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1.
概述了固相反硝化技术及其特点,综述了固相反硝化技术在去除地下水中硝酸盐与农药的研究现状,分析了反应机理及当前研究中存在的问题,并在此基础上对固相反硝化的未来核心研究方向进行了展望。 相似文献
2.
活性污泥法随着技术的成熟,已应用在高氨氮污水/废水处理中,通过不断发展衍生出的很多新型工艺也成为研究热点,短程硝化反应作为代表已逐渐体现出优越性。短程硝化能达到高效净化污水的目的,其反应中的代谢产物羟胺也和微生物类群及反应产物之间有着至关重要的影响。反应器中活性污泥的微生物群落结构和动态密切相关,探究微生物群落结构能帮助生物强化、优化参数,提高脱氮效率。本文主要总结了近年来有关短程硝化/半短程硝化活性污泥微生物群落组成与结构及其与反应器处理效率之间的关系,以及羟胺代谢对短程硝化的影响等方面的研究进展,这些研究加深了对微生物群落结构和污水处理工艺之间的认识,但充分发掘生物信息、提高工艺效能之路仍然充满挑战,还需利用氮平衡方法、Real-time PCR法等多种生物技术手段对短程硝化进行全方位研究,为实践提供坚实的理论基础。 相似文献
3.
口腔微生物群落结构分析方法的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
牙菌斑是口腔常见感染性疾病——龋病和牙周病的始动因子,主要由微生物构成。在口腔中发现的700余个种属或种系型的细菌中,有50%左右未获得培养。基于分子生物学的方法在口腔微生态和感染性疾病的病因研究中已经成为不可或缺的技术。近年来,以16S rRNA基因为基础建立的分子生物学技术正逐步广泛用于微生物群落的分析,跨越了传统的微生物培养,直接对不同生态系,包括人类口腔的微生物组成进行了研究。本文主要介绍16s rRNA基因的分子分析技术,以及它们在口腔微生物群落结构分析研究中的应用,另外还简要介绍了一些尚未应用于口腔的新技术。 相似文献
4.
湖泊是微生物固碳的主要生态系统之一,但青藏高原湖泊水体固碳微生物群落的研究还罕见报道。以纳木错为例,采用定量PCR和克隆文库方法,研究湖水中cbbL ID基因丰度和固碳微生物群落组成,并分析其与环境参数的关系。结果显示:纳木错湖水中存在较高丰度的cbbL ID类型固碳微生物,从表层到底层呈增加趋势,T2点底层达到最高值(6.37×10~8拷贝L~(-1)湖水)。cbbL ID类型固碳微生物共分四个类群,即不等鞭毛类(Stramenopiles),定鞭藻纲(Haptophyceae),蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)和隐藻门(Cryptophyta)。其中占主要的是Stramenopiles和Haptophyceae。Stramenopiles类群的多样性较高(含7个纲,13个科),其他类群只有1个科。相关性分析表明Stramenopiles和Haptophyceae出现频率存在显著的负相关关系(P0.01)。湖水深度和pH与湖水cbbL ID基因丰度显著相关(P0.05,P0.01)。叶绿素含量与Stramenopiles和Haptophyceae出现频率显著相关(P0.01)。 相似文献
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大曲通常作为发酵剂用于酿造传统中国白酒,其提供各类微生物菌系和酶系启动白酒发酵,影响白酒风味和独特风格。近年来,对大曲微生物群落结构的研究成为研究热点,研究人员对大曲微生物群落结构、基因功能和功能微生物等进行了广泛而深入的研究,对大曲微生物组成、变迁规律和功能的认识逐渐清晰。本文综述了浓香型大曲微生物群落结构分析方法、主要微生物组成、重要功能微生物和微生物溯源,为研究大曲微生物群落结构、优化大曲生产工艺和改善白酒品质提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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【目的】本研究筛选出弱酸性环境下利用无机碳源进行高效脱氮的氢自养微生物,探究不同无机碳源对体系反硝化能力的影响,以及长期驯化过程中反应器内水质参数、微生物群落结构和脱氮周期变化规律。【方法】氢自养微生物的驯化采用一种成本低廉、气密性优良、可计算氢气利用率的序批式反应器,通过及时向装置内补充氢气、无机碳源、营养液和硝酸盐对微生物进行连续驯化。【结果】驯化的微生物利用NaHCO_(3)和CO_(2)作为混合无机碳源对硝酸盐的脱氮效果要优于单一使用NaHCO_(3);在环境温度为20℃,pH为6.3-7.0,硝态氮初始投加量为15 mg-N/L时,NO_(3)--N最高反应速率为1.374 mg-N/(L·h),氢气最高利用率为43.4%,脱氮周期为16 h,且脱氮过程中无亚硝酸盐积累;驯化得到的微生物主要为嗜酸菌属(Acidovorax),占比达84.4%。【结论】利用本研究的装置和驯化方法对土著微生物进行脱氮驯化是可行且高效的,可筛选出在弱酸性环境下利用无机碳源进行反硝化的氢自养微生物,为地下水中硝酸盐污染的生物修复提供理论依据,也为后续进一步研究弱酸性环境下氢自养微生物同时脱氮固铀奠定基础。 相似文献
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【目的】以典型南亚热带常绿阔叶林小坑林场土壤为研究对象,模拟2008年冰雪灾害对森林造成的损伤设置实验,分析不同林冠开度和凋落物输入量对土壤固碳微生物群落结构的影响。【方法】试验设置对照(CN)、损伤处理+移除处理枝叶(TR)、损伤处理+保留处理枝叶(TD)、未处理+添加处理枝叶(UD)4个处理,受损处理一年后,采用MiSeq高通量测序技术对土壤固碳微生物的功能基因cbbL进行测序分析。【结果】通过生物信息学及统计学分析表明,森林林冠损伤后林冠开度和凋落物输入量增加,导致土壤固碳微生物种群数量降低,多样性增加,群落结构也受到影响,亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)明显增加,成为优势种群,而原来的优势菌群慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)明显减少。主成分分析(PCA)表明,与对照相比,其他3个样地的土壤固碳微生物结构均发生明显改变。【结论】模拟林冠损伤处理一年后,凋落物的大量骤然输入和林冠开度增大提高了土壤固碳微生物群落多样性,但降低了其种群数量,影响了土壤固碳微生物群落结构,这为进一步的研究提供了依据。 相似文献
8.
微生物采油(Microbial enhanced oil recovery,MEOR)以其费用低廉、无环境污染、施工简单、应用范围广等优点得到学者以及油田开发者的认同。油藏中的微生物类型多样且功能各异,可促进原油的开采,大幅度提高油气资源的利用率。因此分析油藏中微生物的类型和组成,了解土 相似文献
9.
【目的】比较不同营养条件及挂膜方式下生物膜法对氨氮污染水体的净化效果及其功能微生物群落结构。【方法】设置空白(Blank)、自然成膜(Raw)、预附脱氮菌强化挂膜(PCC)3组生物膜反应器,利用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术和非度量多维标度(NMDS)分析方法对生物膜反应器转化氨氮过程中微生物群落结构及其演替过程进行动态解析。【结果】在C/N=1:1时,除PCC在起始阶段短暂具有较高的氨氮脱除效率外,Blank、Raw和PCC最终均表现出较低的氨氮转化效率(10%-20%)。改变C/N=2:1后,Raw和PCC对人工合成污水中NH4+-N的转化率均提高至95%以上,而且Raw与PCC的群落结构在C/N=2:1时具有较高的相似性,优势菌群主要为γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)和硝化螺菌纲(Nitrospira)。【结论】C/N是影响生物膜反应器氨氮去除效果及驱动生物膜反应器中细菌群落结构发生改变的重要因子。 相似文献
10.
频繁的人类生产活动使植被遭到破坏,造成基岩裸露的石漠化现象,严重制约了喀斯特地区自然和社会经济的发展,随着生态修复工程的大力开展,微生物群落的结构和功能在生态修复中逐渐受到重视,因为微生物作为喀斯特生态系统的重要组成部分,不仅在物质循环过程中起着重要作用,也在喀斯特生态系统修复中占有十分重要的地位。所以微生物群落结构和功能的研究可以作为衡量生态系统稳定性的重要指标。就中国喀斯特地区的典型植被恢复的不同阶段、成土过程、不同的土地利用方式、矿山修复过程以及不同水域中的微生物群落结构及功能等方面的研究状况进行系统梳理,结合实例综合论述喀斯特地区生态修复过程中微生物作用的研究进展,以期为喀斯特地区生态修复提供参考。 相似文献
11.
Ashish K. Sahu Teresa Conneely Klaus Nüsslein Sarina J. Ergas 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》2009,104(3):483-491
Halophilic (salt loving), hydrogenotrophic (H2 oxidizing) denitrifying bacteria were investigated for treatment of nitrate <$>({rm NO}_3^ ‐ )<$> and perchlorate <$>({rm ClO}_4^ ‐ )<$> contaminated groundwater and ion exchange (IX) brines. Hydrogenotrophic denitrifying bacteria were enriched from a denitrifying wastewater seed under both halophilc and non‐halophilc conditions. The cultures were inoculated into bench‐scale membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs) with an “outside in” configuration, with contaminated water supplied to the lumen of the membranes and H2 supplied to the shell. Abiotic mass transfer tests showed that H2 mass transfer coefficients were lower in brines than in tap water at highest Reynolds number, possibly due to increased transport of salts and decreased H2 solubility at the membrane/liquid interface. An average <$>{rm NO}_3^ ‐ <$> removal efficiency of 93% was observed for the MBfR operated in continuous flow mode with synthetic contaminated groundwater. Removal efficiencies of 30% for <$>{rm NO}_3^ ‐ <$> and 42% for <$>{rm ClO}_4^ ‐ <$> were observed for the MBfR operated with synthetic IX brine in batch operating mode with a reaction time of 53 h. Phylogenetic analysis focused on the active microbial community and revealed that halotolerant, <$>{rm NO}_3^ ‐ <$> ‐reducing bacteria of the bacterial classes Gamma‐Proteobacteria and Sphingobacteria were the metabolically dominant members within the stabilized biofilm. This study shows that, despite decreased H2 transfer under high salt conditions, hydrogenotrophic biological reduction may be successfully used for the treatment of <$>{rm NO}_3^ ‐ <$> and <$>{rm ClO}_4^ ‐ <$> in a MBfR. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 483–491 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
12.
The biofilm thickness in membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs) is an important factor affecting system performance because excessive biofilm formation on the membrane surface inhibits gas diffusion to the interior of the biofilm, resulting in a significant reduction in the performance of contaminant removal. This study provides innovative insights into the control of biofilm thickness in O2-based MBfRs by using the quorum quenching (QQ) method. The study was carried out in MBfRs operated at different gas pressures and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) using QQ beads containing Rhodococcus sp. BH4 at different amounts. The highest performance was observed in reactors operated with 0.21 ml QQ bead/cm2 membrane surface area, 12 HRTs and 1.40 atm. Over this period, the performance increase in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 25%, while the biofilm thickness on the membrane surface was determined to be 250 μm. Moreover, acetate and equivalent oxygen flux results reached 6080 and 10 640 mg·m−2·d−1 maximum values, respectively. The extracellular polymeric substances of the biofilm decreased significantly with the increase of gas pressure and QQ beads amount. Polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis results showed that the microbial community in the MBfR system changed depending on operating conditions and bead amount. The results showed that the QQ method was an effective method to control the biofilm thickness in MBfR and provide insights for future research. 相似文献
13.
The effectiveness of a denitrification process which is driven and controlled by an electric current is demonstrated. Denitrifying microorganisms were immobilized on a carbon electrode and hydrogen was produced through the electrolysis of water. The hydrogen was utilized for the reduction of nitrate to N(2). The denitrification rate was a linear function of the electric current, and it was shown that about 1 mol of electron reduces 0.2 mol of nitrate to N(2) gas. These results exhibit that the proposed process is simple and feasible, especially for the treatment of low-strength nitrate solutions. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
14.
在生物膜形成过程中,微生物种群之间通过主动或者被动的生物过程所形成的独特空间结构被称为空间组织模式。微生物空间组织模式广泛存在于自然和人工环境中,比如医疗、工业和生态系统等,是微生物形成和维持特定群落结构并发挥功能的主要方式,也是形成和维持微生物群落多样性的关键机制。然而,由于微生物群落的复杂性及相关研究方法的局限性,微生物空间组织模式方面的研究目前仍然处于起始阶段。本文梳理了微生物空间组织模式领域的研究进展,系统总结了空间组织模式初始阶段（微生物界面附着）和成熟阶段（空间自组织）的形成过程与协同机制,以及其对微生物养分利用和元素循环、微生物多样性维持和种群进化及功能的影响和调控机制,并分析了影响微生物空间组织模式的关键环境因素。 相似文献
15.
Aaron M. Martinez Diana L. Boyer Mary L. Droser Craig Barrie Gordon D. Love 《Geobiology》2019,17(1):27-42
The end‐Devonian Hangenberg Crisis constituted one of the greatest ecological and environmental perturbations of the Paleozoic Era. To date, however, it has been difficult to precisely constrain the occurrence of the Hangenberg Crisis in the Appalachian Basin of the United States and thus to directly assess the effects of this crisis on marine microbial communities and paleoenvironmental conditions. Here, we integrate organic and inorganic chemostratigraphic records compiled from two discrete outcrop locations to characterize the onset and paleoenvironmental transitions associated with the Hangenberg Crisis within the Cleveland Shale member of the Ohio Shale. The upper Cleveland Shale records both positive carbon (δ13Corg) and nitrogen (δ15Ntotal) isotopic excursions, and replenished trace metal inventories with links to eustatic rise. These dual but apparently temporally offset isotope excursions may be useful for stratigraphic correlation with other productive end‐Devonian epeiric marine locations. Deposition of the black shale succession occurred locally beneath a redox‐stratified water column with euxinic zones, with signs of strengthening denitrification during the Hangenberg Crisis interval, but with an otherwise stable and algal‐rich marine microbial community structure sustained in the surface mixed layer as ascertained by lipid biomarker assemblages. Discernible trace fossil signals in some horizons suggest, however, that bioturbation and seafloor oxygenation occurred episodically throughout this succession and highlight that geochemical proxies often fail to capture these rapid and sporadic redox fluctuations in ancient black shales. The paleoenvironmental conditions, source biota, and accumulations of black shale are consistent with expressions of the Hangenberg Crisis globally, suggesting this event is likely captured within the uppermost strata of the Cleveland Shale in North America. 相似文献
16.
Variations in the microbial community of biofilms under different near-wall hydraulic shear stresses in agricultural irrigation systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
AbstractThe hydraulic characteristics along agricultural irrigation pipelines directly affect the local near-wall hydraulic shear stress and biofilm accumulation. However, the variations in the microbial community during the process remain unknown. Based on the Couette-Taylor reactor, a device was developed to accurately control the hydraulic shear stress. The results indicated that the near-wall hydraulic shear stresses showed quadratic correlations with microbial contents (represented by phospholipid fatty acids r?>?0.77, p?<?0.05), and the maximum values were obtained under the shear stresses of 0.20-0.35?Pa. For two types of treated wastewater, the mutual operational taxonomic units among different shear stress treatments showed good consistency (>185). Their corresponding response in the microbial community was represented by the quantitative correlations between the near-wall hydraulic shear stresses and the polymorphism indices (r?>?0.82, p?<?0.05). Among the microorganisms, Firmicutes at the phylum level were significantly affected by the shear stress and significantly influenced the biofilm accumulation process. 相似文献
17.
18.
M. Šimek D. Elhottová M. Mench L. Giagnoni P. Nannipieri 《International journal of phytoremediation》2017,19(11):976-984
Phytomanagement of trace element-contaminated soils can reduce soil toxicity and restore soil ecological functions, including the soil gas exchange with the atmosphere. We studied the emission rate of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO2, CH4, and N2O; the potential CH4 oxidation; denitrification enzyme activity (DEA), and glucose mineralization of a Cu-contaminated soil amended with dolomitic limestone and compost, alone or in combination, after a 2-year phytomanagement with a mixed stand of Populus nigra, Salix viminalis, S. caprea, and Amorpha fruticosa. Soil microbial biomass and microbial community composition after analysis of the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) profile were determined. Phytomanagement significantly reduced Cu availability and soil toxicity, increased soil microbial biomass and glucose mineralization capacity, changed the composition of soil microbial communities, and increased the CO2 and N2O emission rates and DEA. Despite such increases, microbial communities were evolving toward less GHG emission per unit of microbial biomass than in untreated soils. Overall, the aided phytostabilization option would allow methanotrophic populations to establish in the remediated soils due to decreased soil toxicity and increased nutrient availability. 相似文献
19.
Periods of desiccation and rewetting are regular, yet stressful events encountered by saltmarsh microbial communities. To examine the resistance and resilience of microbial biofilms to such stresses, sediments from saltmarsh creeks were allowed to desiccate for 23 days, followed by rewetting for 4 days, whereas control sediments were maintained under a natural tidal cycle. In the top 2 mm of the dry sediments, salinity increased steadily from 36 to 231 over 23 days, and returned to seawater salinity on rewetting. After 3 days, desiccated sediments had a lower chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence signal as benthic diatoms ceased to migrate to the surface, with a recovery in cell migration and Chl a fluorescence on rewetting. Extracellular β-glucosidase and aminopeptidase activities decreased within the first week of drying, but increased sharply on rewetting. The bacterial community in the desiccating sediment changed significantly from the controls after 14 days of desiccation (salinity 144). Rewetting did not cause a return to the original community composition, but led to a further change. Pyrosequencing analysis of 16S rRNA genes amplified from the sediment revealed diverse microbial responses, for example desiccation enabled haloversatile Marinobacter species to increase their relative abundance, and thus take advantage of rewetting to grow rapidly and dominate the community. A temporal sequence of effects of desiccation and rewetting were thus observed, but the most notable feature was the overall resistance and resilience of the microbial community. 相似文献