Remispora spinibarbata sp. nov., a marine lignicolous ascomycete from Denmark

Remispora spinibarbata sp. nov. is described from driftwood found on the north coast of Sealand and compared with the type species of Remispora, Ceriosporopsis and Nimbospora .     

Haligena salina: a new marine pyrenomycete

EARRANT, C. A. & JONES, E. B. G., 1986. Haligena salina: a new marine pyrenomycete. Haligena salina sp. Nova (Ascomycotina, Sphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae) collected on wood from San Juan Island, Washington State, U.S.A., and on reeds from Pisa, Italy is described. The species is compared with Haligena elaterophoraj. Kohlmeyer and species in the genus Remispora Linder.     

A phylogenetic study of the genus Haligena (Halosphaeriales, Ascomycota)

The genus Haligena (Halosphaeriales, Ascomycota), with two accepted species, is encountered frequently in marine habitats, especially on wood in temperate regions. Phylogenetic analyses of Haligena elaterophora (type species) and H. salina were undertaken, with partial large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences, to determine their relationships with other closely related genera in the order. The genus was shown to be polyphyletic within the Halosphaeriales with the type species forming a basal clade to the order. Haligena salina constituted a sister clade with weak support of Neptunella longirostris in all analyses. Haligena elaterophora and H. salina differ significantly in the nature of their ascospore appendages: wider, more sticky and strap-like in H. elaterophora and spoon-shaped at the point of attachment; in H. salina they are longer and narrower, finely drawn out filaments. A new genus, Morakotiella, is introduced to accommodate H. salina.     

Ceriosporopsis sundica, a new lignicolous marine ascomycete from Denmark

Ceriosporopsis sundica sp. nov. is described from driftwood found on the Øresund coast of Sealand, Denmark, and compared with other species of Ceriosporopsis Linder and Ondiniella Jones et al. A key to Ceriosporopsis is given.     

Seasonal patterns of primary colonization by lignicolous marine fungi in Hong Kong

During a 14-month investigation of the seasonal pattern of primary colonization by lignicolous marine fungi in the coastal waters of Hong Kong, a pine block (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) was submerged each month at each of the five stations and recovered in the following month. Thirty-eight species of fungi were isolated, three of which were not identified. In this first recorded attempt to describe fungal colonization on submerged blocks quantitatively, five species (Periconia prolifica, Cirrenalia macrocephala, Ceriosporopsis halima, Trichocladium achrasporum and Halosphaeria quadricornuta) were the most frequent and most abundant fungi on the monthly blocks. Statistical analyses of seasonal abundance of these fungi are presented and their occurrence in relation to varying temperature and salinity throughout the year, including the Phoma pattern, are discussed.     

青海孟达国家级自然保护区植物多样性研究

对孟达国家级自然保护区的植物多样性进行了研究。结果表明:保护区内有植物90科、298属、529种(包括变种)。其中,有裸子植物16种,被子植物488种,蕨类植物17种,苔藓类植物8种。国家珍稀濒危保护植物8种。资源植物丰富,分为药用、观赏、食用等10大类。植物垂直分布明显,生态系统类型多样。提出保护植物多样性应采取的措施。     

江西齐云山自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源调查与区系分析

为掌握江西齐云山自然保护区野生动物资源现状,促进自然保护区的有效管理和建设,作者于2007年1月10～19日、5月16～24日、7月26日～8月8日,前后3次对该保护区两柄爬行动物资源进行了实地考察.调查结果显示,齐云山保护区现已记录72种两栖爬行动物,隶属5目18科.其中两栖纲2目7科24种,爬行纲3目11科48种.齐云山保护区动物地理区划属东洋界华中区东部丘陵平原亚区,其区系组成以60种东洋界种类占明显优势,其余12种均为广布种,无古北界物种分布.大眼斜鳞蛇福建亚种(Pseudoxenodon macrops fukienensis)和寒露林蛙(Rana hanluica)为江西省两栖爬行动物新纪录,福建钝头蛇(Pareas stanleyi)为江西省赣南地区爬行动物新纪录.齐云山保护区是海南棱蜥後(Tropidophorus hainanus)和福建华珊瑚蛇(福建丽纹蛇)(Sinomicrurus kettoggi)在江西省的第二个发现地,是海南闪鳞蛇(Xenopeltis hainanensis)在江西省的第三个采集地.通过平均动物区系相似性分析发现,齐云山地理位置独特,是华中区和华南区物种重要的扩散过渡地域.最后对齐云山保护区的保护与管理工作提出了建议.     

Feeding ecology and seed dispersal of sympatric cheirogaleid lemurs (Microcebus murinus, Cheirogaleus medius, Cheirogaleus major) in the littoral rainforest of south-east Madagascar

The lemurs of Madagascar are known for their extraordinary species diversity. The mechanisms that allow the coexistence of these species are still poorly known. Here feeding patterns were investigated for three small nocturnal lemur species of Cheirogaleidae ( Microcebus murinus , Cheirogaleus medius and Cheirogaleus major ) occurring sympatrically in a littoral rainforest in south-east Madagascar. During three rainy seasons, the plant species eaten by these three lemurs were described in relation to morphological and biochemical characteristics. All three species were mainly frugivorous and fed on 68 different plant species with small- and medium-sized fruits. A total of 91% of these forage plant species was visited by all three lemur species. Fruits larger than 25–30 mm were avoided. Seeds of a total of 51 food plant species were swallowed and passed the gut unharmed. Thus, even these smaller lemur species play an important role in seed dispersal. There were no differences in the morphological and biochemical characteristics of fruits eaten between the three species, but the feeding height was significantly different between the species. Thus, competition avoidance and niche separation are presumably not based on different feeding patterns of M. murinus , C. medius and C. major in the littoral rainforest, but on different habitat utilization.     

Species Richness and Host Specificity among Caterpillar Ensembles on Shrubs in the Andes of Southern Ecuador

Caterpillar ensembles were sampled on 16 species of shrubs from the family Asteraceae and the genus Piper (Piperaceae) in open and forest habitats in the Andean montane forest zone of southern Ecuador between August 2007 and May 2009. Trophic affiliations of caterpillars to the host plants were confirmed in feeding trials. Overall, species richness of herbivorous caterpillars was high (191 species across all plants), but varied strongly between ensembles associated with different plant species (2?C96 lepidopteran species per shrub species). Ensembles on Piper species were characterized by low effective species numbers and high dominance of one or two species of the Geometridae genus Eois Hübner. Low species number and high dominance were also found on latex-bearing Erato polymnioides, whereas ensembles on two other Asteraceae species were far more diverse and less strongly shaped by a few dominant species. The observed diversity patterns fit well to the concept that anti-herbivore defenses of plants are the major factors regulating associated insect ensembles. Local abundance and geographic range of host plants appear to have less influence. Lepidopteran species feeding on Asteraceae were found to be more generalistic than those feeding on Piper species. We conclude that caterpillar ensembles on most, but not all, studied plant species are defined by a small number of dominant species, which usually are narrow host specialists. This pattern was more distinct on Piper shrubs in forest understory, whereas Asteraceae in disturbed habitats had more open caterpillar ensembles.     

Structure of a herbivore–parasitoid community: Are parasitoids shared by different herbivore guilds?

Plant–herbivore–parasitoid interactions are a common occurrence in terrestrial food webs. Few parasitoids are thought to be shared by host insects of different feeding guilds because different parasitism strategies are required to use hosts of different feeding types. However, this assumption has rarely been tested using data from nature. To clarify whether parasitoids are shared among host guilds, I examined the structure of parasitoid communities on herbivore guilds associated with two Rhododendron species (Ericaceae) in a temperate secondary forest in central Japan. Leaf- and flower-feeding insects were collected from Rhododendron reticulatum and Rhododendron macrosepalum shrubs and reared in the laboratory for 3 years from April 1999 to March 2002. In total, 79 species of holometabolous herbivores (Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera) were recorded, with 62 species on R. reticulatum and 51 species on R. macrosepalum. A total of 81 parasitoid species (Hymenoptera and Diptera) was recorded from the sampled herbivores, with 48 species from those on R. reticulatum and 50 species from those on R. macrosepalum. In total, 36 herbivore species were parasitised by 1–18 parasitoid species per host species, although the number of parasitoid species was strongly affected by sample size. Parasitoids that had two or more host species frequently attacked herbivore species from different families or on different host plants, whereas they did not attack species from different herbivore guilds; no parasitoids were shared between external feeders and rollers. Therefore, my results support the hypothesis that few parasitoids are shared among herbivores of different feeding guilds.     

山茶属植物的染色体数目和核型

本文对已报道的(包括作者的研究)山茶属植物的染色体数目和核型作一简单的讨论,结合地理分布情况,提出由二倍体向多倍体进化可能是山茶属植物进化的一个重要途径。山茶属植物的核型多为Stebbins核型分类的“2A”型,表明山茶属植物是一个较原始的种系。本文中12种的染色体数目和2种的核型为首次报道。     

Serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Northwestern Caribbean: Hydroides and Serpula

From the study of more than 450 specimens of Hydroides and Serpula, 12 species from the Grand Caribbean Region were identified and characterized. Eight species were collected along the shores of the Yucatan Peninsula and five were found in other localities in the Gulf of Mexico, seven others are from Cuba and comments on type specimens of five species are also included. One morphometric analysis made on Hydroides mucronatus Rioja and Hydroides cf. mucronatus, indicated several differences among them. Comments on all species are also included.     

中国华南地区多孔菌多样性研究

2002至2019年对广东、广西和海南主要森林生态系统的72个保护区、森林公园、植物园、公园和林场等的多孔菌进行了采集和调查,共采集标本2 095号,经对这些材料全面和系统的研究,发现多孔菌500种,按照最新的系统学研究分属于8个目、20个科、145个属,其中多孔菌科和锈革孔菌科分别有173种和124种,约占总数的60%,是最重要的多孔菌类群。此外,其中有10个新属和132个新种是作者等人根据华南地区模式标本发现描述的。本文对华南地区多孔菌多样性进行了系统归纳,按最新的分类系统以属名顺序给出了名录,根据采集材料提供了每种的生长基质,并对所有种类的生长基质习性进行了统计。其中,294、138、112、97、78、77和29种分别生长在倒木、落枝、朽木、死树、活立木、树桩、掉落小枝和地上,故倒木是多孔菌最重要的生长基质。     

Phenology and pollination biology of eight Peperomia species (Piperaceae) in semideciduous forests in southeastern Brazil

Data on flowering phenology and pollination of Peperomia species are virtually non-existent. This study presents data on the pollination biology of eight Peperomia species from south-eastern Brazil, including the flowering phenology, pollination system, and reproductive success. Data on flowering phenology were recorded weekly and exclusion experiments on inflorescences provided data on autonomous self- and wind pollination. Direct visual observations were made and insect visits were recorded. Four Peperomia species showed continuous flowering, while the others were seasonal and flowered in the wet season. Pollination by wind and Syrphidae was confirmed for two self-incompatible Peperomia species. The remaining species are self-compatible and their high fruit set may be accounted for by autonomous self-pollination and perhaps agamospermy. Although the floral morphology of Peperomia species suggests wind- and/or insect pollination, most of the species studied exhibit autogamy and perhaps agamospermy as the main method of reproduction.     

Interspecific competition in metapopulations

The assumptions and predictions of metapopulation models for competing species are discussed in relation to empirical studies of colonization and extinction in metapopulations. In three species of Daphnia in rockpools, interspecific competition increased local extinction rates, while no effects on colonization rates were detected. Distributional patterns were consistent with several predictions of the competition model; for example, the number of species on an island increased with the number of pools and the proportion of pools occupied by each species decreased with increasing species number. It is concluded that interspecific competition is important for the distributional dynamics of Daphnia species in rockpools, but the question whether the coexistence of these species depends on metapopulation dynamics is still unresolved. Other studies on the effects of interspecific competition on colonization and extinction rates are discussed.     

秦岭太白山区蝶类多样性的研究

秦岭太白山北坡蝶类组成共有78种,隶属6个科,43属。其中凤蝶科Papilionidae 3属8种,粉蝶科Pieridne 7属19种,眼蝶科sartyridae 5属9种,蛱蝶科Nymphalidae 15属27种,友蝶科Lycaenidae 7属8种,弄蝶科Hesperiidae 6属7种。新记录3种。     

A comparison between aquatic birds of lakes and coastal rivers in Florida

Aquatic birds were counted on five Gulf coast Florida rivers to determine if these river systems supported densities, biomass and species richness similar to those found on Florida lakes. Forty-two species were identified and for the species that were found on both Florida streams and lakes similar densities and biomass were encountered. As with Florida lakes, stream bird abundance and species richness were higher in winter months than in summer months, a consequence of migratory bird populations. Total bird abundance, biomass per unit of phosphorus, and species richness per unit of area were similar to data collected on Florida lakes. Thus, Florida rivers are capable of supplying sufficient resources to maintain bird densities, biomass and species richness values similar to lakes of equal size and nutrient concentrations and are therefore important habitats for aquatic bird populations. An examination of individual habitat characteristics indicates that water depth was inversely correlated and submersed aquatic vegetation was positively correlated with bird density, biomass and species richness within the river systems. While both habitat characteristics are important they are also inversely related making it difficult to separate the individual significance of each characteristic.     

Integrating a Numerical Taxonomic Method and Molecular Phylogeny for Species Delimitation of Melampsora Species (Melampsoraceae,Pucciniales) on Willows in China

The species in genus Melampsora are the causal agents of leaf rust diseases on willows in natural habitats and plantations. However, the classification and recognition of species diversity are challenging because morphological characteristics are scant and morphological variation in Melampsora on willows has not been thoroughly evaluated. Thus, the taxonomy of Melampsora species on willows remains confused, especially in China where 31 species were reported based on either European or Japanese taxonomic systems. To clarify the species boundaries of Melampsora species on willows in China, we tested two approaches for species delimitation inferred from morphological and molecular variations. Morphological species boundaries were determined based on numerical taxonomic analyses of morphological characteristics in the uredinial and telial stages by cluster analysis and one-way analysis of variance. Phylogenetic species boundaries were delineated based on the generalized mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) model analysis of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) regions including the 5.8S and D1/D2 regions of the large nuclear subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene. Numerical taxonomic analyses of 14 morphological characteristics recognized in the uredinial-telial stages revealed 22 morphological species, whereas the GMYC results recovered 29 phylogenetic species. In total, 17 morphological species were in concordance with the phylogenetic species and 5 morphological species were in concordance with 12 phylogenetic species. Both the morphological and molecular data supported 14 morphological characteristics, including 5 newly recognized characteristics and 9 traditionally emphasized characteristics, as effective for the differentiation of Melampsora species on willows in China. Based on the concordance and discordance of the two species delimitation approaches, we concluded that integrative taxonomy by using both morphological and molecular variations was an effective approach for delimitating Melampsora species on willows in China.     

北京雾灵山自然保护区冬季鸟类物种多样性调查

采用固定调查样线法连续两年对北京雾灵山自然保护区冬季鸟类组成进行了调查,共记录鸟类7目14科44种,其中29种属于留鸟,5种为冬候鸟,7种旅鸟,3种夏候鸟;优势种以留鸟为主,表现出冬季鸟类群落的特点。古北界和东洋界的种类分别为75％和14％,在分布型上划分为7种类型。出现种类最多的生态环境是村落,鸟类种数为31种,其植被类型是低山砾石、农田林果带。调查种类中有国家一级保护鸟类1种,二级保护鸟类6种,北京市重点保护鸟类6种。通过与邻近地区相关调查比较,表明本区冬季鸟类具有较高的丰富性,并提出了有效保护鸟类多样性的对策。     

云南省恙螨区系及垂直分布研究

2000～2004年对云南省恙螨进行调查,发现云南省内恙螨192种,主要分布于中西部及中南部的热带及亚热带气候区,垂直高度多在1 000 m以下或1 500～2 500m范围.古北界种类有114种,占59%,东洋界种类较少为6%,35%的种类为跨界分布.中华纤恙螨leptotrombidium sinicum和小板纤恙螨L.scutellare为优势螨种.结合其他资料发现,该省广布种类10种,特有种5种,广宿主种及窄宿主种类均较多.少数螨种仅发现于3000 m以上的高海拔温带气候区或500m以下的低海拔热带气候区.恙螨分布与地域、海拔及气候因素有关.