脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗培养基的优化研究

目的探索A群、C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗培养基的适宜配方。方法通过筛选改良培养基(配方2)中酸水解酪蛋白替代培养基配方1中原50%盐酸酪蛋白水解液制备相应的培养基,培养A群、C群脑膜炎球菌一定时间后,以收获的细菌浓度和复合多糖量来确定培养基的配比,并比较该培养基在不同温度条件下培养细菌的结果。结果在A群、C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗不同培养基的细菌培养过程中,用酸水解酪蛋白制备的改良培养基(配方2)培养的细菌浓度和多糖收获量均高于其他培养基(配方1和配方3),用酸水解酪蛋白培养基能提高脑膜炎球菌的产量。结论以酸水解酪蛋白为主要原料(配方2)的改良培养基能作为流脑A群、C群细菌的最适培养基,且细菌在(37±0.2)℃培养情况良好。     

不同酸水解酪蛋白对W135群和Y群脑膜炎奈瑟菌荚膜多糖产量的影响

目的 探索不同酸水解酪蛋白对W135群与Y群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(脑膜炎球菌)荚膜多糖产量的影响。方法 分别以NaCl质量分数为37%和14%的酸水解酪蛋白作为有机氮源配制改良半综合高盐培养基和低盐培养基,利用全自动细菌发酵罐分别在两种培养基里培养W135群和Y群脑膜炎球菌,比较这两种菌株在两种培养基中的生长时间、收获液菌密度( A 600 nm 值)、收获液去菌体后与去复合多糖后上清中的荚膜多糖含量,以及纯化后的精糖产量;比较高盐培养基收获液及其2倍稀释液中不同终含量的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)溶液对多糖沉淀效果的影响。结果 W135群与Y群脑膜炎球菌在两种培养基中的培养时间差异无统计学意义( P >0.05),但高盐培养基收获液的菌密度、收获液去菌体后上清液中的多糖含量均高于低盐培养基收获液,差异有统计学意义( P < 0.05),而高盐培养基收获液纯化后的精糖产量低于低盐培养基,差异有统计学意义( P <0.05)。高盐培养液2倍稀释后,在CTAB终体积分数为0.04%时,W135群与Y群脑膜炎球菌多糖全部沉淀,而未稀释高盐培养液即使CTAB终体积分数提高到0.14%,依然也不能完全沉淀 W135群与Y群脑膜炎球菌多糖。结论 不同酸水解酪蛋白对W135群和Y群脑膜炎球菌的生长密度和荚膜多糖产量有影响,用CTAB溶液沉淀荚膜多糖时需控制收获液盐含量。     

培养基质量对脑膜炎奈瑟菌培养结果的影响

通过对A群C群流脑多糖疫苗生产用培养基质量指标与培养脑膜炎奈瑟菌菌数之间的关系进行分析,发现不同型别的脑膜炎奈瑟菌在相同的培养基和培养条件下具有不同的培养结果,对培养基总氮含量、氨氮含量、氯化钠含量进行检测分析,在一定范围内并未发现与培养菌数之间明显的关系,但这些质量指标作为培养基制备过程的质量控制,保证不同批次培养基始终保持相对稳定、可控的质量,具有十分重要的意义。     

一起流行性脑脊髓膜炎疫情的调查及控制

目的对流行性脑脊髓膜炎疫情进行流行病学分析,以了解流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)发生的特点,评价防控措施的效果。方法采用现场流行病学、血清学调查的方法对发生的流行性脑脊髓膜炎疫情进行调查分析。结果此疫情鉴定为一起C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌引起的聚集性病例,3例病人均已接种过A群流脑多糖疫苗3～4次,而未接种过A群C群流脑多糖疫苗,对C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌无免疫力;采取相应措施后疫情得到控制,没有引起流脑流行。结论对C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌所致疫情,采取以预防性服药、应急接种为主的综合控制措施能得到有效控制。     

新型脑膜炎奈瑟球菌X群荚膜多糖单克隆抗体及其潜在应用

正针对脑膜炎奈瑟球菌X群荚膜多糖(Men X)研制的一种新型鼠杂交瘤细胞单克隆抗体(MAb)可用于酶联免疫法对脑膜炎球菌多糖进行定量。该单克隆抗体只对X群发生反应,对于脑膜炎奈瑟菌A群C群Y群和W群均不反应。由非竞争性ELISA测定的单克隆抗体的亲和常数值(Ka)为7.25×     

脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗培养基的标准化研究

目的用干粉原料完全替代以消化液为主要原料的培养基配方,实现脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗培养基的标准化生产。方法用筛选改良的酪蛋白酸水解物干粉替代50%盐酸酪蛋白水解液,以改良酵母浸出粉替代酵母透析液和酵母浸出粉,适当调整培养基配方,改进并稳定培养基制备工艺,确定适宜质量指标,并对各项质量指标数据进行分析。结果改进后的脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗干粉培养基有效地降低了批间差异,各项质量指标均符合脑膜炎球菌培养要求,培养基的各项质量指标更加稳定可控,在生产中得到了良好、稳定的生长结果。结论用干粉原料完全替代脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗培养基中的消化液和酵母透析液是成功的,同时改良的干粉培养基进一步明确了配方标准,使原料准备、制备工艺、质量指标控制更加标准化,有效提高了培养基质量,有利于规模化生产,促进了脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗生产用培养基的标准化工作。     

1例流行性脑脊髓膜炎病例的菌群鉴定及分析

目的对2015年河南省1例流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)病例的菌群进行分子分型鉴定及分析,为河南省流脑预防和控制工作提供科学依据。方法对患者脑脊液和血液标本以及37例密切接触者咽拭子标本进行细菌培养,提取DNA进行PCR及多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing,MLST)分析。用ELISA检测密切接触者血清标本的脑膜炎奈瑟菌A群和C群抗体水平。结果患者和1例密切接触者分离的菌株经细菌培养及PCR鉴定,分别为C群和B群脑膜炎奈瑟菌。MLST分型显示,患者和密切接触者标本分别为ST4821型和ST5664型,两者均为ST4821克隆群。37例密切接触者脑膜炎奈瑟菌A群和C群抗体阳性率分别为91.89%和21.62%,平均抗体质量浓度分别为6.50μg/m L和1.73μg/m L。结论引起流脑疫情的致病菌为C群ST4821型脑膜炎奈瑟菌,当地C群平均抗体含量偏低,需加强流脑A+C疫苗的接种,有效预防流脑的暴发。     

分光光度法标定酵母超滤液浓度及其在脑膜炎球菌培养基优化过程中的应用

目的:建立检测酵母超滤液浓度的方法,并探索适合A、C群脑膜炎球菌生长的无动物源性培养基中酵母超滤液的浓度。方法:通过全波长扫描及不同波长吸光度值的比较确定检测酵母提取物浓度的最佳波长;用3000 Da超滤膜超滤酵母提取物溶液,制备酵母超滤液并检测其性质;观察脑膜炎球菌在含不同批次酵母超滤液的半综合培养基中的生长情况,验证不同批次标化的酵母超滤液的稳定性;配制含不同浓度酵母超滤液的半综合液体培养基,观察A、C群脑膜炎球菌的生长情况。结果:通过全波长扫描及不同波长吸光度值的比较,确定了检测酵母提取物浓度的最佳波长为405 nm;采用3000 Da超滤膜超滤后的酵母超滤液不与CTAB产生沉淀,通过检测其D_(405nm)值,可以确定酵母超滤液的浓度;从生长情况考虑,A、C群脑膜炎球菌半综合培养基中最优酵母超滤液浓度分别为4、2 mg/L。结论:建立了制备酵母超滤液及分光光度法标定酵母超滤液浓度的方法,确定了培养A、C群脑膜炎球菌半综合培养基中最优酵母超滤液浓度。     

A、C、Y、W135群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体血清体外杀菌试验方法优化

目的进一步优化脑膜炎奈瑟菌的血清抗体特异性体外杀菌试验,建立更加标准的A、C、W135、Y群脑膜炎奈瑟菌血清杀菌试验(serum bactericidal assay,SBA)方法,并验证其可行性及稳定性。方法 (1)用经典溶血方法测定补体活性,并根据非特异性杀菌率(non-specific killing rates,NSK)筛选出最佳试验补体;(2)对影响最终菌落数的关键因素,如靶菌起始浓度、培养基、染色剂浓度等进行优化;(3)根据质控血清的测定结果,确定补体最佳稀释比例和孵育时间;(4)对优化后的方法进行准确性、线性和精密度验证。结果补体选用Pel-freez-11536,溶血活性约为400 U/m L,除C血清群靶菌孵育时间需在45 min以内,其余血清群靶菌NSK均≤25%;对数期A、C、W135、Y血清群脑膜炎奈瑟菌做靶菌的最佳起始浓度为A600 nm的菌液分别稀释10~5、10~5×2、10~5×4、10~5×4倍;4种血清群脑膜炎奈瑟菌在BHI+0.5%血平板培养基上生长正常,且培养基颜色较浅,染色效果较明显;4种血清群靶菌的染色剂TTC最佳添加量均为0.001%;补体最佳用量为1∶3稀释,活性单位约133 U/m L;最佳孵育时间除C血清群为45 min外,其余血清群均以60 min为宜;优化后的方法测定质控血清的稀释倍数与对应的SBA滴度呈显著负相关,斜率在-1.1~-0.9之间,Pearson相关系数在-1.0~-0.9之间,P0.001,多次试验的CV均15%。结论对传统的SBA方法进行了优化,建立了更具有可比性、重复性较好的简单、可行、稳定的SBA方法。     

SEA为载体蛋白的A/C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌结合物初步免疫效果评价

目的对以金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A(staphylococcal enterotoxin A,SEA)为载体蛋白的A/C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌结合物的免疫效果进行初步评价。方法采用1-氰基-4-二甲氨基-砒啶四氟硼酸(1-cyano-dimethylamino pyridiniumtetrafluoroborate,CDAP)活化法,将SEA、破伤风类毒素(tetanus toxin,TT)分别与A群脑膜炎奈瑟菌荚膜多糖(group A N.meningitidis capsular polysaccharide,GAMP)、C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌荚膜多糖(group C N.meningitidis cap-sular polysaccharide,GCMP)结合制备结合物;将结合物分别免疫BALB/c小鼠,腹部皮下免疫3次,于第1针免后第9天、第19天、第27天眼眶采血,分离血清备用;检测体液免疫及细胞免疫反应水平。结果 SEA与GAMP结合后能增强抗-GAMP Ig G抗体水平,第3次免后GAMP-SEA组多糖抗体水平达到1∶12 800,高于GAMP组1∶400,但GCMP-SEA组结果不理想。SEA与GAMP结合后均能激发细胞免疫反应,IFN-γ和IL-4的SFC与GAMP组比较均升高,且IFN-γ高于IL-4。SEA与GAMP、GCMP结合后Th1/Th2细胞亚群比值分别达到23.48和22.19,高于GAMP组(14.09)和GCMP组(16.73),差异有统计学意义(P0.05),提示SEA与GAMP、GCMP结合后可激发细胞免疫。结论 SEA与GAMP、GCMP结合后既能增强GAMP、GCMP的免疫原性,提高体液免疫反应,又能激发细胞免疫反应,提示SEA具备作为A/C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌结合疫苗载体蛋白的可行性。     

Isolation and culture conditions of a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain that can utilize ammonium and nitrate ions simultaneously with controlled iron and molybdate ion concentrations

A bacterial strain F-5-2, isolated from soil and identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae, removed NH4+ completely in 24 h of aerobic cultivation in a medium containing 1 mg/ml of NH4NO3. However, 70% of the NO3- originally provided remained. When 100 microM Fe2+ was added to the medium, both NH4+ and NO3- were removed simultaneously and completely from the culture within 6 h of incubation. In addition, the amount of MoO4- in the medium markedly affected the bacterial cell growth and utilization of NH4+ and NO3-. The bacterium could remove 4 mg/ml of NH4NO3 completely in 48 h of aerobic cultivation in a medium containing 100 microM Fe2+ and 0.8 pM MoO4(2-). The total nitrogen in the culture containing its cells was decreased to 14% of that in the NH4NO3 originally provided. GC-MS analysis demonstrated that N2 was generated from the nitrogen atoms of both NH4+ and NO3-.     

Liquid Culture of the Entomogenous Nematode Steinernema feltiae with Its Bacterial Symbiont

The insect-parasitic nematode, Steinernema feltiae Filipjev strain 42, was reared in liquid culture along with its bacterial symbiont, Xenorhabdus nematophilus Thomas &Poinar. First-stage juveniles developed into reproducing adults in a maintenance salts medium containing resuspended Xenorhabdus cells and the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus (Hansen) van der Walt or cholesterol. Cultures with media depths greater than 4 mm required aeration. Nematode populations increased as bacterial density increased. An optimal culture system was obtained when the bacteria and nematodes developed in a semidefined medium containing tryptic soy, yeast extract, and cholesterol and were incubated on a rotary shaker at 25 ± 1 C. Under these conditions, up to 86% of the final population were infective juveniles.     

Factors influencing the cultivability of lake water bacteria

Counting bacteria in natural water samples by cultivation yields only low recovery efficiencies (ca. 1%), compared to total counts obtained after 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindol (DAPI) staining. In order to optimize the cultivation of heterotrophic planktonic bacteria from Lake Constance (Germany), selected parameters of the medium composition were modified. The most important factor was the concentration of organic substrate (nutrient broth plus yeast extract), which significantly influenced the "most probable number" obtained in liquid growth medium. Reduced oxygen concentrations (3-12%) lowered the "most probable number". Addition of N-acyl homoserine lactones to the medium increased the cultivability slightly. Low substrate concentrations [0.03-0.06% (w/v)], an incubation atmosphere of 21% oxygen at 16 degrees C for 4 weeks were optimal and increased the cultivability ("most probable number" related to total bacterial counts) to an average cultivability of 18+/-11%, (n=8). The results indicate that cultivabilities of heterotrophic bacteria from lakewater samples can be significantly increased by modifying the cultivation methods.     

Effect of organic and metal ion concentration on the simultaneous biological removal of NH4+ and NO3- under anaerobic condition

A bacterial strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa AE-1-3, isolated from soil was used to remove NH4+ and NO3- simultaneously in an anaerobic environment containing 0.1% NH4NO3 and 3% glucose in the medium. After preliminary screening, eight isolates were obtained, which were evaluated for their potential to decompose NH4+ and NO3-. Each experimental investigation was carried out for 15 days under controlled laboratory conditions by varying the concentrations of glucose (0-3%). The bacterial strain, AE-1-3 showed 100% removal of both NH4+ and NO3-. The effect of metal ions in combinations of Cu2+, Zn2+, Sn2+ were also studied to ascertain the performance. The results revealed that NO3- could be removed completely in 9 days at 3 microM concentrations of the three metal ions, while 33% of NH4+ remained in 0.1% NH4NO3 medium with 0.5% glucose in the absence of these three ions.     

Inulinase production by a marine yeast <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia guilliermondii</Emphasis> and inulin hydrolysis by the crude inulinase

Marine yeast strain 1, isolated from the surface of a marine alga, was found to secrete a large amount of inulinase into the medium. This marine yeast was identified as a strain of Pichia guilliermondii according to the results of routine yeast identification and molecular methods. The crude inulinase produced by this marine yeast worked optimally at pH 6.0 and 60°C. The optimal medium for inulinase production was seawater containing 4.0% (w/v) inulin and 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract, while the optimal cultivation conditions for inulinase production were pH 8.0, 28°C and 170 rpm. Under the optimal conditions, over 60 U ml⁻¹ of inulinase activity was produced within 48 h of fermentation in shake flasks. A large amount of monosaccharides and a trace amount of oligosaccharides were detected after the hydrolysis, indicating that the crude inulinase had a high exoinulinase activity.     

On-line detection of nitric oxide formation in liquid aqueous phase by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

A method for the detection of the nitric oxide radical (NO) in oxygen-containing aqueous solution by means of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) is described. NO evolving from the spontaneous decomposition of 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) was trapped by Fe(2+)-diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC) complex dissolved in yeast cell membranes. The resulting mononitrosyl-Fe(2+)-(DETC)2 complex was stable and exhibited a characteristic EPR signal at g perpendicular = 2.04 and g parallel = 2.02 with an unresolved triplet hyperfine structure at g perpendicular in frozen solution and an isotropic triplet signal at gav = 2.03 at 37 degrees C. The amount of NO trapped was calculated from the amplitude of one of the triplet lines calibrated by means of a dinitrosyl-Fe(2+)-thiosulfate standard. The lower detection limit of NO was 0.5 nmol/(ml x h) due to a low background NO signal. The upper detection limit was about 10 nmol NO/40 mg traps (DETC-loaded yeast cells), because of saturation of traps. The trapping efficiency approached 60% under anaerobic conditions and with low concentrations of SIN-1, but decreased progressively with higher concentrations and in the presence of oxygen. Nitrite (up to 0.1 mM) did not increase the background NO level. The sensitivity was sufficient to follow the rate of NO release from SIN-1 on-line at 37 degrees C in a flat quartz cuvette. The time course of NO release detected by EPR spectrometry correlated with the time course of nitrite accumulation measured by diazotation. In conclusion, this method will permit the on-line detection of NO formation from endogenous and pharmacological sources in oxygen-containing aqueous media.     

水产动物益生菌乳酸杆菌LH发酵工艺的研究

目的从生产实际出发,对1株高效乳酸杆菌（Lactobacillus spp）LH进行液体发酵培养基优化及发酵条件研究。方法通过碳源、氮源、无机盐、促生长素等单因子筛选及正交试验设计获得以下最佳培养基：糖蜜12 g/L,酵母膏5 g/L,蛋白胨1 g/L,葡萄糖4 g/L,玉米浆3 g/L,乙酸钠5 g/L,NaC l 5 g/L,K2HPO42.5 g/L,KH2PO42.5 g/L,MgSO40.5g/L,MnSO40.25 g/L。在此培养基上研究了该菌株最佳发酵条件。结果培养基初始pH 6.0,接种量2%（v/v,相对装液量）,500 m l三角瓶中装液量为500 m l,发酵温度为30～35℃,静置培养。在最佳培养条件下,LH活菌量达到1.74×10^9CFU/m l。结论通过活菌平板计数法测定了乳酸杆菌LH生长曲线,24 h为最佳种龄,生产收获时间是36 h。     

Coagglutination as a test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae

After growth on Thayer-Martin medium, 196 strains of freshly isolated Neisseria gonorrhoeae were subjected to a coagglutination reaction. The sensitivity of the test was 94% and did not vary much in the hands of four consecutive technicians. In a group of 99 strains tested by one of the technicians non-interpretable results were obtained with 17% of the strains when the test was performed with cells taken from the first or primary plate, against 9% when cells from the secondary (subcultured) plate were used. The lowest number of non-interpretable results was found with a modified Thayer-Martin medium, which also showed the lowest number of false negatives (2%).No non-interpretable results were obtained when the bacterial suspension was first heated to 100°C for 3 min. In a group of 14 recently isolated strains of non-gonococcal species there was only one, preventable, false-positive strain and there were none in a group of 12 meningococci (all of them laboratory strains).In comparison with the fermentation test with Lingelsheim's sugars, the coagglutination test with cells taken from the primary plate with Thayer-Martin medium yielded a conclusive result more often. The test is simple and rapid and does not require special technical equipment. It seems to deserve a place as a confirmative test in the search for gonococci in samples from the urogenital-anal area.     

Inulinase-producing Marine Yeasts: Evaluation of their Diversity and Inulin Hydrolysis by Their Crude Enzymes

Total 427 yeast strains from seawater, sediments, mud of salterns, guts of the marine fish, and marine algae were obtained. After inulinase activity of the yeast cultures was estimated, we found that four strains (OUC1, G7a, OUC2, and G7a1) of the marine yeasts grown in the medium with inulin could secrete a large amount of inulinase into the medium. The results of routine identification and molecular methods show that they belong to Pichia guilliermondii OUC1, Cryptococcus aureus G7a, Yarrowia lipolytica OUC2, and Debaryomyces hansenii G7a1, respectively. The optimal pHs of inulinase activity produced by them were 6.0, 5.0, 5.0, and 5.0, respectively, while the optimal temperatures of inulinase activity produced by them were 60°, 50°, 60°, and 50°C, respectively. A large amount of monosaccharides and a trace amount of oligosaccharides were detected after the hydrolysis by the crude inulinase produced by P. guilliermondii OUC1, indicating that the crude inulinase had a high exoinulinase activity while a large amount of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides were detected after inulin hydrolysis by the crude inulinase produced both by C. aureus G7a and D. hansenii G7a1. However, no monosaccharides and disaccharides were detected after inulin hydrolysis by the crude inulinase produced by Y. lipolytica OUC2, suggesting that the crude inulinase had no exoinulinase activity.