铁死亡相关机制及其在肾脏相关疾病中的研究进展

铁死亡是近年来新发现的一种铁依赖的区别于细胞凋亡、坏死、焦亡的程序性细胞死亡方式,其主要特点为铁离子累积与脂质过氧化的发生.研究表明,铁死亡在急性肾损伤、肾癌等肾脏相关疾病中起重要作用,但其确切机制尚未被完全揭示.随着铁死亡相关机制研究的不断发展,铁死亡在肾脏相关疾病治疗方面表现出良好的应用前景.本文对铁死亡相关机制及...     

铁死亡参与脊髓损伤调控的研究进展

铁死亡是一种铁依赖性的,以细胞内脂质活性氧堆积为特征的细胞程序性死亡方式。广泛存在于肿瘤、癌症、急性肾损伤等多种疾病当中。脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury, SCI) 是一种严重的创伤性神经系统疾病,具有高发病率、高死亡率、高致残率的特点。目前,脊髓损伤的具体发生机制及高效治疗方法仍在探索当中,这也是亟待解决的世界性难题。研究表明,脊髓损伤后调控神经细胞的程序性死亡是治疗SCI的重点。然而,对于铁死亡参与脊髓损伤的分子生物学机制尚缺乏系统和深入的认识。收集和整理了近几年国内外有关脊髓损伤后铁死亡方面的相关文献,针对铁死亡参与脊髓损伤的调控机制和研究进展进行了综述,以期为治疗脊髓损伤带来新的思路。     

铁死亡及其在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

铁死亡是新近发现的以铁依赖性脂质过氧化为主要特征的细胞可调节性死亡方式之一。许多神经系统疾病、心血管疾病及肿瘤都涉及铁死亡,然而其发生发展机制尚未被完全揭示。从调节铁死亡为治疗靶点的思路出发,以不同疾病动物/细胞模型为基础的铁死亡机制研究和作用于不同环节的各种铁死亡抑制剂或诱导剂在疾病中的作用研究正不断深入展开。本文从铁死亡的发现及主要特征、机制研究进展、标志性蛋白或基因以及铁死亡在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的研究这几方面进行综述,试图梳理铁死亡研究现状,为进一步深入研究脑缺血再灌注损伤中铁死亡的作用奠定理论基础。     

铁死亡调控机制与肿瘤发生与治疗的研究进展

铁死亡是一种不同于凋亡与坏死的新细胞死亡方式,它与铁代谢及氧化损伤具有高度相关性,并以胞质和脂质的活性氧明显增多、线粒体体积变小以及膜密度增厚为死亡标志。近来研究者发现铁死亡在许多疾病中发挥着重要的作用。本文通过对铁死亡及其机制的总结分析,阐明铁死亡及其机制在肿瘤发生与治疗中相关研究和最新进展。     

调控性细胞死亡在肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的研究进展

肾脏上皮细胞死亡是肾脏缺血再灌注损伤引起的一种明显的病理现象,而最新研究发现调控性细胞死亡在肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中发挥着重要作用。本文就程序性坏死、铁死亡和细胞焦亡等调控性细胞死亡的相关通路、调节剂和相互作用以及在肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用进行综述,以期对肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的预防和治疗提供理论基础。     

铁死亡与脑卒中的神经损伤

铁死亡是近年来新发现的一种可调控性细胞死亡形式。与凋亡或坏死等细胞死亡方式不同,铁死亡主要特征是铁依赖的脂质过氧化诱导细胞死亡。铁、脂质和氨基酸代谢是调控铁死亡的主要途径,这个过程能被谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (GPX4)和铁死亡抑制蛋白1 (FSP1)拮抗。铁死亡参与神经系统疾病、癌症等多种疾病的发生和发展过程。近年来研究揭示,铁死亡在脑卒中时能被诱导并加重脑损伤,铁死亡的抑制剂可以减轻脑卒中损伤,铁死亡成为脑卒中干预的潜在靶点。目前研究发现,干预铁死亡能改善脑卒中损伤,并且出血性和缺血性脑卒中铁死亡的发生机制存在异同:相同点是都通过增加细胞内Fe~(2+)与脂质过氧化物的含量诱导铁死亡的发生,不同点是,出血性和缺血性脑卒中时与铁死亡有关的关键通路变化不同,Fe~(2+)与脂质过氧化物含量增多的机制不同。目前,对于在脑卒中时铁死亡的研究更多的是侧重于铁死亡的关键通路,在调控机制方面仍有待进一步探究。在此,本文系统地回顾了目前关于铁死亡在脑卒中方面作用的文献,阐述当前铁死亡的发生机制,总结脑卒中时铁死亡相关的研究发现,为铁死亡在脑卒中治疗方法的应用方面提供新的思路。     

铁死亡与缺血性脑卒中

铁死亡是一种铁代谢异常、脂质过氧化物累积构成的可调节性新型细胞死亡方式。缺血性脑卒中是全球第二大常见的脑血管疾病,病死率、致残率、复发率极高,其发生伴随着大量神经元死亡。现有研究证明,缺血性脑卒中发病机制与铁死亡关系密切。缺血性脑卒中损伤中出现的细胞内铁水平升高、脂质过氧化物增多和抗氧化能力下降的现象与铁依赖性非凋亡形式的铁死亡相一致。因此,阐明铁死亡在缺血性脑卒中的发生机制,有利于为其临床治疗提供新靶点。本文将从铁代谢、脂质代谢、氨基酸代谢、活性氧生成的调控等方面论述铁死亡发生的调节机制,着重探讨铁死亡发生在缺血性脑卒中的病理生理机制,期望以铁死亡为切入点,为缺血性脑卒中的临床治疗提供参考。     

铁死亡在缺血性脑卒中的作用

缺血性脑卒中(ischemic cerebral strock,ICS)是一种由脑部血流不足引起的疾病，可以直接导致神经损伤，目前仍没有十分有效的神经保护剂。铁死亡是一种主要依赖于铁的脂质过氧化物驱动、受多种细胞代谢途径进行调控的细胞程序性死亡方式。铁死亡在ICS的病理生理发展中也发挥重要作用，能诱发和加重脑缺血后的损伤并贯穿着整个病理过程。ICS损伤的铁死亡机制涉及铁超载、氧化还原失调和脂质过氧化等。参与ICS的铁死亡调控的主要信号通路，包括SLC7A11-GSH-GPX4、AMPK/PGC-1α及COX-2/PGE2等。本文以铁死亡的作用机制为切入点，通过综述铁死亡与ICS之间的关系，以期为ICS的临床研究和治疗，以及寻找新的治疗靶点提供思路。     

内质网应激在肾脏疾病进展中的作用

内质网应激是机体对有害刺激的一种自身应答机制,细胞是存活还是死亡取决于刺激信号的强弱,适宜的内质网应激可保护细胞免受各种刺激的损害作用,而过强或过长时间的内质网应激使保护机制不能与损伤抗衡则扰乱内质网稳态,诱导细胞凋亡发生。内质网应激作为多种应激过程的共同通路,与多种肾脏疾病的进展密切相关,例如:肾小球疾病、肾小管间质损伤、肾缺血再灌注损伤、糖尿病肾病等。本文就内质网应激在肾脏疾病进展中作用的研究进展作一综述。     

铁死亡在缺氧相关脑损伤中的研究进展

脑部缺氧经常带来不可逆的中枢神经系统损伤，严重危害着人类健康，对缺氧相关脑损伤机制的深入探索具有重要意义。铁死亡作为一种程序性细胞死亡，主要表现为铁依赖性脂质过氧化物过量积累导致的细胞死亡，与谷胱甘肽代谢、脂质过氧化和铁代谢异常相关，参与多种疾病的发生和发展。研究发现铁死亡在缺氧相关脑损伤中发挥重要作用。本文总结了铁死亡的发生机制，并阐述了其在脑缺血再灌注损伤、新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停所致脑损伤及高原低氧脑损伤中的研究进展。     

铁死亡发生机制的研究进展

铁死亡(ferroptosis)是近几年发现的一种新的细胞死亡方式,是在小分子物质诱导下发生的氧化性细胞死亡,具有铁离子依赖性.其发生是细胞内脂质活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生成与降解的平衡失调所致.铁死亡诱导剂通过不同的通路直接或间接作用于谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPXs),导致细胞抗氧化能力降低、ROS堆积、最终引起细胞氧化性死亡.铁死亡与帕金森综合征、胰腺癌等多种疾病相关,并发现可以通过激活或抑制铁死亡来干预疾病的发展,因此铁死亡成为近年来的研究热点.本文就铁死亡的发现、特点、发生机制及其与疾病的关系展开论述,将近年研究成果进行总结,期望为以铁死亡为基础的疾病治疗提供参考.     

Ferroptosis,a new form of cell death,and its relationships with tumourous diseases

Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death that differs from traditional apoptosis and necrosis and results from iron‐dependent lipid peroxide accumulation. Ferroptotic cell death is characterized by cytological changes, including cell volume shrinkage and increased mitochondrial membrane density. Ferroptosis can be induced by two classes of small‐molecule substances known as class 1 (system X _c ^? inhibitors) and class 2 ferroptosis inducers [glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) inhibitors]. In addition to these small‐molecule substances, a number of drugs (e.g. sorafenib, artemisinin and its derivatives) can induce ferroptosis. Various factors, such as the mevalonate (MVA) and sulphur‐transfer pathways, play pivotal roles in the regulation of ferroptosis. Ferroptosis plays an unneglectable role in regulating the growth and proliferation of some types of tumour cells, such as lymphocytoma, ductal cell cancer of the pancreas, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we will first introduce the discovery of and research pertaining to ferroptosis; then summarize the induction mechanisms and regulatory pathways of ferroptosis; and finally, further elucidate the roles of ferroptosis in human tumourous diseases.     

铁死亡机制及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用

铁死亡作为新发现的一种调节性细胞死亡,是一类铁依赖性脂质过氧化物累积所导致的细胞死亡方式.铁死亡与铁离子代谢、脂质代谢和氨基酸代谢存在密切关联.随着铁死亡相关分子机制的不断发展和完善,铁死亡在肿瘤治疗方面表现出良好的应用前景.本文将介绍铁死亡机制的研究进展及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用探索.     

Interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis

AbstractFerroptosis, a newly discovered iron-dependent cell death pathway, is characterized by lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion mediated by iron metabolism and is morphologically, biologically and genetically different from other programmed cell deaths. Besides, ferroptosis is usually found accompanied by inflammatory reactions. So far, it has been found participating in the development of many kinds of diseases. Macrophages are a group of immune cells that widely exist in our body for host defense and play an important role in tissue homeostasis by mediating inflammation and regulating iron, lipid and amino acid metabolisms through their unique functions like phagocytosis and efferocytosis, cytokines secretion and ROS production under different polarization. According to these common points in ferroptosis characteristics and macrophages functions, it’s obvious that there must be relationship between macrophages and ferroptosis. Therefore, our review aims at revealing the interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis concerning three metabolisms and integrating the application of certain relationship in curing diseases, mostly cancer. Finally, we also provide inspirations for further studies in therapy for some diseases by targeting certain resident macrophages in distinct tissues to regulate ferroptosis.Facts

• Ferroptosis is considered as a newly discovered form characterized by its nonapoptotic and iron-dependent lipid hydroperoxide, concerning iron, lipid and amino acid metabolisms.
• Ferroptosis has been widely found playing a crucial part in various diseases, including hepatic diseases, neurological diseases, cancer, etc.
• Macrophages are phagocytic immune cells, widely existing and owning various functions such as phagocytosis and efferocytosis, cytokines secretion and ROS production.
• Macrophages are proved to participate in mediating metabolisms and initiating immune reactions to maintain balance in our body.
• Recent studies try to treat cancer by altering macrophages’ polarization which damages tumor microenvironment and induces ferroptosis of cancer cells.

Open questions

• How do macrophages regulate ferroptosis of other tissue cells specifically?
• Can we use the interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis in treating diseases other than cancer?
• What can we do to treat diseases related to ferroptosis by targeting macrophages?
• Is the use of the relationship between macrophages and ferroptosis more effective than other therapies when treating diseases?

Subject terms: Cell death and immune response, Cytokines, Cancer immunotherapy     

The role of ferroptosis in metabolic diseases

The annual incidence of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), osteoporosis, and atherosclerosis (AS) is increasing, resulting in a heavy burden on human health and the social economy. Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, which was discovered in recent years. Emerging evidence has suggested that ferroptosis contributes to the development of metabolic diseases. Here, we summarize the mechanisms and molecular signaling pathways involved in ferroptosis. Then we discuss the role of ferroptosis in metabolic diseases. Finally, we analyze the potential of targeting ferroptosis as a promising therapeutic approach for metabolic diseases.     

泛素化在调控铁死亡中的作用

铁死亡是一种由脂质过氧化驱动的铁依赖性的新的细胞死亡方式,越来越多的证据表明,铁死亡与各种病理状态有关,如神经退行性疾病、糖尿病肾病、癌症等,脂质过氧化驱动的铁死亡可能促进或抑制这些疾病的发生发展,细胞中抗氧化系统通过抑制脂质过氧化在抵抗铁死亡过程中发挥着重要作用。铁死亡的关键通路有以SLC7A11-GPX4为关键分子的氨基酸代谢通路、以铁蛋白或转铁蛋白为主的铁代谢通路,以及脂质代谢通路。铁死亡的发生受到细胞内蛋白质的调节,这些蛋白质会发生各种翻译后修饰,包括泛素化修饰。泛素-蛋白酶体系统（ubiquitin-proteasome system,UPS）是细胞内主要降解系统之一,通过酶促级联反应催化泛素分子标记待降解蛋白,随后由蛋白酶体识别并降解目标蛋白质。UPS根据其降解底物的不同在调节铁死亡的反应中发挥双重作用。UPS通过促进铁死亡关键分子（如SLC7A11、GPX4、GSH）以及抗氧化系统成分（如NRF2）的泛素化降解从而促进铁死亡,也可以通过促进脂质代谢通路中相关分子（如ACSL4、ALOX15）的泛素化降解从而抑制铁死亡。本综述介绍泛素化修饰在调控铁死亡进程中作用的最新研究进展,总结了已发表的关于E3泛素连接酶和去泛素酶调控铁死亡的研究,归纳了泛素连接酶、去泛素酶调控铁死亡的作用靶点,有助于确定人类疾病中新的预后指标,为这些疾病提供潜在的治疗策略。     

Role of ferroptosis in cisplatin-induced acute nephrotoxicity in mice

BackgroundCisplatin is widely used as an antitumor drug for the treatment of solid tumors. However, its use has been limited owing to nephrotoxicity, a major side effect. The mechanism of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN) has long been investigated in order to develop preventive/therapeutic drugs. Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death induced by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation and is involved in the pathophysiology of various diseases. In this study, we examined the role of ferroptosis in CIN.MethodsWe evaluated the role of ferroptosis in CIN by in vivo experiments in a mouse model.ResultsCisplatin increased the protein expressions of transferrin receptor-1 and ferritin, and iron content in the kidney of mice. In addition, treatment with cisplatin augmented renal ferrous iron and hydroxyl radical levels with co-localization. Mice administered cisplatin demonstrated kidney injury, with renal dysfunction and increased inflammatory cytokine expression; these changes were ameliorated by Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), an inhibitor of ferroptosis. The expression of the ferroptosis markers, COX2 and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), increased with cisplatin administration, and decreased with the administration of Fer-1. By contrast, cisplatin-induced apoptosis and necroptosis were inhibited by treatment with Fer-1. Moreover, deferoxamine, an iron chelator, also inhibited CIN, with a decrease in the expression of COX-2 and 4-HNE.ConclusionFerroptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of CIN and might be used as a new preventive target for CIN.     

Ferroptosis in myocardial infarction: not a marker but a maker

Identification of effective cardiac biomarkers and therapeutic targets for myocardial infarction (MI) will play an important role in early diagnosis and improving prognosis. Ferroptosis, a cell death process driven by cellular metabolism and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has been implicated in diseases such as ischaemic organ damage, cancer and neurological diseases. Its modulators were involved in transferrin receptor, iron chelator, clock protein ARNTL, etc. Its mechanisms included the inhibition of system X_C⁻, diminished GPX4 activity, change of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels and rising intracellular reactive oxygen species level. Further, the inhibitors of apoptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy did not prevent the occurrence of ferroptosis, but iron chelating agents and antioxidants could inhibit it. Noticeably, ferroptosis is an important pattern of cardiomyocyte death in the infarcted area, which may play a vital role in support of the myocardial pathological process of heart disease. However, the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis and the development of MI is not clear. Therefore, a greater depth of exploration of the mechanism of ferroptosis and its inhibitors will undoubtedly improve the pathological process of MI, which may be expected to identify ferroptosis as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets of MI.     

The emerging role of ferroptosis in intestinal disease

Ferroptosis is a newly recognised type of regulated cell death (RCD) characterised by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxidation. It is significantly distinct from other RCDs at the morphological, biochemical, and genetic levels. Recent reports have implicated ferroptosis in multiple diseases, including neurological disorders, kidney injury, liver diseases, and cancer. Ferroptotic cell death has also been associated with dysfunction of the intestinal epithelium, which contributes to several intestinal diseases. Research on ferroptosis may provide a new understanding of intestinal disease pathogenesis that benefits clinical treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of ferroptosis and its underlying mechanisms, then describe its emerging role in intestinal diseases, including intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer (CRC).Subject terms: Cell death, Intestinal diseases