供浆者多次献浆后sdLDL-C和ox-LDL水平的测定

目的探讨多次献浆后,对供浆者体内血浆小而密低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(sdLDL-C)、氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)水平变化的影响。方法分别检测100例多次献血浆者和100例初次献血浆者的血浆sdLDL-C和ox-LDL水平,同时检测其血脂及血浆蛋白水平。结果多次献血浆者的血浆sdLDL-C、ox-LDL以及血脂水平略有下降,但与初次献浆者之间无显著性差异;多次献血浆者的血浆总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)与初次献浆者的水平相当,两者之间也无显著性差异。结论多次献血浆是安全的,不会增加动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的风险。     

四川地区2013—2014年供血浆人群HBsAg、抗-HCV和抗-HIV检测结果分析

目的分析四川地区2013—2014年供血浆人群的血液检测HBs Ag、抗-HCV、抗-HIV阳性率与年龄和性别的相关性,为制定从低危供血浆人群中招募策略及安全供血提供依据。方法收集2013年1月至2014年12月四川地区10家单采血浆公司采集的111 816名供血浆者年龄、性别资料及血浆样品HBs Ag、抗-HCV、抗-HIV确证检测结果,比较分析不同年龄、性别的供浆人群的病毒指标阳性率差异。结果 2013年和2014年总体阳性率分别为0.58%和0.52%,抗-HIV阳性率由2013年的0.02%下降到2014年的0.01%;2013年和2014年总体阳性率随年龄增加呈递减的趋势;HBs Ag不合格率随年龄增加而降低,抗-HCV不合格率在41~55岁年龄段高于18~40岁年龄段,抗-HIV不合格率在18~40岁年龄段高于41~55岁年龄段;女性供血浆者总体阳性率为0.43%,男性为0.77%,女性低于男性;女性HBs Ag、抗-HIV阳性率分别为0.35%和0.01%,低于男性的0.67%和0.03%。结论女性、较年长的供血浆者为供浆低危人群,应该作为重点招募稳定供献血浆的对象,同时应进一步提高献浆前问询技巧,增强对高危人群的评估辨别能力,从而更有效的减少不必要的血浆报废,保证血浆采集安全性,促进采浆事业科学可持续发展。     

我国9省/区农村居民膳食结构变化及地区差异性分析

为了解农村居民膳食结构的变化趋势及地区差异,本文分析了1991—2011年我国9省/区24个郊区农村和96个普通农村的18~65岁成年居民膳食结构变化。结果显示：农村居民在家就餐减少,在外就餐明显增加;碳水化合物供能比下降,脂肪供能比不断攀升;米、面等主食、蔬菜、粗粮等食用比例减少,高脂肪红肉、蛋类、水果类等食用比例增加。这些变化特点在郊区农村中更为凸显,同时对普通农村居民膳食结构的未来变化趋势具有一定预测作用。针对农村居民膳食的变化及地区差异性,相关机构应给予膳食指导,提出政策建议。     

膳食干预对高胆固醇血症患者血脂和营养状况的影响

目的：探讨个体化膳食干预对高胆固醇血症患者血脂指标和营养状况的影响。方法：选取2013年6月—2014年12月收入北京友谊医院且诊断为高胆固醇血症的90例患者,膳食干预3个月,使用24 h膳食回顾调查法和食物频度法,分析调查对象每天膳食中热能及各种营养素的摄入量,与中国居民膳食推荐摄入量比较,分析膳食干预前后患者的饮食情况、血脂指标和相关营养指标的变化。结果：与每人每日各类食物适宜摄入量相比,高胆固醇血症患者在膳食干预前,蔬菜、水果、豆类食物的摄入量偏少,肉类、蛋、奶、油脂类食物摄入量偏高,营养素供能比例不适宜,蛋白质和脂肪供能比例偏高,碳水化合物供能比例偏低;与膳食干预前相比,膳食干预后每日谷类食物、肉类、鸡蛋、奶、油脂类的摄入量显著降低,蔬菜、水果、豆类的摄入量显著增加,摄入的总能量显著降低,摄入的蛋白质、脂肪的量及其供能比显著降低,动物蛋白的供能比显著降低,碳水化合物的摄入量及其供能比显著增加）;经过膳食干预后,高胆固醇血症患者的血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平显著降低,血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平显著増高,患者的体质指数（BMI）显著降低,血清总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、血红蛋白（HGB）与膳食干预前相比差异无统计学意义。结论：高胆固醇血症患者通过改善膳食结构和降低体质指数,可以降低TC、TG、LDL-C等血脂指标,升高HDL-C,其营养状况不会受到影响。     

新疆维吾尔族子宫颈鳞癌患者血浆甘油三酯及胆固醇检测

目的:探讨新疆维吾尔族妇女子宫颈鳞癌与血浆甘油三酯和胆固醇水平的相关性.方法:采集69例新疆维吾尔族妇女子宫颈鳞癌患者及100例新疆维吾尔族正常对照血浆,用全自动生化分析仪测定血浆甘油三酯和胆固醇水平.结果:69例新疆维吾尔族妇女子宫颈鳞癌患者与100例新疆维吾尔族正常对照血浆甘油三酯水平(X±S)分别为1.15+0.87mmol/L及1.27±1.39mmol/L均为正常水平(0.11-1.69mmol/L).子宫颈鳞癌患者与正常对照血浆胆固醇水平(X±S)分别为3.80±2.03 mmol/L及3.29±1.93 mmol/L均为正常水平(2.59-6.47mmol/L).子宫颈鳞癌怠者与正常对照相比血浆甘油三酯和胆固醇水平无显著性差异.结论血浆甘油三酯和胆固醇水平与新疆维吾尔族子宫颈鳞癌不相关.     

fat-1转基因牛血浆差异蛋白的研究

以fat-1转基因牛血浆蛋白为材料,利用2D-双向电泳、生物信息学及血脂生化检测技术对fat-1基因调控牛脂类代谢的潜在机制进行了研究。结果表明,8个相关差异蛋白(AHSG、KNG1、Serpin A3-1、ENSBTAG00000021729、Serpin A3-5、FAM208A、CTAGE5、LOC511240)被鉴定;经生物信息学预测,发现有63个蛋白与这8个差异蛋白存在互作关系,而且发现差异蛋白和互作蛋白富集了11个与脂类代谢密切相关的生物学通路,其中互作蛋白APOA1在11个通路中富集的频率最高;经血浆APOA1检测发现,转基因牛显著高于野生型牛;相关性分析发现APOA1与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)高度负相关(r=-0.90),与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇/总胆固醇(HDL-C/TC)的比值存在显著正相关(r=0.69)。综合结果显示了fat-1基因可能通过介导APOA1的表达调控转基因牛的脂类代谢。     

血浆Hcy、FIB及hs-CRP水平与脑梗死严重程度及复发的相关性分析

目的:探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血浆纤维蛋白原(FIB)及超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平与脑梗死严重程度及复发的关系。方法:回顾性分析本院收治的138例急性脑梗死患者的临床资料,应用神经功能缺损程度量表对患者脑梗死程度进行评定,监测血浆Hcy、FIB、hs-CRP水平,随访1年,分析以上各指标水平与脑梗死严重程度及复发的关系。结果:轻度、中度和重度脑梗死患者Hcy、FIB及hs-CRP水平比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);严重程度与Hcy、FIB及hs-CRP水平呈正相关性(r=0.51、0.43、0.39,P0.05);复发者FIB及hs-CRP水平均显著高于未复发者,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:血浆Hcy、FIB及hs-CRP水平越高脑梗死越严重,且脑梗死复发患者FIB及hs-CRP的水平显著上升,临床应紧密检测指标,尽早治疗以防止病情进一步恶化。     

去细胞牛颈静脉构建组织工程右心带瓣管道生物相容性实验

目的:检测去细胞处理牛颈静脉的生物相容性.方法:去细胞处理牛颈静脉,与新鲜牛颈静脉分别于兔皮下包埋,术后2,4,12周取材,HE染色;进行血浆蛋白吸附和血小板粘附实验,检测血液相容性.结果:包埋早期有炎性细胞浸润,后期炎性细胞消失,以成纤维细胞为主.去细胞牛颈静脉与新鲜牛颈静脉血浆蛋白吸附和血小板粘附无显著差异.结论:去细胞牛颈静脉有良好的生物相容性.     

马铃薯馒头摄入对女性青少年肠道菌群结构影响分析

选取某高中和职高青少年群体为研究对象,以班级为整体随机分为马铃薯馒头（马铃薯全粉占比30%）组、小麦馒头（小麦面粉占比100%）组和普通膳食组3组,开展为期8w的干预研究。随机抽取小麦馒头组、马铃薯馒头组及普通膳食组女性研究对象各5名,分析马铃薯馒头摄入对人体肠道菌群结构的影响。结果表明：与干预前相比,干预后小麦馒头组、马铃薯馒头组和普通膳食组肠道菌群OTU数量变化幅度分别为-12.9%、+3.3%、-5.1%。在门水平上的4种主要菌群（拟杆菌门、硬壁菌门、蛋白菌门、放线菌门）和属水平上的8种共有主要菌群（普氏菌属、梭状芽孢杆菌属、柔嫩梭菌属、罗氏菌属、双歧杆菌属、萨特氏菌属和瘤胃球菌属）丰度均呈现马铃薯馒头组变化幅度最小;Alpha多样性指数和Beta多样性指数同样呈现干预前后变化幅度马铃薯馒头组要小于小麦馒头组和普通膳食组。基于以上分析认为,长期连续摄入30%的马铃薯馒头,并不会引起人体肠道菌群结构的显著变化。     

饲料糖和脂水平对团头鲂生长性能及血浆代谢物的影响

实验以初重(6.20±0.01) g的团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)幼鱼为研究对象, 分别投喂高糖低脂(HCLL, 45%糖和2%脂)、中糖中脂(MCML, 30%糖和8%脂)和低糖高脂(LCHL, 15%糖和14%脂)的3种等氮饲料56d, 以探究饲料不同糖和脂水平对团头鲂生长性能、鱼体生化组成、营养沉积及血浆代谢物的影响。实验结果显示, 饲料糖和脂水平对团头鲂摄食率无显著性影响。随饲料糖水平降低和脂水平升高, 团头鲂幼鱼特定生长率和饲料效率提高。高糖低脂饲料未造成肝脏糖原或甘油三酯含量的显著沉积, 且各饲料组间肝体比、脏体比及肥满度均无显著性差异。饲料糖和脂水平对团头鲂鱼体生化组成无显著性影响, 但随饲料糖水平降低和脂水平增加, 团头鲂蛋白沉积率升高, 脂肪沉积率降低。另外, 血浆葡萄糖、甘油三酯、游离脂肪酸和胆固醇含量各组间均无显著性差异。低糖高脂组血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著升高, 表明肝脏将脂质转运至外周组织以维持肝脏脂稳态。研究结果表明, 团头鲂对饲料脂利用优于糖类, 且具有较好地应答饲料糖和脂水平的代谢机制, 研究结果可为团头鲂的饲料配方设计提供支撑。     

The effect of high-fat diet on plasma ghrelin and leptin levels in rats

Ghrelin and leptin regulate appetite and energy homeostasis in humans and rodents. The effects of different nutritional factors on ghrelin and leptin secretion are not well documented in rats. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet on plasma ghrelin and leptin levels and on adiposity. Twenty male Wistar rats, body weight220–260 g, were used in the study. Rats were randomized either on a standard chow diet (n=10) or on a high-fat diet (a mixture of nuts) forad libitum 11-week period. Body weight was measured once per week. At the end of the nutritional period, rats were sacrificed. Blood was collected for determination of lipids and glucose, as well as plasma ghrelin and leptin levels by ELISA method. The weight of different organs was determined. Rats fed on a high-fat diet showed significant increase in total body weight compared to control group. The long-term intake of high-fat diet caused hyperleptinemia and hypoghrelinemia. There was a significant positive correlation between plasma leptin levels and epididymal fat mass, liver and heart. In contrast, ghrelin levels showed inverse correlation with epididymal fat mass and liver weight. In conclusion, long-term intake of high-fat diet induced changes in plasma ghrelin and leptin in male rats, as well as in epididymal fat mass, liver and heart weights.     

Modulation of lipid homeostasis in response to continuous or intermittent high-fat diet in pigs

A high-fat diet is known to induce atherosclerosis in animal models. Dietary factors and timing of atherogenic food delivery may affect plasma lipoprotein content composition and its potential atherogenic effect. Increasingly often, humans spend periods/days eating in a completely unregulated way, ingesting excessive amounts of food rich in oils and fats, alternating with periods/days when food intake is more or less correct. We investigate the effect on lipid homeostasis of a high-fat diet administered either continuously or intermittently. We investigated control pigs receiving standard diet (C, n=7), pigs receiving a high-fat diet every day for 10 weeks (CHF, n=5), and pigs receiving a high-fat diet every other week for 10 weeks (IHF, n=7). IHF animals were shown to have a different lipid profile compared with CHF animals, with a significant increase in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) levels with respect to C and CHF groups. CHF also showed significantly higher values of TC/HDL cholesterol compared with C and IHF. Hepatic expression analysis of genes involved in lipid homeostasis showed an increasing trend of nuclear receptor LXRα along with its target genes in the CHF group and in the IHF group, whereas SREBP2 and LDLr were significantly inhibited. A significant correlation was found between ABCA1 expression and circulating levels of HDL-C. Periodic withdrawals of a high-fat atherogenic diet compared with a regular administration results in a different adaptive response of lipoprotein metabolism, which leads to a significantly higher plasma level of HDL-C and lower TC/HDL-C.     

Beneficial effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Caralluma fimbriata against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress in Wistar male rats

The main aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Caralluma fimbriata (CFE) on the effects of high-fat diet feeding on insulin resistance and oxidative stress in Wistar rats. High-fat diet (60 % of fat) and CFE (200 mg/kg body weight/day) were given concurrently to the rats for a period of 90 days. Feeding with high-fat diet resulted in the development of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia and impaired insulin sensitivity (P?<?0.05). Administration of CFE to high-fat diet-fed rats for 90 days resulted in a significant improvement in plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and triglycerides. Regarding liver antioxidant status, high-fat fed rats showed higher levels of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and lower GSH levels and lower activities of enzymatic antioxidants, while CFE treatment prevented all these observed abnormalities. In conclusion, intake of CFE may be beneficial for the suppression of high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress.     

黑线仓鼠的BMR个体差异及其应对高脂食物的能量学对策

为探讨高脂食物对小型哺乳动物能量代谢的影响及其与基础代谢率(Basal metabolic rate, BMR)的关系,将成年雌性黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis)分为高、低BMR组,每组再随机分为低脂、高脂食物组,驯化6周后,测定体重、摄入能和代谢率,以及消化酶活力、褐色脂肪组织(Brown adipose tissue, BAT)和主要内脏器官与肌肉的细胞色素c氧化酶(Cytochrome c oxidase, COX)活性、解偶联蛋白(Uncoupling protein, UCP) mRNA表达等。结果显示,高脂食物对高、低BMR组动物体重均无显著影响。与低脂食物组相比,高脂食物组的摄食量、摄入能和消化能显著下降,小肠脂肪酶活力显著增强,消化率明显增加,但高、低BMR组的组间差异不显著。夜间代谢水平显著高于昼间,高脂食物使高BMR组的夜间代谢率显著升高。BAT、肌肉和内脏器官COX活性不受高脂食物的影响,高、低BMR组的组间差异也不显著。高脂食物组仅肝脏UCP2表达显著上调。结果表明,能量摄入和消化系统形态及功能的可塑性调节是黑线仓鼠应对高脂食物的主要策略;黑线仓鼠的代谢率具有显著的昼夜节律,既受高脂食物的影响,也与动物自身的BMR水平有关,但UCP表达具有组织特异性,这可能不是导致BMR个体差异的因素。     

Enterostatin decreases postprandial pancreatic UCP2 mRNA levels and increases plasma insulin and amylin

This study investigated the chronic effect of enterostatin on body weight and some of the associated changes in postprandial metabolism. Rats were adapted to 6 h of food access/day and a choice of low-fat and high-fat (HF) food and then given enterostatin or vehicle by an intraperitoneally implanted minipump delivering 160 nmol enterostatin/h continuously over a 5-day infusion period. Enterostatin resulted in a slight but significant reduction of HF intake and body weight. After the last 6-h food access period, enterostatin-treated animals had lower plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid but higher plasma glucose and lactate levels than control animals. Enterostatin infusion resulted in increased uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) expression in various tissues, including epididymal fat and liver. UCP2 was reduced in the pancreas of enterostatin-treated animals, and this was associated with increased plasma levels of insulin and amylin. Whether these two hormones are involved in the observed decreased food intake due to enterostatin remains to be determined. As lipid metabolism appeared to be altered by enterostatin, we measured peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) expression in tissues and observed that PPARalpha, -beta, -gamma1, and -gamma2 expression were modified by enterostatin in epididymal fat, pancreas, and liver. This further links altered lipid metabolism with body weight loss. Our data suggest that alterations in UCP2 and PPARgamma2 play a role in the control of insulin and amylin release from the pancreas. This implies that enterostatin changes lipid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways in addition to its effects on food intake and energy expenditure.     

High-fat diets rich in soy or fish oil distinctly alter hypothalamic insulin signaling in rats

Hypothalamic insulin inhibits food intake, preventing obesity. High-fat feeding with polyunsaturated fats may be obesogenic, but their effect on insulin action has not been elucidated. The present study evaluated insulin hypophagia and hypothalamic signaling after central injection in rats fed either control diet (15% energy from fat) or high-fat diets (50% energy from fat) enriched with either soy or fish oil. Soy rats had increased fat pad weight and serum leptin with normal body weight, serum lipid profile and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Fish rats had decreased body and fat pad weight, low leptin and corticosterone levels, and improved serum lipid profile. A 20-mU dose of intracerebroventricular (ICV) insulin inhibited food intake in control and fish groups, but failed to do so in the soy group. Hypothalamic protein levels of IR, IRS-1, IRS-2, Akt, mTOR, p70S6K and AMPK were similar among groups. ICV insulin stimulated IR tyrosine phosphorylation in control (68%), soy (36%) and fish (34%) groups. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the pp185 band was significantly stimulated in control (78%) and soy (53%) rats, but not in fish rats. IRS-1 phosphorylation was stimulated only in control rats (94%). Akt serine phosphorylation was significantly stimulated only in control (90%) and fish (78%) rats. The results showed that, rather than the energy density, the fat type was a relevant aspect of high-fat feeding, since blockade of hypothalamic insulin signal transmission and insulin hypophagia was promoted only by the high-fat soy diet, while they were preserved in the rats fed with the high-fat fish diet.     

Effect of a selective OX1R antagonist on food intake and body weight in two strains of rats that differ in susceptibility to dietary-induced obesity

An orexin-1 receptor antagonist decreases food intake whereas orexin-A selectively induces hyperphagia to a high-fat diet. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of an orexin antagonist in two strains of rats that differ in their sensitivity to becoming obese while eating a high-fat diet. Male Osborne-Mendel (OM) and S5B/Pl (S5B) rats were treated acutely with an orexin-1 receptor antagonist (SB-334867), after adaptation to either a high-fat (56% fat energy) diet or a low-fat (10% fat energy) diet that were equicaloric for protein (24% energy). Ad libitum fed rats were injected intraperitoneally with SB-334867 at doses of 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg, or vehicle at the beginning of the dark cycle, and food intake and body weight were measured. Hypothalamic prepro-orexin and orexin-1 receptor mRNA expression were analyzed in OM and S5B rats fed at a high-fat or low-fat diet for two weeks. SB-334867 significantly decreased food intake in both strains of rats eating the high-fat diet but only in the OM rats eating the low fat diet. The effect was greatest at 12 and 24 h. Body weight was also reduced in OM rats 1d after injection of SB-334867 but not in the S5B rats. Prepro-orexin and orexin-1 receptor expression levels did not differ between strains or diets. These experiments demonstrate that an orexin antagonist (SB-334867) reduces food intake and has a greater effect in a rat strain that is susceptible to dietary-induced obesity, than in a resistant strain.     

Effects of genetic and diet-induced obesity on lipid metabolism

C57BL/6J obese (ob/ob) and lean mice fed ad libitum on a normal mouse chow diet (Normal), were compared with lean mice of the same age and strain fed ad libitum on a high-fat diet, consisting of the Normal diet with the addition of beef lard (Lard), from age 3 months for 34 days. The lard-fed mice were seen to have significantly higher (P<0.05) body weight in this 34-day period than that of the other two groups fed on the Normal diet. Epididymal fat depot and adipocyte cell size were significantly larger (P<0.05) in the Lard-fed lean mice and in the obese (ob/ob) mice than were those of the Normal-fed lean mice. Dietary Lard intake did not significantly affect concentrations of plasma triglyceride although those of plasma cholesterol were significantly increased (P<0.05). The development of obesity in these Lard-fed mice appeared to be accelerated and significant.     

High-fat diet effects on gut motility,hormone, and appetite responses to duodenal lipid in healthy men

There is evidence that gastrointestinal function adapts in response to a high-fat (HF) diet. This study investigated the hypothesis that an HF diet modifies the acute effects of duodenal lipid on appetite, antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma CCK and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels in humans. Twelve healthy men were studied twice in randomized, crossover fashion. The effects of a 90-min duodenal lipid infusion (6.3 kJ/min) on the above parameters were assessed immediately following 14-day periods on either an HF or a low-fat (LF) diet. After the HF diet, pyloric tonic and phasic pressures were attenuated, and the number of antropyloroduodenal pressure-wave sequences was increased when compared with the LF diet. Plasma CCK and GLP-1 levels did not differ between the two diets. Hunger was greater during the lipid infusion following the HF diet, but there was no difference in food intake. Therefore, exposure to an HF diet for 14 days attenuates the effects of duodenal lipid on antropyloroduodenal pressures and hunger without affecting food intake or plasma hormone levels.