, Bay of Plenty, where poison toxicity was higher, non- toxic bait was pre-fed, and poisoning methods varied each year. Mouse tracking rates increased in poisoned forests 3-6 months after poisoning if the initial kill of rats exceeded 90%, Peaked 7-9 months after poisoning, then declined to pre-poison levels. Future research should focus on how prey and non-prey species within a forest community respond to a temporary reduction in rat numbers, and on methods to maintain low rat densities after initial knock-down.     

Azadirachtin potentiates the action of ecdysteroid agonist RH-2485 in Spodoptera littoralis

Edysteroid agonist RH-2485 induces an immediate and fatal molt in Spodoptera littoralis when added to the diet of the 2nd and 4th instar larvae at 1 ppm, and to that of the 6th instar larvae at 0.001 ppm concentration. Ten times lower doses fed to the larvae continuously allow an apparently normal larval development that is terminated by a supernumerary larval molt. The other effects of RH-2485 include death during metamorphosis and impaired fertility of emerged adults. The number of progeny is reduced even with low RH-2485 doses that do not interfere with moltings; e.g., insects fed 0.0001 ppm since the 2nd, 4th, and 6th instar produce 72%, 62%, and 22%, respectively, less progeny than the controls. Feeding larvae with 10-1000 ppm Suneem oil (containing about 0.1-10 ppm azadirachtin) causes, in a stage- and dose-dependent manner, a cessation or reduction of feeding, delay of molts, death of larvae and pupae, and sterility of emerged adults; with 10 ppm Suneem oil, the number of progeny is reduced by 20-32%. Presence of Suneem oil in the diet does not influence the potential of RH-2485 to induce a prompt molt, but it increases ten times the potency to elicit a supernumerary larval molt. Certain combinations of RH-2485 with Suneem oil provoke up to 3 extra larval molts. Lethal developmental derangements and sterility are more frequent, and the response of larvae of different age is more uniform, when Suneem oil and RH-2485 are combined than when each of these agents is administered alone.     

Synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of certain fluoroquinolone derivatives

A number of fluoroquinolone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antimycobacterial activity. Preliminary results are (1) for 1-aryl fluoroquinolones, 1-(4-nitrophenyl) derivatives were inactive while their 1-(2-fluoro-4-nitrophenyl) counterparts were active anti-TB agents (3a vs 4a; 3b vs 4b) indicated the fluoro substituent at C-2 position is important. For the 1-(2-fluoro-4-nitrophenyl)quinolones, 7-piperidinyl derivative 4a and 7-(3,5-dimethylpiperazinyl) derivative 4e, which exhibited 97% and 98% inhibition, respectively, were more active than their 7-morpholinyl, 7-(4-methylpiperazinyl) and 7-piperazinyl congeners, 4b,4c and 4d, respectively. In addition, 7-[4-(8-hydroxyquinolin-2-ylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl] derivative 9d exhibited 44% inhibition on the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis while its 7-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) counterpart 3c was inactive implied the metal-chelating 8-hydroxyquinoline moiety was capable of enhancing the anti-TB activity, (2) for the bifunctional fluoroquinolone-hydroxyquinoline complexes, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacine derivatives, which exhibited the same anti-TB activity (98% inhibition), are more potent than norfloxacin counterpart, which in turn is more potent than 1-aryl congeners (9b, 9c>9a>9d, 9e).