表达猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5蛋白重组伪狂犬病毒的构建及其生物学特性分析

将猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus,PRRSV）CH-1a株GP5基因插入到伪狂犬病病毒（Pseudorabies Virus,PRV）Bartha-K61株TK基因中,获得了一株TK^-／gE^-表型的重组伪狂犬病病毒,命名为rPRV—GP5。经生长动力学、表达动力学和间接免疫荧光证实PRRSV GP5在重组病毒中获得了表达,表达蛋白的抗原性与亲本病毒相似,rPRV-GP5在不同的细胞上毒价和细胞病变与Bartha—K61比较无显著差异。4只PRV抗体阴性的绵羊,每只接种10^6.0。PFU的rPRV-GP5可以完全抵抗10^3LD50伪狂犬病强毒S株的攻击。10头PRV、PRRSV抗体阴性的仔猪滴鼻接种rPRV-GP5 10^7.0 PFU／头并在接种后63d攻击PRRSV CH-1a株10^5.0 TCID50／头,攻毒后3d和5d出现了PRRSV荧光抗体和ELISA抗体,在政毒后14d检测到了PRRSV中和抗体,Bartha—K61活疫苗组和对照组至实验结束时仍未检测到PRRSV中和抗体。这说明rPRV-GP5免疫产生了针对PRRSV的回忆性免疫应答。     

重组腺病毒载体表达的α干扰素对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒复制的抑制作用

目的:研究猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)新的防治方法.方法:利用表达猪α干扰素的重组腺病毒(rAd-IFNα),通过病毒滴度、间接免疫荧光试验和实时定量RT-PCR检测,在Marc-145细胞上观察其对高致病性PRRSV SY0608株的复制抑制作用.结果:将rAd-IFNα接种细胞后24h,再感染PRRSV,可以有效阻止PRRSV造成的细胞病变,PRRSV滴度和mRNA水平明显降低;该抑制作用随rAd-IFNα接种剂量的增加而增强,但随病毒培养时间延长而逐渐减弱.此外,将PRRSV感染细胞后24h,再接种rAd-IFNα,仍可以有效降低PRRSV滴度和mRNA水平,并且rAd-IFNα对PRRSV传统毒株S1株同样具有明显的抑制作用.结论:rAd-IFNα可以有效抑制PRRSV在Marc-145细胞上复制,为PRRSV的防治提供了理论依据.     

猪圆环病毒2型、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒及猪细小病毒混合感染的流行病学调查

根据GenBank上发表的PRRSVORF7、PPVVP2及PCV的基因组序列设计合成引物,建立了分别用于检测PRRSV、PPV和PCV的RT-PCR、PCR及复合PCR方法。应用建立的复合PCR方法对送检的127份病料进行了PCV的检测,对鉴定为PCV2阳性的67份病料再分别进行PRRSV和PPV的检测,以确定猪群中PCV2与PRRSV和,或PPV混合感染情况,结果表明,35份样品表现为PRRSV与PCV2混合感染,占样品总数的52．3％;18份样品表现为PCV2与PPV混合感染,占26．9％。另外,还有一定比例的三重感染,共5个样品,占7．5％。由此可见,猪群中PCV2与PRRSV及PPV混合感染比较普遍。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒嵌合感染性克隆的构建和应用

高致病性猪蓝耳病近年来在我国广泛流行,目前尚无高效疫苗用于该病的防制.本研究以PRRSV弱毒感染性克隆-pAPRRS作为主要骨架,将高致病性猪蓝耳病病毒江西分离株(JX143)的主要结构蛋白基因(ORF4-7)以及3'UTR区域替换入pAPPRS相应编码区域,构建了pSX12(ORF4-7-3'UTR)、p5NX12(ORF5-7-3'UTR)以及p56N12(ORF5-6)三个PRRSV全长嵌合克隆.经DNA转染Marc-145细胞后拯救出嵌合病毒,并对拯救病毒进行了病毒生物学特性的分析;选取拯救病毒v56N12(ORF5-6)和vSX12(ORF4-7-3'UTR)免疫29日龄猪进行免疫原性试验,结果表明,以v56N12免疫后抗体水平相对较低,故免疫原性相对较差;而vSX12病毒免疫后14d血清ELISA抗体达到阳性值(IDEXXELISA值s/p>0.4),免疫后28d中和抗体效价从原来的1:5以下上升到1:15以上,说明vSX12具有良好的免疫原性并可进行免疫监测;免疫后28 d以强毒JX143株攻毒,结果vSX12免疫组未见发病,而未免疫攻毒对照组全部发病并有1头死亡,vSX12免疫猪攻毒后病毒血症持续6d后消失.而对照组攻毒后至少持续13 d,说明vSX12可对高致病性猪蓝耳病提供有效的免疫保护.本研究构建的三个嵌合病毒为开发同时抗经典和变异株PRRSV感染的二价疫苗,以及探寻高致病性猪蓝耳病病毒的毒力因子奠定了基础.     

猪圆环病毒2型、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒及猪细小病毒混合感染的流行病学调查

根据GenBank上发表的PRRSV ORF7、PPV VP2及PCV的基因组序列设计合成引物,建立了分别用于检测PRRSV、PPV和PCV的RT-PCR、PCR及复合PCR方法.应用建立的复合PCR方法对送检的127份病料进行了PCV的检测,对鉴定为PCV2阳性的67份病料再分别进行PRRSV和PPV的检测,以确定猪群中PCV2与PRRSV和/或PPV混合感染情况,结果表明,35份样品表现为PRRSV与PCV2混合感染,占样品总数的52.3%;18份样品表现为PCV2与PPV混合感染,占26.9%.另外,还有一定比例的三重感染,共5个样品,占7.5%.由此可见,猪群中PCV2与PRRSV及PPV混合感染比较普遍.     

表达猪圆环病毒2型ORF2基因的重组猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的构建与鉴定

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)和猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)是目前危害世界养猪业的两种重要病原。本研究采用PCR方法构建PRRSV疫苗株TJM-F92全长cDNA克隆载体pCMV-TJM,并在其ORF7和3′UTR之间插入AflⅡ/MluⅠ酶切位点和转录调控序列TRS6,构建获得pCMV-TJM-TRS表达载体。将PCV2ORF2基因插入该载体AflⅡ/MluⅠ位点,获得重组质粒pCMV-TJM-Cap。将pCMV-TJM、pCMV-TJM-TRS和pCMV-TJM-Cap分别转染Marc-145细胞,拯救获得3种重组病毒rTJM、rTJM/TRS和rTJM/Cap。基因测序列、酶切鉴定、Western blot、间接免疫荧光和病毒生长特性结果显示,3种重组PRRSV病毒都含有特征性分子标记,在Marc-145细胞增殖特性与亲本病毒相似;rTJM/Cap传至第8代,仍含有外源Cap基因,病毒感染细胞能有效表达PCV2Cap蛋白,从而为PRRSV致病机制和PRRSV-PCV2疫苗研究奠定了重要基础。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒分子生物学研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)是严重危害养猪业的病原,对PRRSV的分子生物学研究进展进行了综述,主要包括PRRSV的基因组结构、病毒的非结构蛋白和结构蛋白及其功能、致病机理及复制与转录等.     

猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒的免疫学和免疫逃避研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)严重危害着养猪业的健康发展,给养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失。由于该病毒介导的复杂的免疫逃避机制以及抗原性基因的异质性等特征,目前疫苗产品不能提供十分有效的保护。对于基因变异较大的流行毒株,疫苗提供的免疫保护更为有限。本文就PRRSV免疫学和免疫逃避的最新研究进展进行归纳总结,以期为PRSSV防控,新型疫苗设计等提供参考。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒分子生物学研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征是由猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)诱发的一种接触性传染病,其症状主要表现为怀孕母猪流产、早产、产死胎、木乃伊胎及成年猪的呼吸道症状。本病自1987年在美国爆发后,给世界养猪业造成巨大损失。近年来,由于其危害性大而引起专家学者的关注,PRRS在分子生物学方面研究者较多。就其病原特性,基因结构,病毒蛋白,分子生物学诊断以及PRRS基因工程疫苗的研究等方面进行论述。     

猪生殖呼吸综合征病毒分子生物学研究进展

猪生殖呼吸综合征病毒分子生物学研究进展沈咏舟（安徽农业大学,合肥２３００３６）关键词猪生殖呼吸综合征病毒分子生物学猪生殖呼吸综合征病毒（ＰＲＲＳＶ）是单链小ＲＮＡ病毒,为球状颗粒,直径为４５～５５ｎｍ,核衣壳直径为３０～３５ｎｍ,周围有相当光滑的脂质...     

Oral immunogenicity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antigen expressed in transgenic banana

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a persistent threat of economically significant influence to the swine industry worldwide. Recombinant DNA technology coupled with tissue culture technology is a viable alternative for the inexpensive production of heterologous proteins in planta. Embryogenic cells of banana cv. ‘Pei chiao’ (AAA) have been transformed with the ORF5 gene of PRRSV envelope glycoprotein (GP5) using Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation and have been confirmed. Recombinant GP5 protein levels in the transgenic banana leaves were detected and ranged from 0.021%–0.037% of total soluble protein. Pigs were immunized with recombinant GP5 protein by orally feeding transgenic banana leaves for three consecutive doses at a 2‐week interval and challenged with PRRSV at 7 weeks postinitial immunization. A vaccination‐dependent gradational increase in the elicitation of serum and saliva anti‐PRRSV IgG and IgA was observed. Furthermore, significantly lower viraemia and tissue viral load were recorded when compared with the pigs fed with untransformed banana leaves. The results suggest that transgenic banana leaves expressing recombinant GP5 protein can be an effective strategy for oral delivery of recombinant subunit vaccines in pigs and can open new avenues for the production of vaccines against PRRSV.     

Insemination of susceptible and preimmunized gilts with boar semen containing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Twenty-one gilts without measurable PRRSV serum antibody titres were identified for this experiment. Seven gilts were used as controls (Group C) and 14 as principals. Of these, 7 gilts were preimmunized to PRRSV and constituted Group B, while 7 gilts remained seronegative and constituted Group A. The principal gilts were inseminated with boar semen containing PRRSV and were killed 20 d later. The control gilts were treated similarly but were not exposed to PRRSV. Gilts were observed for clinical signs of infection. The effects on the conception rates were studied and gilts and embryos were tested for PRRSV and homologous antibodies. Group A and B gilts developed signs of PRRS associated with anorexia and slightly elevated body temperatures. Transmission of the infection was demonstrated by the isolation of PRRSV from serum and other tissue samples of principal gilts and also by seroconversion. The results show that early infection may have an insignificant effect or no effect on the conception and fertilization rates. However, exposure to PRRSV at the time of insemination can result in transplacental infection of embryos. In Group A gilts, 5 of 6 litters were infected prenatally with 7.6% of embryos infected. In Group B gilts, 1 of 5 litters and 1.3% of embryos were infected. Moreover, approximately 2 and 4 times more embryos were dead in litters of gilts from Group A and Group B than in gilts from control Group C. The isolation of PRRSV in 3 dead embryos suggests that the embryos may have died as a result of the direct effect of the virus. It can be concluded that the insemination of either seronegative or preimmunized gilts with boar semen containing PRRS V may have an insignificant effect or no effect on conception and fertilization rates, although it can result in transmission of the virus and embryonic infection and death.     

Antigen-specific B-cell responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes an acute, viremic infection of 4 to 6 weeks, followed by a persistent infection lasting for several months. We characterized antibody and B-cell responses to viral proteins in acute and persistent infection to better understand the immunological basis of the prolonged infection. The humoral immune response to PRRSV was robust overall and varied among individual viral proteins, with the important exception of a delayed and relatively weak response to envelope glycoprotein 5 (GP5). Memory B cells were in secondary lymphoid organs, not in bone marrow or Peyer's patches, in contrast to the case for many mammalian species. Potent anti-PRRSV memory responses were elicited to recall antigen in vitro, even though a second infection did not increase the B-cell response in vivo, suggesting that productive reinfection does not occur in vivo. Antibody titers to several viral proteins decline over time, even though abundant antigen is known to be present in lymphoid tissues, possibly indicating ineffective antigen presentation. The appearance of antibodies to GP5 is delayed relative to the resolution of viremia, suggesting that anti-GP5 antibodies are not crucial for resolving viremia. Lastly, viral infection had no immunosuppressive effect on the humoral response to a second, unrelated antigen. Taking these data together, the active effector and memory B-cell responses to PRRSV are robust, and over time the humoral immune response to PRRSV is effective. However, the delayed response against GP5 early in infection may contribute to the prolonged acute infection and the establishment of persistence.     

A novel method for concentration of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from the environmental samples using self-aggregating peptide-tagged CD151-binding capture

Environmental surveillance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) represents a key issue in control of the disease. CD151 has recently been recognized as one of several receptors for PRRSV. We describe here a novel method for concentration of PRRSV from the environmental samples by CD151-binding capture. After fusion to self-aggregating peptide ELK16, the large extracellular loop (LEL) of porcine CD151 and its two segments (namely N63 and C63) were expressed in E. coli as protein aggregates. The three fusion proteins were purified to high purities by regular centrifugation and washing with Triton X-100. Viral binding assay showed that the C63-ELK16 protein, but not ELK16-N63 protein, had the specific binding affinity for PRRSV. The C63-ELK16 protein could bind to, and eluted from, PRRSV in pH-, temperature-, and time-dependent manners with a final virus recovery of 44.7%. By using PRRSV-spiked and experimentally infected pig fecal slurry samples, the C63-ELK16 binding capture-combined quantitative RT-PCR was shown to have higher detection sensitivity than the conventional RT-PCR. Although the viral RNA could be detected in the experimentally infected pig samples with or without C63-ELK16 binding capture, infectious PRRSV was not isolated without C63-ELK16 binding capture. Therefore, the CD151-binding capture method established offers sufficient recovery and quickness and will facilitate environmental PRRSV surveillance.

     

CD163 expression confers susceptibility to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses

Direct functional screening of a cDNA expression library derived from primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) revealed that CD163 is capable of conferring a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-permissive phenotype when introduced into nonpermissive cells. Transient-transfection experiments showed that full-length CD163 cDNAs from PAM, human U937 cells (histiocytic lymphoma), African green monkey kidney cells (MARC-145 and Vero), primary mouse peritoneal macrophages, and canine DH82 (histocytosis) cells encode functional virus receptors. In contrast, CD163 splice variants without the C-terminal transmembrane anchor domain do not provide PRRSV receptor function. We established several stable cell lines expressing CD163 cDNAs from pig, human, and monkey, using porcine kidney (PK 032495), feline kidney (NLFK), or baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) as the parental cell lines. These stable cell lines were susceptible to PRRSV infection and yielded high titers of progeny virus. Cell lines were phenotypically stable over 80 cell passages, and PRRSV could be serially passed at least 60 times, yielding in excess of 10(5) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml.     

Divergence time of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus subtypes

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) recently emerged in domestic pigs of Western Europe and North America. Although time of emergence was identical on the two continents, genetic composition was markedly different with a clear geographical subtype structure, indicating that subtypes diverged in separate reservoirs prior to emergence. Genetic analyses have shown that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Western European isolates existed around 1980 and that these originate from Eastern European pigs. These findings are challenged by a study of Hanada et al. who place the MRCA of all PRRSV isolates around 1980 and find that no significant subtype divergence occurred before emergence. Here, I discuss problems of information content, methodology, and biological plausibility associated with this study. Using alternative methodology, I reanalyze the existing data and conclude that the MRCA of all PRRSV isolates existed around 1880, 100 years before the date estimated by Hanada et al.     

Overview: Replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an arterivirus that causes significant losses in the pig industry, is one of the most important animal pathogens of global significance. Since the discovery of the virus, significant progress has been made in understanding its epidemiology and transmission, but no adequate control measures are yet available to eliminate infection with this pathogen. The genome replication of PRRSV is required to reproduce, within a few hours of infection, the millions of progeny virions that establish, disseminate, and maintain infection. Replication of the viral RNA genome is a multistep process involving a replication complex that is formed not only from components of viral and cellular origin but also from the viral genomic RNA template; this replication complex is embedded within particular virus-induced membrane vesicles. PRRSV RNA replication is directed by at least 14 replicase proteins that have both common enzymatic activities, including viral RNA polymerase, and also unusual and poorly understood RNA-processing functions. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of PRRSV replication, which is important for developing a successful strategy for the prevention and control of this pathogen.     

Receptor-determined susceptibility of preimplantation embryos to pseudorabies virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

In the present study, the in vitro interaction of embryos with pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was investigated by viral antigen detection and by evaluating the expression of virus receptors, namely, poliovirus receptor-related 1 (PVRL1; formerly known as nectin 1) for PRV and sialoadhesin for PRRSV. Embryonic cells of zona pellucida intact embryos incubated with PRV remained negative for viral antigens. Also, no antigen-positive cells could be detected after PRV incubation of protease-treated embryos, since the protease disrupted the expression of PRVL1. However, starting from the five-cell-stage onwards, viral antigen-positive cells were detected after subzonal microinjection of PRV. At this stage, the first foci of PVRL1, also a known cell adhesion molecule, were expressed. At the expanded blastocyst stage, a lining pattern of PVRL1 in the apicolateral border of trophectoderm cells was present, whereas the expression in the inner cell mass was low. Furthermore, PVRL1-specific monoclonal antibody CK41 significantly blocked PRV infection of trophectoderm cells of hatched blastocysts, while the infection of the inner cell mass was only partly inhibited. Viral antigen-positive cells were never detected after PRRSV exposure of preimplantation embryos up to the hatched blastocyst stage. Also, expression of sialoadhesin in these embryonic stages was not detected. We conclude that the use of protease to investigate the virus embryo interaction can lead to misinterpretation of results. Results also show that blastomeres of five-cell embryos up to the hatched blastocysts can become infected with PRV, but there is no risk of a PRRSV infection.