大绒鼠消化道形态的季节变化

为探讨栖息于横断山地区大绒鼠(Eothenomys miletus)的消化道特征与环境之间的适应关系,对自然环境中大绒鼠消化道各项指标进行了测定.实验分别测定了不同季节大绒鼠胃、小肠、大肠、盲肠的长度,及其含内容物重、去内容物重、干组织重.结果表明,大绒鼠消化道特征存在季节性变化,随着温度降低、食物质量下降,大绒鼠的小肠、盲肠长度增加;各器官重量均在6月份最大;大绒鼠在低温、食物质量下降、繁殖等胁迫因子作用下,通过增加食物摄入、调节消化道形态来满足能量需求的增加,维持正常的生理机能.大绒鼠的消化道在不同季节中表现出的变化模式,与其低纬度高海拔、年平均温度较低的生存环境有关,从一方面反映了该物种在温度胁迫下的生存机制和适应对策.     

冷驯化对大绒鼠和高山姬鼠肝脏线粒体呼吸的影响

大绒鼠Eothenomys miletus和高山姬鼠Apodemus chevrieri为横断山地区小型哺乳动物的代表.分别测定大绒鼠和高山姬鼠冷驯化组(7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d)与对照组(0 d)中肝脏线粒体蛋白含量、呼吸状态Ⅲ和状态Ⅳ、呼吸磷氧比的变化以及较大绒鼠和高山姬鼠的相应项,探讨大绒鼠和高山姬鼠对不同冷环境的适应情况以及肝脏产热的机理.结果 表明:在冷驯化条件下,大绒鼠和高山姬鼠的产热显著增加,无论是大绒鼠还是高山姬鼠实验组比对照组肝脏线粒体蛋白含量、呼吸状态Ⅲ和状态Ⅳ、呼吸磷氧比有着显著的提高,在两者的比较中,在同等冷驯化条件下高山姬鼠增加的程度高于大绒鼠.     

禁食和重喂食对大绒鼠消化道长度与重量的影响

为探讨禁食和重喂食对栖息于横断山地区大绒鼠(Eothenomys miletus)消化道形态的影响,对禁食和重喂食条件下大绒鼠消化道各项指标进行了测定.实验分别测定了大绒鼠禁食12h、24 h、36 h和重喂食12 h、48 h、7d后的总消化道、胃、小肠、大肠、盲肠的长度及其含内容物重、去内容物重、干重.结果表明:禁食后,总消化道含内容物重、胃含内容物重和胃去内容物重增加,重喂食7d后均恢复到对照组水平.小肠含内容物重在禁食12h时最大,在重喂食12h时最小,重喂食48 h后恢复到对照组水平.禁食和重喂食条件下,大绒鼠的大肠和盲肠各指标均没有显著变化.以上结果表明,大绒鼠在食物受到限制、饥饿等胁迫因子作用下,可能通过调节消化道形态来满足部分能量需求,维持正常的生理机能.大绒鼠的消化道在禁食和重喂食中表现出的变化模式,可能与其食物资源时常波动的野外生存环境有关,从一方面反映了该物种在食物胁迫下的生存机制和适应对策.     

光照和温度对大绒鼠产热特征的影响

为了解横断山地区大绒鼠对光照和温度两个因子的适应性特征,将大绒鼠分为4组,分别于5±1℃,6L:18D:5±1℃,18L:6D;30±1℃,6L:18D和30±1℃,18L:6D 4个条件下驯化28 d.分别测定了对照组(0 d)和驯化28 d后,每一个体的体重、体温和产热能力;并测定驯化28 d后4组大绒鼠个体的肝脏和褐色脂肪组织的产热活性变化.结果显示,在低温诱导下大绒鼠体重下降,体温降低,静止代谢率升高,非颤抖性产热能力增加,肝脏和褐色脂肪组织的产热活性也出现相应提升;在高温下出现与低温时相反的现象;但光照周期对大绒鼠的体重、体温、产热能力及肝脏和褐色脂肪组织的产热活性均没有显著影响.推测由于横断山的低纬度、高海拔特征可能导致大绒鼠在季节适应过程中对温度的敏感程度高于光照.     

大绒鼠在不同驯化温度下产热和能量代谢的变化

为研究不同温度驯化条件下大绒鼠体重、体温和能量代谢水平的可塑性变化,本实验测定了热驯化(30℃ ;12L∶ 12D)转脱热驯化(5℃ ;12L∶ 12D)和冷驯化(5℃ ;12L∶ 2D) 转脱冷驯化(30℃ ;12L∶ 12D)条件下,大绒鼠体重、体温、能量收支、静止代谢率和非颤抖性产热的变化。结果表明:大绒鼠在热驯化转脱热驯化过程中,随着热驯化时间的延长,大绒鼠体重和体温增加,摄入能、静止代谢率和非颤抖性产热逐渐降低,在28 d 时降到最低;转到脱热驯化条件下,表现出相反的趋势。冷驯化转入脱冷驯化过程中,随着冷驯化时间的延长,大绒鼠的体重和体温降低,摄入能、静止代谢率和非颤抖性产热逐渐升高,28 d 时达到最高;转移到脱冷驯化条件时,表现出相反的趋势。以上结果说明大绒鼠在不同温度驯化条件下,其体重、能量代谢和产热具有可塑性变化,即通过调节体重、体温和能量代谢来适应不同温度变化。     

饥饿对大鳞副泥鳅不同组织糖原、ACP和ALP的影响

饥饿是鱼类在自然状况下经常遇到的不良条件,此时鱼类体内会发生各种生理变化以适应逆境.本文以大鳞副泥鳅为材料,研究了饥饿和再投喂过程中,肝和肌肉两种组织中糖原、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的细胞化学特征.对大鳞副泥鳅进行饥饿处理,0～28 d不喂养食物,29～35 d恢复正常喂食.分别于0、7、14、21、28和35 d取材检测.结果表明,随着饥饿程度的加深,糖原和ACP的量均减少,ALP则增多.投喂后,都有不同程度的恢复.但变化存在组织差异.糖原的含量可作为鱼类饥饿程度和补偿性生长的一个重要指标,ACP和ALP在鱼类的应激反应中具有重要作用.     

外源瘦素注射对昆明和大理地区大绒鼠适应性产热的影响

小型哺乳动物通过产热能力的调整来应对环境的胁迫。为探究外源瘦素对不同地区大绒鼠(Eothenomys miletus)适应性产热的影响,选取云南昆明和大理地区捕获的大绒鼠各14只,置于25℃±1℃,光周期为12L∶12D的环境中,每日腹腔注射瘦素,持续28 d。以LT502电子天平每两天测定大绒鼠的体重,采用食物平衡法每两天测定大绒鼠摄食量,以便携式呼吸代谢测量系统每7天测定静止代谢率(RMR)、非颤抖性产热(NST)。第28天处死动物后,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定线粒体蛋白含量、线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶(COX)活性、解偶联蛋白1(UCP1)含量、血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)、瘦素水平以及促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)和促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)水平。结果表明,注射瘦素后昆明和大理地区大绒鼠的体重和摄食量显著降低,RMR和NST增强,肝脏中线粒体蛋白含量和COX活性,褐色脂肪组织(BAT)中COX活性和UCP1含量,及血清T3、T4、T3/T4比值、TRH和CRH浓度均增加。瘦素水平与体重、摄食量呈负相关,血清T3水平与NST和UCP1含量呈正相关。此外,注射前昆...     

冬季不同海拔大绒鼠MC1R基因的表达量及UCP1、Hb、Mb含量的比较

为探究横断山冬季不同海拔大绒鼠的毛色差异、生理及血液指标的变化情况,自北向南从德钦、香格里拉、丽江、剑川和哀牢山5个地区按高海拔至低海拔进行采样,通过PCR扩增大绒鼠黑素皮质素受体1(melano-cortin receptor 1,MC1R)基因序列,使用FQ-PCR测定其皮肤的MC1R基因表达量,并利用酶联免疫分析...     

禁食和重喂食对大绒鼠体重、产热和血清瘦素的影响

动物行为和生理活动的适应性调节是应对食物资源变化的主要策略。为探讨禁食和重喂食对大绒鼠体重、产热和血清瘦素的影响,测定了禁食和重喂食条件下大绒鼠的体重、体脂重量、静止代谢率、身体组成、血清瘦素含量以及禁食后重喂食期间的摄食量。结果显示:禁食导致大绒鼠体重、体脂重量和静止代谢率显著下降,重喂食后体重和静止代谢率能够恢复到对照组水平,而体脂重量却不能恢复。禁食12 h 后血清瘦素含量快速下降,重喂食后未能恢复到对照水平。此外,大绒鼠在禁食后重喂食期间摄食量没有补偿性增加,血清瘦素含量与体脂重量呈正相关关系。这些结果很可能反映出大绒鼠能调节自身生理状况以适应短期的能量缺乏,主要通过降低体重、血清瘦素含量和代谢活性器官重量以减少能量消耗。禁食后重喂食时大绒鼠没有摄食过量。血清瘦素的下降早于体重和体脂的下降。     

横断山区大绒鼠体重和身体能值的季节变化

为研究栖息于横断山地区的大绒鼠(Eothenomys miletus)身体状况与环境之间的适应关系,本实验对野外、实验室饲养及冷驯化条件下大绒鼠的体重和身体能值进行了测定.结果表明,大绒鼠体重及身体能值存在季节性变化,大绒鼠体重及身体能值的平均值3月最低,6月最高,9月次之,11月开始下降.冷驯化条件下大绒鼠的体重和身体能值均显著低于实验室饲养条件下的,说明在季节变化过程中温度可能是影响其体重和身体能值的一个重要因素.大绒鼠的体重和身体能值的季节变化模式与横断山区的特殊生存环境有关,在一定程度上反映了该物种对横断山特殊环境的生存适应对策.     

食物限制对雄性大绒鼠能量代谢特征的影响

为探讨横断山区大绒鼠适应食物匮乏的适应对策,将成年雄性大绒鼠随机分为自由取食组和饲喂正常摄食量的80% 限食组。测定了自由取食组和限食组雄性大绒鼠的体重、静止代谢率、非颤抖性产热以及体脂含量、血清瘦素含量、肝脏鲜重、褐色脂肪组织重量和消化道形态。结果显示:限食使雄性大绒鼠的体重、体脂含量、静止代谢率、非颤抖性产热、褐色脂肪组织重量和大肠、小肠长度显著降低,使盲肠内容物重量显著增加。血清瘦素含量与体重、体脂含量呈极显著正相关。在限食条件下,大绒鼠主要通过降低体重、基础代谢和产热的能量支出以及动用体内脂肪以应对食物资源短缺的环境条件,瘦素可能参与了能量代谢和体重的适应性调节。     

大绒鼠冷驯化和脱冷驯化能量代谢特征的变化

通过测定冷驯化(5℃)到脱冷驯化(30℃)条件下,大绒鼠(Eothenomys miletus)的体重、摄入能、静止代谢率(RMR)、非颤抖性产热(NST)和血清瘦素含量等参数,探讨了血清瘦素浓度与能量收支的关系。结果表明,冷驯化可致大绒鼠体重下降,RMR、NST、摄入能升高,血清瘦素浓度降低;脱冷驯化后大绒鼠体重增加,RMR、NST、摄入能降低,血清瘦素浓度增加。血清瘦素含量与体重呈正相关,与RMR、NST、摄入能呈负相关。表明大绒鼠的体重、摄入能和产热能力具有较强的可塑性,且瘦素可能参与了大绒鼠适应冷驯化及恢复过程中的能量平衡和体重的调节。     

Cold adaptive thermogenesis in small mammals from different geographical zones of China

The mechanisms of thermogenesis and thermoregulation were studied in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) and greater vole (Eothenomys miletus) of the subtropical region, and Brandt's vole (Microtus brandti), Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), Daurian ground squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus) and plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) of the northern temperate zone. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) increased significantly in T. belangeri, E. miletus, M. brandti and M. unguiculatus after cold acclimation (4 degrees C) for 4 weeks. In T. belangeri, the increase in RMR and thermogenesis at liver cellular level were responsible for enhancing the capacity of enduring cold stress, and homeothermia was simultaneously extended. Stable body temperature in M. brandti, E. miletus, M. unguiculatus and O. curzoniae was maintained mainly through increase in NST, brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and its mitochondrial protein content, and the upregulation of uncoupling protein (UCP1) mRNA, as well as enhancement of the activity of cytochrome C oxidase, alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase and T(4) 5'-deiodinase in BAT mitochondria. The RMR in O. curzoniae and euthermic S. dauricus was not changed, while NST significantly increased during cold exposure; the former maintained their stable body temperature and mass, while body temperature in the latter declined by 4.8 degrees C. The serum T(3) concentration or ratio of T(3)/T(4) in all the species was enhanced after cold acclimation. Results indicated that: (1) the adaptive mechanisms of T. belangeri residing in the subtropical region to cold are primarily by increasing RMR and secondly by increasing NST, and the mechanisms of thermogenesis are similar to those in tropical mammals; (2) in small mammals residing in northern regions, the adaptation to cold is chiefly to increase NST; (3) the mechanism of cold-induced thermogenesis in E. miletus residing in subtropical and high mountain regions is similar to that in the north; (4) a low RMR in warm environments and peak RMR and NST in cold environments enabled M. unguiculatus to tolerate a semi-desert climate; (5) O. curzoniae has unusually high RMR and high NST, acting mainly via increasing NST to adapt to extreme cold of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; (6) the adaptation of euthermic S. dauricus to cold is due to an increase in NST and a relaxed homeothermia; and lastly (7) the thyroid hormone is involved in the regulation of cold adaptive thermogenesis in all the species studied.     

Reduced short-term thermic effects of a meal in obese adolescent girls

Post-meal energy expenditure (TEM) was compared for 14 healthy obese (body fat = 45.3%, body mass index, BMI = 35.9 kg m-2) and 9 healthy nonobese (body fat = 20.7%, BMI = 17.8 kg m-2) adolescent girls. The test meal for both groups was a standard 3348.8-kJ, 0.473-1 chocolate milkshake of 15% protein (casein), 40% fat (polyunsaturated/saturated ratio = 0.05; 75 mg cholesterol) and 45% carbohydrate (lactose and sucrose). Glucose, insulin and resting energy expenditure (RMR) were measured at rest prior to meal consumption and 20, 40, 60, 90, and 120 min after the meal. Cumulative net TEM was calculated as the integrated area under the TEM curve with RMR as baseline. Reliability was assessed by retesting 4 subjects, and a placebo effect was tested by administering a flavored energy-free drink. Results indicated high reliability and no placebo effect. The meal resulted in a greater rise in insulin and glucose for the obese compared to the nonobese subjects (P < or = 0.05), and a significant TEM for both groups (P < or = 0.05). The cumulative TEM (W kg-1) was 61.9% greater for the nonobese (P < 0.01) when expressed relative to body mass, and 33.2% greater for the nonobese (P < or = 0.01) when expressed relative to the fat-free body mass. Expressed relative to the meal, the TEM was 25.5% less for the obese (P < 0.01). The data support an energy conservation hypothesis for obese female adolescents.     

Factors predicting individual variability in diet-induced weight loss in MF1 mice

The effectiveness of caloric restriction (CR) as a treatment for obesity varies considerably between individuals. Reasons for this interindividual variation in weight loss in response to CR may lie in pre-existing individual differences and/or individual differences in compensatory responses. Here we studied the responses of 127 MF1 mice to 30% CR over four weeks, and investigated whether pre-existing differences or compensatory changes in body temperature, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and behavior explained the variation observed in body mass (BM) and fat mass (FM) changes. Mice showed considerable variation in BM loss (36-1%), and in the type of tissue lost (FM or fat free mass, FFM). About 50% of the variation in BM and FM loss could be predicted by pre-existing differences in food intake, RMR, and general activity, where BM loss was greater when food intake was lower and activity and RMR were higher. Compensatory changes in activity and body temperature together explained ~50% of the variation in BM and FM loss in both sexes. In models incorporating baseline variables and compensatory changes, food intake, and activity were the strongest predictors of weight loss in both sexes; i.e., lower baseline food intake and increased changes in activity resulted in greater BM and FM loss. Interestingly, increased baseline activity was a significant predictor of weight loss independent of compensatory changes in activity. Identifying factors involved in individual variability in weight loss may give insights into the mechanisms that underlie this variability, and is important to develop individually tailored weight-management strategies.     

中华蟾蜍体重及脏器大小对禁食和重喂食处理的响应

两栖动物的体重和内脏器官大小可随环境条件而变化,具有表型可塑性,但实验例证较少,尤其缺乏与可变的食物可利用性有关的研究。本研究以捕自安徽省定远县县郊的雌、雄中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)为研究对象,测定了自由取食组、禁食1周组、禁食2周组、重喂食1周组和重喂食2周组其体重、内脏器官湿重和干重的变化情况。1)中华蟾蜍的体重、胴体湿重和干重均无明显的性别(P0.05)和组间(P0.05)差异。2)雌蟾胃的湿重、干重和大肠湿重高于雄蟾(P0.05),其他内脏器官(小肠、胸腺、心、肝、肺、脂肪体、脾和肾)的湿重和干重均无性别差异(P0.05);雄蟾上述指标均无组间差异(P0.05);雌蟾的胃湿重和大肠湿重均无组间差异(P0.05),但胃干重自由取食组高于重喂食1周组(P0.05)。禁食2周组的小肠湿重下降,低于自由取食组、重喂食1周和2周组(P0.05)。3)禁食1周组的心湿重高于重喂食2周组(P0.05)。结果表明,中华蟾蜍在整体水平不受短期禁食和重喂食处理的影响,器官水平可能主要依赖适度饥饿而导致的心肌功能的提升和消化道的可塑性来应对变化的食物条件。