牙髓紫卟啉菌内毒素对炎症性细胞因子的介导作用

牙髓紫叶琳菌ＡＴＣＣ３５４０６是近年来新发现的重要致病性专性厌氧菌,采用改良酚－氯仿－石油醚法提取牙髓紫卟啉菌ＡＴＣＣ３５４０６内毒素脂多糖,通过Ｋｒａｍｅｒ测定法、软琼脂细胞培养法以及胸腺细胞增殖法测定脂多糖的细胞生物学活性。结果显示：纯化脂多糖可不同程度地诱导小鼠模型生成肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）、集落刺激因子（ＣＳＦ）和白介素－１（ＩＬ－１）,并在一定范围内呈剂量依赖型,提示牙髓紫卟啉菌内毒素在动物模型和细胞模型中具有显著的细胞生物学和免疫学活性．     

EFFECTS OF HUMAN LEUKOCYTE CONDITIONED MEDIUM ON MOUSE HAEMOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS

Medium conditioned by human peripheral blood leukocytes (HLCM) was studied for its in vitro effects on haemopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-s and CFU-c) present in mouse bone marrow. HLCM has poor colony stimulating activity in semi-solid cultures of mouse bone marrow cells. but invariably increases the number of colonies obtained in the presence of plateau levels of semi-purified colony stimulating factor (CSF). In liquid cultures, HLCM appears to contain a potent initiator of DNA synthesis in CFU-s. an activity which coincides with an increased CFU-s maintenance and causes a three- to four-fold increase in CFU-c number. It is apparent from this study that HLCM, in addition to stimulating colony formation in cultures of human bone marrow cells, has a profound in vitro effect on primitive haemopoietic progenitor cells of the mouse, which cannot be attributed to CSF.     

Changes in the activities of enzymes, especially lactate dehydrogenase, in endotoxin-poisoned mice.

Carbohydrate metabolic disorders were investigated by means of enzyme activities in mice (ddYS) injected intraperitoneally with endotoxin from Salmonella typhimurium. The mice exhibited hyperglycemia 2 hr after administration of endotoxin and hypoglycemia at 18 hr. Activity of hepatic phosphorylase in the endotoxin-poisoned mice at 2 hr was slightly higher than that in the control mice, whereas the level of this activity was not significantly different from that in the controls after 18 hr. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the poisoned mice increased by 2 hr after injection, but decreased by 18 hr. The blood lactate level in the poisoned mice transiently decreased until 3 hr after injection, but the mice exhibited a marked lactacidemia by 8–24 hr. The time course of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in various tissues was examined in mice injected with endotoxin. The activity of hepatic LDH declined to about two-thirds of that of the control mice after 16 hr, and was restored to the normal level by 48 hr. LDH in the cardiac muscle was markedly activated (by about 37%) in the early period (3–6 hr) after administration of endotoxin, and this activity gradually declined. However, the activity of LDH in the skeletal muscle showed a tendency similar to the rise and fall of the levels of blood lactate, and was restored to the normal value at 72 hr after injection. On the other hand, the serum LDH activity in the poisoned mice increased about 1.75-fold by 16 hr after injection. Mice injected with endotoxin exhibited a leakage of the isozymes LDH 3 and 5, but the origin of the leakage is uncertain. Similar elevation in the activities of transaminases (GPT and GOT) and malate dehydrogenase was found in the mouse serum at 16 hr after injection of endotoxin.     

Studies on the bone marrow colony stimulating factor (CSF): relation of tissue CSF to serum CSF

Fluctuations in the colony stimulating factor (CSF) content of submaxillary salivary gland, lung, kidney and spleen were studied in male C₅₇BL mice which had been subjected to a variety of stimuli (endotoxin, x-irradiation or polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid complex) that caused elevations of the serum CSF. The temporal relationships and magnitudes of the rises in CSF were complex and differed from tissue to tissue according to the stimulus used. In the tissues examined not only was the measurable CSF content in each case found to equal or exceed the prestimulatory levels, but in some cases distinctly different forms of CSF were observed as shown by differences in the zone sedimentation, electrophoretic, and calcium phosphate binding characteristics of the material. The patterns of response to the stimuli investigated suggested that tissue injury either directly, or indirectly via the release of various cellular constituents, might mediate the release of CSF by various widely disseminated and/or differing cell types.     

Lipid A, the active part of bacterial endotoxins in inducing serum colony stimulating activity and proliferation of splenic granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells.

An analysis of which component of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the lipid or the polysaccharide (PS), is active in stimulating the murine granulopoietic system has been performed. LPS with different structures, isolated from different mutant strains of Salmonella and chemical degradation products of lipopolysaccharides have been used. Lipid A obtained by acid hydrolysys of the LPS and complexed to bovine serum albumin (BSA) (lipid A-BSA) was shown to be active in generating serum colony stimulating factor (CSF) and in increasing the splenic colony forming cells (CFC) levels, although it was less active than the parent LPS. The polysaccharide (PS) showed no significant activity at the concentrations used. LPS (glycolipids) from R mutants of Salmonella minnesota were active to the same extent as the LPS. The fact that even the most defective LPS from the R mutant R595 which contains lipid A and KDO only is a potent endotoxin, points unequivocally, to lipid A, as the active principle in stimulating the granulopoietic system.     

裂变中子照射狗血清集落刺激因子的变化

利用体外半固体琼脂培养骨髓粒单系祖细胞的方法测定狗血清中集落刺激因子(CSF)活力。狗受1.3、1.7和2.0Gy裂变中子照射后1～15d,受照射动物血清CSF持续上升。2.0Gy照射动物死前血清CSF活力可为照射前7～20倍。1.3Gy及1.7Gy照射活存狗照射后13～30d CSF活力直线下降。γ线3.5和2.5Gy照射狗早期血清中CSF活力变动呈波动性,5～10d后持续上升的幅度也不如中子照射动物。 实验结果证明,血清CSF活力和外周血白细胞数的变化呈负相关。本文对中子照射动物血清CSF活力升高的机理和CSF在中子照射动物造血恢复中的意义进行了探讨。     

Stimulation of macrophage plasminogen activator activity by colony-stimulating factors

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) stimulate granulocyte-macrophage production from single hemopoietic progenitor cells. Various preparations of purified CSFs of two different subclasses have been shown here to stimulate a plasminogen-dependent fibrinolytic (plasminogen activator) activity from resident and starch-induced mouse peritoneal macrophages. Lymphocyte supernatants also stimulate macrophage plasminogen activator (PA) activitty. Since they contain colony stimulating activity, it is possible that one or more sublcasses of CSF in these supernatants is responsible for this effect. Since both colony-stimulating and macrophage growth activities have been detected at inflammatory sites, these findings could reflect a role for CSF in inflammatory processes.     

Antibody-mediated suppression of bone marrow colony formation in vitro.

Antisera to mouse brain reacts with hematopoietic stem cells in the mouse bone marrow. We have examined the effect of anti-mouse brain serum (AMBS) on the development of in vitro colonies from mouse bone marrow cells. The addition of 5% AMBS to the cultures markedly decreased the numbers of colonies formed to an average of 10% of the number obtained with normal rabbit serum. AMBS suppressed formation induced by colony stimulating factors (CSF) derived from three different sources; serum from endotoxin treated mice, mouse L-cell conditioned media, and human peripheral mononuclear cell conditioned media. The suppressive activity was quantitatively recovered in the IgG fraction of AMBS. Divalent F(ab')2 fragments were as effective as the intact IgG in decreasing colony formation. Fab fragments were not suppressive. These results suggest that colony formation is induced via a dynamic interaction between CSF and the progenitor cell membrane, and that antibody directed at cell membrane antigen(s) interferes with the generation of the induction signal.     

Induction of colony stimulating factor in vivo by recombinant interleukin 1 alpha and recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha 1

In response to a potent inflammatory challenge, such as Gram-negative endotoxin, a number of cytokines are induced that, in turn, mediate many of the pathophysiologic alterations associated with endotoxicity. In this study, we have observed two endotoxin-associated monokines, recombinant interleukin-1 alpha (rIL 1 alpha) and recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (rTNF alpha), to induce colony stimulating factor (CSF) in vivo. The CSF activities produced in response to rIL 1 alpha or rTNF alpha gave rise to a mixture of granulocyte-macrophage colonies and were induced in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, peaking within 3 hr of cytokine injection (preceding peak CSF induction by endotoxin by several hours). Combined injection of suboptimal concentrations of rIL 1 alpha and rTNF alpha were additive, and simultaneous injection of optimal concentrations of each failed to increase CSF levels over that observed with either cytokine alone. Unlike endotoxin, neither cytokine induced interferon in vivo. These findings extend our understanding of the cytokine cascade that is operative in an inflammatory response and may account for many of the observed hematopoietic alterations that accompany inflammation.     

Heterogeneity of in vitro colony- and cluster-forming cells in the mouse marrow: segregation by velocity sedimentation.

C57BL bone marrow cells were separated on the basis of their sedimentation velocity at unit gravity and cell fractions cultured in agar using three types of colony stimulating factor (CSF). Colony-forming cells separated as a single peak (s equal 4.4 mm/hr) in cultures stimulated by mouse lung conditioned medium (CSFMLCM) or endotoxin serum (CSFES). Cluster-forming cells were separable into two peaks and the majority were larger than colony-forming cells (s equal 5.7 mm/hr). Partial segregation of colony-forming cells was observed according to the morphological types of colonies generated, large cells tending to generate macrophage colonies and small cells, granulocytic colonies. Large colony-forming cells were more responsive to stimulation by CSF than small cells. Human urine (CSFHU) appeared unable to proliferation of most small colony-forming cells. Colony-forming cells appear to be a highly heterogeneous population with intrinsic differences in responsiveness to CSF and with differing capacities to generate colonies whose cells differentiate to granulocytes of macrophages.     

Studies on inhibitors of bone marrow colony formation in normal human sera and during a viral infection

Various methods are compared for removing inhibitors of bone marrow colony stimulating activity from the serum of normal individuals. The best method proved to be chloroform treatment of sera, which is easily performed on a large scale. Chloroform treatment had no effect in itself on the colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and no additional inhibitors were detected after such treatment. Inhibitors were characterized by preparative ultracentrifugation. After fractionation, most of the inhibitory activity was recovered in the light (LDL) and very light density lipoprotein (VLDL) fractions. Treatment with specific anti human β-lipoprotein serum removed most of the inhibitory activity. Increased CSF levels have been reported to accompany the acute phase of infectious diseases. Application of the chloroform treatment to sera from patients with mumps showed that the mean CSF in these sera did not differ significantly from that found in sera from normal individuals. High CSF levels in acute infections therefore seem to reflect variations in inhibitor levels rater than a true increase in CSF.     

INHIBITORY AND ANTI-INHIBITORY FACTORS OF RAT SERUM ACTIVE ON THE G1-S TRANSITION OF HEPATOCYTE CELL CYCLE

Rat hepatocytes are responsive to a serum factor inhibiting their progression through the cell cycle from the late G₁ phase to the S phase. After fractionation of normal adult rat serum by two chromatographic steps on DEAE cellulose and sephadex gel filtration, the inhibitory activity was linked to proteins having a high electronegative charge and of apparent high molecular weight. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of active fraction showed that the α₁ macroglobulin was its main component. Male and female baby rats were sensitive to the inhibitory factor from normal rats. Contrary to the normal adult rat serum the whole hepatectomized adult rat serum did not exhibit any inhibitory activity on the G₁-S transition. However, two components having antagonist activities: an α₁ globulin and a γ globulin, were separated by chromatographic procedures from hepatectomized rat serum.

• a. The α₁ globulin showed an inhibitory activity. It had an apparent molecular weight lower than that found in normal rats. Its activity was sex related: only male baby rats were responsive.
• b. The factor present in the γ globulin fraction was found to be antagonistic to the α₁ globulin factor. Its occurrence after hepatectomy explains the absence of inhibitory activity in the serum of hepatectomized rats.

     

Tissue sources of bone marrow colony stimulating factor

Possible tissue sources in C57BL mice of the serum factor stimulating colony formation in vitro by mouse bone marrow cells have been investigated. A reproducible technique employing batch chromatography on calcium phosphate gel was developed for the extraction and assay of material with colony stimulating activity from mouse tissues. Sixteen hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic tissues from C57BL mice were found to vary widely in their content of extractable activity. Characterisation of the colony stimulating factors (CSF's) from these tissues by assay of stepped concentrations of eluate showed that CSF's from most tissues were similar in chromatographic behavior, but all differed significantly from those of serum in being both more disperse and more firmly bound to calcium phosphate gel. Male submaxillary salivary gland gave the richest yield of CSF. CSF from this source displayed a greater dispersity on and affinity to calcium phosphate, a lower electrophoretic mobility and a smaller average sedimentation coefficient than that from any other source investigated. Colony morphology appeared to be identical for all tissue sources investigated.     

Studies of inhibitors of bone marrow colony formation in normal human sera and during a viral infection

Various methods are compared for removing inhibitors of bone marrow colony stimulating activity from the serum of normal individuals. The best method proved to be chloroform treatment of sera, which is easily performed on a large scale. Chloroform treatment had no effect in itself on the colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and no additional inhibitors were detected after such treatment. Inhibitors were characterized by preparative ultracentrifugation. After fractionation, most of the inhibitory activity was recovered in the light (LDL) and very light density lipoprotein (VLDL) fractions. Treatment with specific anti human β-lipoprotein serum removed most of the inhibitory activity. Increased CSF levels have been reported to accompany the acute phase of infectious diseases. Application of the chloroform treatment to sera from patients with mumps showed that the mean CSF in these sera did not differ significantly from that found in sera from normal individuals. High CSF levels in acute infections therefore seem to reflect variations in inhibitor levels rater than a true increase in CSF.     

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF HOMOCARNOSINE, HOMOCARNOSINE-CARNOSINE SYNTHETASE AND HOMOCARNOSINASE IN HUMAN BRAIN

Homocarnosine (HCarn) content varied over a 6-fold range in different regions of autopsied human brain, being highest in the dentate nucleus and the inferior olive, and lowest in the caudate nucleus and mesolimbic system. HCarn content was similar in biopsied and autopsied frontal cortex. Very little if any carnosine (Carn) was present in human brain, except for the olfactory bulb, where Carn may have comprised 20% of the imidazole dipeptides present. Only HCarn was present in human CSF. HCarn-Carn synthetase enzyme activity in biopsy specimens of human frontal and temporal cortex was approx 10 times greater than has been reported for rat cerebral cortex. The enzyme synthesized Carn 3–5 times as rapidly as HCarn, when β-alanine (β-Ala) or GABA substrate concentrations were 10 MM. The synthetase was found to have an apparent K_m of 1.8 mM for β-Ala, and 8.8 mM for GABA. HCarn-Carn synthetase activity decreases rapidly after brain death, and was not detectable in autopsied brain specimens frozen more than 6 h after patients’deaths. Homocarnosinase activity was determined in brain, using L-[γaminobutyryl-1-¹⁴C]HCarn as substrate, and measuring radioactive GABA produced by hydrolysis of HCarn at pH 7.2 in the presence of Co²⁺ ions. Homocarnosinase activity was similar in biopsied and autopsied human cerebral cortex, and appeared to be stable for at least 10 h after death in unfrozen brain. Differences in the regional distribution of HCarn-Carn synthetase and homocarnosinase activities, as well as regional differences in GABA content in human brain, do not readily account for regional differences in HCarn content, nor do they suggest a physiological role for HCarn.     

ENZYMES CATALYZING THE DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF METHYL GROUPS IN THE BRAIN AND OTHER TISSUES OF THE RAT

—Rat brain contains all three of the enzymes required for de novo synthesis of the methyl group of methionine (serine transhydroxymethylase, methylene reductase, and [B₁₂]transmethylase) in activities comparable to those found in liver and kidney. The activities of methylene reductase in female kidney, and of [B12]transmethylase in female brain and kidney, are higher than in the corresponding male tissues. Liver and kidney extracts contain an inhibitor of methylene reductase not present in brain extracts. This inhibitor differs from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which also inhibits methylene reductase in both liver and brain homogenates. The administration of l -DOPA to rats, which has been previously shown to deplete brain S-adenosylmethionine, also reduces the activity of brain [B₁₂]transmethylase if assayed without added SAM. Since SAM is required for activity of this enzyme, its decreased activity probably results from the decline in brain SAM concentration. De now synthesis of methyl groups could be a mechanism by which the brain maintains its level of methionine in the face of increased methyl group utilization after administration of l -DOPA.     

Conditions influencing inhibitors of the colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

Lipoprotein inhibitors of myeloid cell-stimulating glucoprotein, the colony-stimulating factor (CSF), occur in normal human serum. Lipoproteins are known to be labile under various physico-chemical influences. The kinetics of changes in the inhibitory activity were studied during common conditions such as storage, freezing-thawing and transient hyperlipemia. Storage for as short a period as one month resulted at both +4 °C and ?20 °C in a decrease in measureable stimulating activity. Both freezing-thawing of sera five times and hyperlipemia approximately halved the stimulating activity. The decrease in stimulating activity is attributed to an increase of inhibitors rather than a decrease in CSF, since activity was fully restored by chloroform treatment, which removes all inhibitory lipoproteins. The decreased activity was shown by preparative ultracentrifugation to be due to changes in the lipoprotein composition of serum. With freshly drawn sera, most of the inhibitory activity was recovered in the light (LDL) and very light density lipoprotein (VLDL) fractions. The pattern was similar in hyperlipemic serum except that inhibitor levels were higher in the fraction containing chylomicrons and VLDL. In stored and frozen-thawed sera, most of the inhibitory activity was still recovered in the LDL fraction but the inhibition was markedly increased in both the heavy (HDL) and the very heavy density lipoprotein (VHDL) fraction. As the changes in inhibitory activity partially reflect unspecific degradation of lipoproteins, some treatment to remove lipoprotein is recommended before assaying for the stimulating activity in serum samples.     

Colony formation in agar by murine plasmacytoma cells: potentiation by hemopoietic cells and serum

Clonal growth in semisolid agar medium was obtained using cells from 19 of 25 transplanted murine plasmacytomas when the medium was supplemented by whole mouse blood or washed red cells. With different tumors cloning efficiency ranged from 0.01% to 21.6%. With two exceptions, mouse blood did not potentiate colony formation in agar by cells from transplantable myelomonocytic, myeloid, and lymphoid leukemias, reticulum cell sarcomas and fibrosarcomas. The clonal growth of some plasmacytomas was also potentiated by syngeneic thymic, spleen or bone marrow cells. Plasmacytoma colony growth was not stimulated by normal mouse serum but serum from mice injected with endotoxin or polymerised flagellin stimulated colony growth by some plasmacytomas. The active serum factor was not the colony stimulating factor (CSF) and its appearance after antigenic stimulation was not T cell-dependent. Preimmunised mice failed tq respond to antigenic stimulation. Whole body irradiation did not induce a rise in the capacity of serum to stimulate colony formation by plasmacytoma cells.     

Stabilization and enhancement of primary cytostatic factor (CSF) by ATP and NaF in amphibian egg cytosols

Amphibian zygotes microinjected with the cytoplasm or cytosol of unactivated eggs are arrested at metaphase of mitosis. The activity responsible for this effect has been designated primary "cytostatic factor (CSF)." Primary CSF disappears from the cytoplasm after egg activation, as well as from cytosols after addition of Ca2+. In the present study, using fresh cytosols of Rana pipiens eggs, a unit of CSF activity was defined as the dose required to arrest 50% of the recipients, and the specific activity of a cytosol was expressed in units per microgram protein. Specific activities of cytosols prepared with the one-step centrifugation method employed in the present study were double the activities in cytosols obtained by the previously described two-step procedure. During storage at 2 degrees C, CSF specific activity in cytosols fell rapidly within hours of extraction and disappeared completely within 2 days. However, if NaF and ATP were added to fresh cytosols, specific activities increased within hours and remained high for at least several days. Addition of gamma-S-ATP also significantly increased the longevity of the activity during storage at 2 degrees C. Further, it was found that primary CSF activity could be recovered by ATP additions to cytosols in which residual activity was still present, but no activity was recovered by ATP addition if cytosols had completely lost activity. When Ca2+ was added to cytosols to which NaF and ATP had been added, CSF was inactivated more slowly than in control cytosols without NaF and ATP additions. Therefore, it appears that maintenance of primary CSF activity in vitro requires protein phosphorylation and that protein dephosphorylation is involved with its inactivation. Also, we compared the sensitivities to primary CSF of Xenopus laevis and R. pipiens two-cell embryos. In order to arrest 50% of recipients, the concentration of primary CSF in Xenopus blastomeres was three times higher than in Rana blastomeres.     

Properties of a murine monocytic tumor cell line J-774 in vitro. II. Enzyme activities.

Lysosomal enzyme activities, collagen degrading activity and sensitivity to bacterial infection were tested in a murine monocytic cell line, J-774, during cultivation with or without fetal calf serum (FCS) or endotoxin, and compared with the same parameters in normal murine peritoneal macrophages. The basic intracellular level of two out of three lysosomal enzyme activities tested (acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase) and their extracellular release were higher in the J-774 cells than in normal macrophages, indicating that the tumor cells were more “activated”. This was further supported by the moderate increase in intracellular enzyme activities after FCS and endotoxin stimulation of the J-774 cells. Normal macrophages showed a much more impressive rise in these parameters after stimulation. Collagen-degrading activity was found at the same magnitude, or lower, in tumor cell cultures, compared to normal macrophage cultures. However, the activity in the tumor cultures was enhanced by endotoxin stimulation. The J-774 cells showed a higher sensitivity to bacterial contamination, tested after E. coli addition to the cultures, than normal macrophages. This high sensitivity could be prevented by pretreatment of the tumor cells with endotoxin.