乐山棒花鱼形态特征的两性异形和雌性个体生育力

测定了乐山棒花鱼(Abbottina kiatingensis)繁殖期形态特征包括体长、头长、头宽、头高、吻长、眼后头长、眼径、眼间距、体高、尾柄长、尾柄高、尾鳍长、背鳍基前距、背鳍基长、腹鳍基前距、腹臀间距、体重和去内脏体重的两性异形和雌性个体生育力。繁殖期雄性个体的数量显著多于雌性个体,雌雄两性个体的体长差异不显著。特定体长的雌性个体的头长、头宽、头高、吻长、眼后头长、尾柄高、背鳍基前距、背鳍基长和去内脏体重显著小于雄性个体,其余指标不存在明显的差异。回归分析表明,乐山棒花鱼的怀卵数量与体长和体重回归关系显著,雌性通过个体大小(体长和体重)的增加来提高个体生育力。     

A procedure for the determination of spinal cord length in vivo

Using anthropological methods, we measured the body height, length of the spine (ventral and dorsal), leg length, cord length. The data were evaluated statistically and we looked for correlation between leg length and body height, cord length and length of the spine, length of the spine and body height. On the basis of our results, we were able to determine the cord length for clinical use by computing the regression coefficient of leg length and spinal length.     

天山云杉种子形态性状的地理变异

以新疆天山山脉从西到东不同经度3个地点(昭苏、天池和奇台)的天山云杉林为对象,沿海拔梯度采集不同地点的天山云杉球果,分析其种子性状(种鳞长、种鳞宽、种鳞长宽比、种翅长、种翅宽、种翅长宽比、种子长、种子宽和种子长宽比)的变化.结果表明: 随海拔的升高,天山云杉种子性状(种子宽除外)总体呈现下降的趋势;除种翅宽、种子宽和种子长宽比与海拔的相关性不显著外,种子其他性状与海拔均呈显著负相关;种鳞长、种鳞宽、种鳞长宽比与经度呈现显著正相关;种鳞长、种鳞长宽比、种翅长宽比与坡度呈显著负相关;除种翅宽外,种子其他性状与坡向相关性均不显著.海拔是影响天山云杉种子的种鳞长、种鳞长宽比和种翅长宽比的主要因子.     

Mate-locating strategies are related to relative body length and wing colour in the speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria

1. The mate-locating strategies of Pararge aegeria (L.) males were studied in relation to adult morphology (dorsal wing colour, forewing length, body length and forewing length : body length ratio) and generation.
2. Males locate females either by perching and defending territories, or by patrolling. Individuals were more consistent in their mating strategies than expected by chance.
3. Forewing length : body length ratio was positively correlated with thorax mass : body mass; relatively short-bodied males had relatively heavy thoraxes. Therefore, forewing length : body length ratio was an index of mass allocation.
4. Perching males had higher forewing length : body length ratios and were paler than patrolling males.
5. The higher forewing length : body length ratio was due to the differences in body length and not wing length. Perchers had shorter bodies than patrollers.     

大蹼铃蟾的两性异形

2018年6—8月,测量采自云南省昆明市金殿水库后山的71只(47♂,24♀)大蹼铃蟾Bombina maxima成体的体长、头长、头宽等15项形态特征指标并检验该物种的两性异形。结果表明:雄性平均体长为53.54 mm±1.14 mm,雌性平均体长为52.74 mm±1.45 mm,雄性与雌性平均体长比为1.015,两性异性指数为0.01;大蹼铃蟾的体长、体质量与性别之间的差异无统计学意义;除了雌性的眼间距外,其余13项形态特征与体长均有极显著相关性;以体长为协变量的协方差分析结果显示,大蹼铃蟾的头长、吻长、前臂宽、腿或后肢全长、胫长、胫宽和跗足长在两性间的差异有高度统计学意义;雄性的这7项形态特征随体长的生长速率大于雌性。性选择假说能解释大蹼铃蟾的两性异形现象。     

棒花鱼形态特征的两性异形和雌性个体生育力

测定了棒花鱼(Abbottina rivularis)繁殖期形态特征包括体长、头长、头宽、头高、眼间距、鼻间距、背鳍基长、胸鳍长、胸鳍腹鳍间距、尾柄长、尾鳍长和体重的两性异形和雌性个体生育力。结果表明,雄性个体的数量显著多于雌性个体,雄性个体的体长显著大于雌性个体。特定体长的雌性个体的胸鳍腹鳍间距显著大于雄性个体,头长、头宽、头高、眼间距、鼻间距、背鳍基长、胸鳍长、尾柄长和尾鳍长显著小于雄性个体,雌雄两性体重不存在显著差异。棒花鱼的怀卵数量与体长和体重回归关系显著。偏相关分析显示,当控制第三者恒定时,怀卵数量与体长和体重呈正相关但不显著。棒花鱼存在个体大小和其他局部特征显著的两性异形,雌性个体主要通过腹腔容积的增加提高个体生育力。棒花鱼形态特征的两性异形是性选择和生育力选择共同作用的结果。     

基于形态特征的中华稻蝗生物地理学分析

为研究中华稻蝗形态特征与地理特征的关系,选取中华稻蝗体长(LB)、头长(LH)、前胸背板长(LP)、前胸背板宽(WP)、前胸背板侧片长(LLP)、前胸背板侧片高(HLP)、前翅长(LEL)、后足股节长(LF)、后足股节宽(WF)和后足胫节长(LT)等10个性状,采用电子游标卡尺测量其长度进行比较,使用SPSS11.5统计软件进行体长方差分析、各个性状在不同种群间的多重方差分析以及各性状间与海拔高度间的相关性分析。结果显示:9个中华稻蝗种群分为南方组、北方组及一个过渡种群,雌雄虫中北方种群的体长均明显小于南方种群;各性状测量值呈现出随纬度增加而减少的趋势;10个性状中除前胸背板长、前翅长、后足股节长和后足胫节长与海拔高度之间的相关性不显著之外,其余性状均与海拔高度呈现显著的正相关。结果表明,秦岭的分隔是造成南北方种群形态特征产生差异的主要原因;体型较大、后腿股节较宽的中华稻蝗更有利于在高海拔环境生存。     

Intestine length in the fishes of a tropical stream: 1. Ontogenetic allometry

Synopsis We examined the ontogenetic allometry of intestine length in relation to body length and body mass in 21 species of fish from forest streams in Panama. The relationships between log₁₀ intestine length and log₁₀ body length and mass were well described by linear regressions, although some species showed slight curvilinearity. Slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions varied considerably among species. Intestine length was positively allometric in most species, with slopes of the intestine length:body length relationship ranging from 1.09 to 2.11. Relative intestine lengths (intestine length/body length) varied by two orders of magnitude (0.39–38.44) in the data set as a whole, but the variation was about one order of magnitude when species were compared at a common body size. Species in which body mass increased more rapidly with body length had more rapid increases in intestine length with body length. Among omnivorous and carnivorous species compared at the same body length, heavier species had longer intestines. Interspecific comparisons of relative intestine length may produce misleading conclusions unless comparisons are made at a common size and account for differences in relative mass.     

发冠卷尾性别判定的初步研究

摘要：发冠卷尾（Dicrurus hottentottus）由于被认为是雌雄同态而在野外难以鉴别性别。我们研究了河南董寨国家级自然保护区79只已用分子生物学方法鉴定出性别的发冠卷尾（D.h.brevirostris）在形态量度上的性别差异,并据此构建了判别式方程,用于鉴定其性别。所考察的体征包括体重、喙长、喙粗、头喙长...     

由胸骨长度估算中国北方成年人身高的回归方程

调查了中国北方28具(男15、女13)汉族成年人尸体身高、胸骨全长、胸骨柄长和胸骨体长的均值,并计算了胸骨的长度与身高的相关系数。除男性胸骨全长高度相关外,其余皆为中度相关。由胸骨全长推算身高的回归方程式,较由胸骨柄长和胸骨体长推算身高的回归方程式,有较高的相关系数和较低的标准估计误差。由胸骨体长推算也较由胸骨柄长推算为佳。     

林麝幼体消化系统解剖研究

测定了不同日龄幼麝的消化道长度、胃的周长。其结果为:十二指肠1日龄时长度为19.7cm,57日龄时为36.1cm,是出生时的1.8倍;回肠1日龄时长度为90.5cm,57日龄时为206.1cm,为出生时的2.3倍;盲肠1日龄时长度为4.2cm,57日龄时为9.4cm,为出生时的2.2倍;直肠1日龄时长度为9.0cm,57日龄时为37.2cm,为出生时的4.1倍。18日龄时,瘤胃的周长大于皱胃。     

BACULAR AND TESTICULAR GROWTH AND ALLOMETRY IN THE CAPE FUR SEAL ARCTOCEPHALUS P. PUSILLUS (OTARIIDAE)

The baculum in Arctocephalus p. pusillus reaches up to 14.1 cm in length, 13.5 g in mass, and 1.3 g/cm in density (= mass/length). A pubertal growth spurt occurs between 2 and 3 yr of age, when bacular length increases by 28%, mass by 124%, and density by 77%; concurrently, body length increases by 14%. A second, weaker spurt occurs at social maturity (9-10 yr of age). Testes grow most rapidly between 1 and 2 yr of age, when testicular length increases by 29%. After 3 yr of age, growth in bacular and testicular length slows, and bacular mass continues to increase approximately linearly. Bacular and testicular lengths average 6.8% and 3.4% (respectively) of body length in adults, compared with 9.9% and 5.7% in the promiscuous harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ). Bacular length, mass, and density, and testicular length, are positively allometric to body length over growth; bacular length is isometric to testicular length. Among animals of the same age, bacular length and mass are positively allometric to body length in young animals, with negative allometry or isometry thereafter; testicular length is isometric to body length in young animals and negatively allometric thereafter. Patterns of early growth and allometry of the baculum and testes are interpreted as adaptations for mating opportunities, years before territoriality is possible. The baculum and testes of adult Cape fur seals and other otariids are small compared with those of most phocids, because sperm competition among male otariids is weak.     

尼日利亚南部阿贝奥库塔地区冈比亚按蚊复合体的形态特征研究（双翅目：蚊科）

对采自尼日利亚南部城市阿贝奥库塔冈比亚按蚊复合体Anopheles gambiae complex的形态特征进行了研究。依据2005年8月至2006年7月灯诱捕获的364个冈比亚按蚊复合体标本,分别对它们的触角、翅、喙、前足、中足和后足6个部位的长度进行了测量,对月平均值进行回归分析,同时利用差异系数（co-efficient of difference,CD）进行近缘分析。分析显示,各特征的长度平均值雨季大于旱季,但是回归分析表明长度变化与季节不显著相关（P>0.05）。差异系数分析结果表明,仅触角长度和翅长显示此复合体为两个不同的种群(CD>1.28),而其他特征值表明为同一种群。因此,该研究结果提示触角长度及翅长对冈比亚按蚊复合体近缘种的区分有重要参考价值。     

河南省淮河流域鳑鲏亚科5种鱼形态差异分析

为进一步从可量性状比较中华鳑鲏(Rhodeus sinensis)、越南鱊(Acheilongnathus tonkinensis)、大鳍鱊(A. macropterus)、兴凯鱊(A. chankaensis)和斑条鱊(A. taenianalis)的种间形态差异, 丰富鳑鲏亚科鱼类的形态分类特征, 研究采用多变量形态度量学方法对河南省淮河流域这5种鱼的形态进行比较分析。结果表明: 这5种鱼在体宽/体长、头长/体长、吻长/体长、尾柄长/体长、背鳍基底长/体长、腹鳍长/体长、臀鳍长/体长和头长/吻长8个比值性状上存在极显著性差异(P< 0.01), 在全长/体长、体高/体长2个比值性状上存在显著性差异(P<0.05), 这些差异主要集中在鱼体的头部、尾部和鳍等部位。主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析显示5种鱼存在显著性形态差异, 斑条鱊与越南鱊的差异程度最大, 与大鳍鱊差异程度最小。判别分析获得的判别准确率在82.35%—100.00%变化, 可以从一定的角度区分这5种鱼。     

黄颡鱼的两性异形和雌性繁殖特征

测定了黄颡鱼成体的体长、头长、头宽、头高、吻长、眼径、眼间距、眼后头长、体高、尾柄高、背鳍基前距、背鳍基长、尾柄长、腹鳍基前距、背鳍脂鳍间距、腹鳍臀鳍间距、尾鳍长、体重、去内脏体重等形态指标以及雌体的怀卵数量。雌性成体的体长显著小于雄性成体。其它局部特征皆与体长呈正相关,回归剩余值的t—检验表明,雌性成体的眼径、头高、体高、腹鳍基前距、体重显著大于雄性成体,其它局部形态特征不存在显著的两性差异。黄颡鱼雌体通过个体大小的增加和腹部形态的改变增加腹腔容量,增加繁殖输出。     

Polarized light observations on striated muscle contraction in a mite

Contraction of individual sarcomeres within the living mite Tarsonemus sp. was observed by polarized light microscopy. In unflattened animals the usual range of contraction was such that the minimum sarcomere length approximated the length of the A region, and the maximum sarcomere length was about twice the length of the A region. The central sarcomeres of the dorsal metapodosomal muscles were observed in detail. The A band length increased slightly with increasing sarcomere length since the regression of I region length on sarcomere length had an average slope of 0.91. When the A band length in a sarcomere which was shortening was compared with the length when the same sarcomere lengthened, no significant difference was seen. The A band of each sarcomere seemed to act as a not too rigid limit to further shortening; this agreed with the reversible shortening of a muscle in which the A band had been experimentally shortened. An H region was visible at long sarcomere lengths and was not visible at short sarcomere lengths, even when the muscle was actively shortening. The rate of change of H region length with sarcomere length suggested that I filament length may increase as sarcomere length increases. Despite this effect and the small increase in A length with sarcomere length, the results are considered to be consistent with a model in which shortening occurs by the relative movement of A and I filaments, with little or no change in length of either set of filaments. Sarcomere shortening was clearly associated with an increase in the retardation of the A region.     

ESTIMATING BODY LENGTH OF PYGMY RIGHT WHALES (CAPEREA MARGINATA) FROM MEASUREMENTS OF THE SKELETON AND BALEEN

Various parts of the skeleton and/or the longest baleen plate of 46 specimens of Caperea marginata from Australia and New Zealand were measured and related to body length. Of the 32 skull, postcranial and baleen-plate measurements available, eight were analysed and seven found to be good predictors of body length, by using a curvilinear model describing their relationship with body length. Greatest skull width, supraoccipital length and mandible length had the smallest prediction limits (± 0.28-0.33 m in small animals, ±0.44-0.58 m in large animals) when compared with postcranial measurements (scapula length, vertebra 7 centrum width). Baleen-plate length was also a useful predictor of body length (±0.32-0.77 m). There was a substantial increase in the arch of the skull as body length increased. Bulla length was not a good predictor of body length, because measurements were highly variable and because the bulla grew little during postnatal life. Physical maturity occurred at body lengths of at least 5.9 m, also the shortest length at which both epiphyses of the humerus and proximal epiphyses of the radius and ulna were fused. Weaning appears to occur at about 3-3.5 m. The following approximate relative age/length classes were erected: dependent calves, <3.6 m; subadults, 3.6-5.5 m; adults, >5.5 m. Females were significantly longer than males in the sample of 22 animals greater than 5.9 m, length of the smallest recorded physically mature animal.     

Polkepsilonema mombasae gen. et sp.n. andPternepsilonema servaesae gen. et sp.n. (Nematoda,Epsilonematidae) from East African coasts

Two new genera and species from Kenyan tidal areas,Polkepsilonema mombasae gen. et sp.n. andPternepsilonema servaesae gen. et sp.n., are described. Both are characterized by the presence of at least fourteen subcephalic setae and by thick thorns on the ventral body region of males. In the first genus, eight to ten subcephalic setae are situated anterior to the amphid, and the ambulatory setae are bisinuous. In the second, the subcephalic setae are situated at the posterior edge of the rostrum, and the ambulatory setae are straight.A key to the 13 genera of the Epsilonematidae is presented.Abbreviations a body length divided by maximum body diameter - abd body diameter at level of anus - amph % diameter of amphid as a percent of head diameter - Asl length of anteriormost ambulatory seta of external subventral row - b body length divided by pharyngeal length - c body length divided by tail length - cs length of cephalic setae - dcs distance from rostrum edge to cephalic setae - gub length of gubernaculum - L body length - lct length of copulatory thorns - lpt length of precloacal thorns - mbd maximum body diameter of posterior body region - (mdb) minimum body diameter - mbd/(mbd) maximum body diameter divided by minimum body diameter - mbd ph body diameter at level of pharyngeal bulb - N number of body rings - ph length of pharynx - spic length of spicule measured along the arc - SSph length of subdorsal somatic setae in pharyngeal region - t tail length - tmr length of nonannulated tail region - V position of vulva as a percentage of total body length from anterior     

Individual variation in early‐life telomere length and survival in a wild mammal

Individual variation in survival probability due to differential responses to early‐life environmental conditions is important in the evolution of life histories and senescence. A biomarker allowing quantification of such individual variation, and which links early‐life environmental conditions with survival by providing a measure of conditions experienced, is telomere length. Here, we examined telomere dynamics among 24 cohorts of European badgers (Meles meles). We found a complex cross‐sectional relationship between telomere length and age, with no apparent loss over the first 29 months, but with both decreases and increases in telomere length at older ages. Overall, we found low within‐individual consistency in telomere length across individual lifetimes. Importantly, we also observed increases in telomere length within individuals, which could not be explained by measurement error alone. We found no significant sex differences in telomere length, and provide evidence that early‐life telomere length predicts lifespan. However, while early‐life telomere length predicted survival to adulthood (≥1 year old), early‐life telomere length did not predict adult survival probability. Furthermore, adult telomere length did not predict survival to the subsequent year. These results show that the relationship between early‐life telomere length and lifespan was driven by conditions in early‐life, where early‐life telomere length varied strongly among cohorts. Our data provide evidence for associations between early‐life telomere length and individual life history, and highlight the dynamics of telomere length across individual lifetimes due to individuals experiencing different early‐life environments.     

Flagellar length control system: testing a simple model based on intraflagellar transport and turnover

Flagellar length regulation provides a simple model system for addressing the general problem of organelle size control. Based on a systems-level analysis of flagellar dynamics, we have proposed a mechanism for flagellar length control in which length is set by the balance of continuous flagellar assembly and disassembly. The model proposes that the assembly rate is length dependent due to the inherent length dependence of intraflagellar transport, whereas disassembly is length independent, such that the two rates can only reach a balance point at a single length. In this report, we test this theoretical model by using three different measurements: 1) the quantity of intraflagellar transport machinery as a function of length, 2) the variation of flagellar length as a function of flagellar number, and 3) the rate of flagellar growth as a function of length. We find that the quantity of intraflagellar transport machinery is independent of length, that flagellar length is a decreasing function of flagellar number, and that flagellar growth rate in regenerating flagella depends on length and not on the time since regeneration began. These results are consistent with the balance-point model for length control. The three strategies used here are not limited to flagella and can in principle be adapted to probe size control systems for any organelle.