Oospore dimensions and wall ornamentation patterns in Swedish charophytes

The ultrastructural features of oospore wall ornamentation patterns revealed by scanning electron microscopy are important taxonomic characters of the Charales. The present study shows inter-and intrapecific variations in 19 species of the genera Chara, Lamprohamnium, Nitella and Tolypella. This is the first time that the oospore wall ornamentation of Swedish Charales has been documented in detail. In the studied Chara species the ornamentation within species was variable, and partly overlapping between species, but only between closely related species. In contrast, the Nitella species showed distinct differences in ornamentation patterns between species, although the same patterns can be found in different species. This study presents for the first time SEM images of the species Chara rudis (pustular ornamentation), Nitella opaca (pitted ornamentation) and Nitella wahlbergiana (anastomosing network ornamentation). The ornamentation pattern in the Nordic species TV. wahlbergiana , supports its separation from Nitella mucronata which has a reticulate ornamentation. The relationship between length and width of the oospores is also of taxonomic significance. Nitella and Tolypella oospores are roundish, whereas those of Chara and Lamprothamnium are elongate. The extent to which environmental and genetic factors can affect oospore size and shape within a species are still unknown, but in the present study both ornamentation pattern and size provided evidence for the distinction between Chara globularis and Chara aspera. Some further taxonomic problems in the Charales are discussed in the light of the results of this study.     

Spore morphology as a taxonomic tool in the delimitation of three Asplenium L. species complexes (Aspleniaceae: Pteridophyta) in Cuba

As a contribution to the taxonomic study of Asplenium L. for the new "Flora de la República de Cuba", the spore morphology was studied into three complexes of hardly delimited species. Twenty-two collections have been studied by SEM and eighty-nine by LM. Shape, number of spores per sporangium and perispore ornamentation, specially fine details revealed by scanning electron microscopy, were the most valuable characters in the recognition of taxa. Irregularities in spore shape and size, unusual development of perispore wall surface elements, and collapsed protoplast characterize aborted spores and suggest the occurrence of a possible hybrid species.     

新疆12种黄芩属植物叶表皮微形态结构的研究

应用光学显微镜和扫描电镜技术对新疆12种黄芩属植物叶片上的微形态特征进行观察。结果表明:该属植物叶的上表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样有多种形式;而下表皮细胞形状均为不规则形,垂周壁式样均为深波形,不具分类学意义,但叶片两面分布的气孔器,在不同种间气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔外拱盖内缘等方面都存在着显著差异;其表皮角质层纹饰和表皮毛的微形态也各有不同;大多数植物叶片表面具腺点,其大小、分布及疏密程度也有不同。植物叶表皮上的这些微形态特征,可为探讨本属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供一定的佐证。     

伞形科山芹属叶表皮微形态特征研究

利用扫描电镜技术对伞形科山芹属(Ostericum Hoffm.)9种2变种(21居群)植物叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察分析。结果显示:山芹属植物叶片上表皮表面均较平滑,细胞轮廓清晰或不清晰,若细胞轮廓可见则为多边形与不规则形;初级蜡质纹饰为较密集的粗(细)条状,部分种类具有单层或双层脊状二级纹饰或有颗粒状或分枝状附属结构;下表皮亦有类似蜡质条状纹饰,均匀分布或集中在气孔周围或凹凸部位,气孔器形状多为椭圆形(偶见梭形),内外拱盖表面粗糙或光滑。上述研究表明,山芹属叶片微形态特征具有良好的种内稳定性和种间多样性,尤其是初级纹饰的宽度及排列密度、二级纹饰以及气孔器形状等特征,可为山芹属植物种间和种下的近缘类群亲缘关系与分类修订提供形态学依据。     

井冈山地区18种唇形科植物果实形状及表面微形态特征研究

采用扫描电镜方法对井冈山地区18种唇形科植物的果实形状与表面微形态特征进行观察比较。结果表明：18种唇形科植物果实形状多样,可分为矩圆形、圆形、卵形、三棱形、球形和椭圆形6类;外果皮表面细胞形状为4~6边形、不规则形和细胞形状不可见;依据外果皮表面凸起度可分为平滑型、凹陷型和凸起型3类;外果皮表面蜡质纹饰复杂多样,有平滑无纹饰、负网状纹饰、网状纹饰兼具疣状或瘤状凸起和网状纹饰兼具次级条纹4类;外果皮表面附属结构主要包括表皮毛和丝状结构,并具有或多或少的鳞片状或颗粒状分泌物。18种唇形科植物果实形状和外果皮表面微形态特征均表现出丰富的多样性,可为唇形科属间和种间亲缘关系研究提供重要的分类学依据。     

Testing the success of palaeontological methods in the delimitation of clam shrimp (Crustacea,Branchiopoda) on extant species

Fossil spinicaudatan taxonomy heavily relies on carapace features (size, shape, ornamentation) and palaeontologists have greatly refined methods to study and describe carapace variability. Whether carapace features alone are sufficient for distinguishing between species of a single genus has remained untested. In our study, we tested common palaeontological methods on 481 individuals of the extant Australian genus Ozestheria that have been previously assigned to ten species based on genetic analysis. All species are morphologically distinct based on geometric morphometrics (p ≤ 0.001), but they occupy overlapping regions in Ozestheria morphospace. Linear discriminant analysis of Fourier shape coefficients reaches a mean model performance of 93.8% correctly classified individuals over all possible 45 pairwise species comparisons. This can be further increased by combining the size and shape datasets. Nine of the ten examined species are clearly sexually dimorphic but male and female morphologies strongly overlap within species with little influence on model performance. Ornamentation is commonly species-diagnostic; seven ornamentation types are distinguished of which six are species-specific while one is shared by four species. A transformation of main ornamental features (e.g. from punctate to smooth) can occur among closely related species suggesting short evolutionary timescales. Our overall results support the taxonomic value of carapace features, which should also receive greater attention in the taxonomy of extant species. The extensive variation in carapace shape and ornamentation is noteworthy and several species would probably have been assigned to different genera or families if these had been fossils, bearing implications for the systematics of fossil Spinicaudata.     

中国伞形科前胡属果实表面微形态特征及分类学意义

采用扫描电镜方法对中国伞形科(Apiaceae)前胡属(Peucedanum L.) 22种2变种的果实表面微形态特征进行了观察和描述.结果显示:供试种类在果实棱槽细胞平滑度和细胞轮廓可见度、蜡质纹饰类型、细胞表面突起的有无及类型、表皮毛的有无及类型及其纹饰类型、表皮分泌物的有无及类型等方面有明显差异,具有丰富的种间多样性.根据这些特征可将供试种类分为4种类型.类型Ⅰ:棱槽细胞粗糙多毛—细胞轮廓不可见—簇状蜡质纹饰发达,包含滨海前胡(P.japonicum Thunb.)、天竺山前胡(P.ampliatum K.T.Fu)、华北前胡(P.harrysmithii Fedde ex Wolff)及其2变种、长前胡(P.turgeniifolium Wolff)、华山前胡(P.ledebourielloides K.T.Fu)和泰山前胡[P.wawrae (Wolff) Su ex Sheh];类型Ⅱ:棱槽细胞平滑无毛—细胞轮廓不可见或凹陷—条形蜡质纹饰发达或明显,包含芷叶前胡(P.angelicoides Wolff ex Kretschm.)、竹节前胡(P.dielsianum Fedde ex Wolff)、南川前胡[P.dissolutum (Diels)Wolff]、红前胡(P.rubricaule Shan et Sheh)、细裂前胡(P.macilentum Franch.)、前胡(P.praeruptorum Dunn)、华中前胡(P.medicum Dunn)、台湾前胡(P.formosanunt Hayata)、南岭前胡(P.longshengense Shum et Sheh)、会泽前胡(P.acaule Shah et Sheh)和马山前胡(P.mashanense Shan et Sheh);类型Ⅲ:棱槽细胞有稀疏毛—细胞轮廓[陷可见或不明显—蜡质纹饰几无,包含北京前胡(P.caespitosum Wolff)、草原前胡(P.stepposum Huang)、毛前胡(P.pubescens Hand.-Mazz.)和刺尖前胡(P.elegans Komarov);类型Ⅳ:棱槽细胞不平无毛—细胞轮廓呈近圆形凸起—蜡质纹饰为微波状长条形,仅包含石防风[P.terebinthaceum (Fisch.ex Trevir.)Fisch.ex Turcz.]1种.结合外部形态特征以及地理分布对各类型种类的分类关系进行了讨论,并对会泽前胡、马山前胡和石防风的特殊分类地位进行了分析,明确了果实表面微形态特征在前胡属中的分类学意义.     

柳叶蕨属（鳞毛蕨科）分类性状观察

通过查阅馆藏标本和野外观察,对柳叶蕨属(Cyrtogonellum Ching)的形态特征进行了比较和分析。研究发现,叶脉游离或网结、顶羽片的有无、羽片对数和孢子表面纹饰等4个形态特征较为稳定,可以作为属下分类的主要依据;羽片形状和羽片大小在各个大类中较为稳定,但难以区分近缘种;而植株大小易受生境条件的影响,变异较大,不能单独用作属下分种的依据。     

海南七仙岭7种卷柏属植物的微观形态与生境间的关系分析

为探讨生境对卷柏属(Selaginella)植物微观形态的影响,利用扫描电子显微镜对海南七仙岭采集的7种卷柏属植物的侧叶、中叶、孢子叶的叶表皮形态以及小孢子形态进行全面观察分析,并计算气孔器大小、气孔密度、孢子大小等,比较分析其微观形态的区别及微形态与生境间的关系,为卷柏属植物的分类提供依据。结果显示:(1)同种卷柏属植物的侧叶、中叶与孢子叶在叶表皮形态上具明显差异,尤其是孢子叶上的气孔与营养叶相对较小且稀疏,与孢子叶的繁殖功能相符合。(2)不同种卷柏属植物的叶表皮特征也明显不同,主要表现在叶缘刺、气孔和瘤状突起上,表明这些特征可以作为卷柏属植物种间区分的依据。(3)卷柏属植物的小孢子形态稳定,纹饰多样;部分种间的小孢子形态相似,但可通过纹饰类型、裂缝的曲直进行区分。(4)琼海卷柏的小孢子具有独特的网状纹饰,暗示其具有独特的演化途径。(5)卷柏属植物叶表皮的气孔特征、瘤状突起特征,小孢子的颜色、纹饰,与海拔、生境的湿度有一定的相关性,但其形成机理有待进一步研究。     

多花黄精五个居群叶片的比较解剖学研究

利用石蜡切片技术、叶表皮离析法和电镜扫描技术,对多花黄精五个居群的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究。观察发现:多花黄精五个居群的叶肉细胞中均具有内含针晶束的异细胞,叶表皮细胞为长方形、不规则形或椭圆形,垂周壁一般为平直和弧形;有的居群下表皮有单细胞表皮毛分布。在扫描电镜下,角质层纹饰多为鳞片状。结果表明叶表皮特征,如:气孔器大小、气孔器指数、气孔器密度、气孔器分布特征、角质层纹饰及表皮毛的分布等受环境因子影响较大,同种不同居群间有一定差异,而叶肉的构成、内含物(如针晶束)、气孔器类型、表皮细胞形状等具有种间稳定性,可以作为分类的依据。     

Systematics of the genus Ceratopteris Brongn. (Parkeriaceae) II. Taxonomy

A revision of the genusCeratopteris is presented based on comparative morphology and geographical distribution. Four species are recognized:C. thalictroides, C. cornuta, C. pteridoides, andC. richardii. Characteristics of taxonomic importance include frond length, shape, and dissection; stipe width; insertion of basal pinnae; bud development; habit; annulus cell number; spore number per sporangium; spore size; and spore surface features. Evolution within species and putative hybridization between species are discussed.     

Character of Leaf Epidermis and Their Systematic Significance of Daphne and Wikstroemia (Thymelaeaceae)

Fifty six species (varieties) of Daphne, forty five species (varieties) of Wikstroemia and twelve species of outgroups from Thymelaeaceae, with ten phenotypic characters were selected, to study the leaf epidermal microfeatures by using light microscopy, Results reveal that Daphne and Wikstromia are consistent in most of leaf features. The epidermal cell are polygonal and irregular in shape. The patterns of anticlinal wall are straight, curved and U shape. The cell sizes range in 30-40μm × 10-20μm. Some species have singly hair on surface. Stomatal distribution is random, size range in 20-36μm × 17-25μm, most are broadly elliptical and narrowly elliptical, stomatal frequency are 100-250S/mm2, and the anomocytic stomatal type is dominate. It is apparently that many stomatal and epidermal features in Daphne and Wikstromia are crossed, and no distinguishable features are suitable for separating this two genera. Results from epidermal characters analysis don’t support monophyletic status of Daphne and Wikstroemia. Eriosolena should not be include in the genus Daphne as the special papillae only found in Eriosolena composita rather than in other genera of Thymeleaceae. In compare with other genera, Rhamnoneuron, Eriosolena, Stelleropsis, Daphnopsis and Edgeworthia in Thymelaeoideae, Daphne and Wikstroemia might be derived and originated latter based on the stomatal features.     

八种青藓科植物蒴齿及孢子的超微形态研究

利用扫描电镜观察了八种青藓科植物孢子及蒴齿的形态,青藓科植物的孢子纹饰多以芽孢状和瘤状突起为主,孢子的大小、外壁纹饰的差异显示了不同种之间的遗传分化及系统演化。青藓属外齿层腹面中部分为四种类型:光滑无疣、颗粒状疣、短刺状小疣、棒状和芽孢状疣,外齿层中上部的特征属与属之间存在差异,该研究可为分类鉴定提供一定的依据。     

Morphology, anatomy, palynology and nutlet micromorphology of the rediscovered Turkish endemic Salvia ballsiana (Lamiaceae) and their taxonomic implications

Salvia ballsiana (Rech. fil.) Hedge, previously known only from the type gathering, is a local endemic species from Turkey. The species was first collected from Gölbaşı (Malatya) by E. K. Balls in 1935, and was not collected again until 2008, when we found it in Gerger (Adıyaman). The diagnostic morphological characters of this rare endemic species are discussed, including its anatomical, palynological and nutlet micromorphological features. Morphological characteristics of leaves, calyces, corollas and types of stamens are useful for sectional and specific delimitation in Salvia . Anatomical characters such as number of ray rows in roots, distance between vascular bundles in stems, mesophyll structures in leaves, shape of mid-rib and presence/absence of sclerenchymatic tissue in petioles are of taxonomic significance. In addition, size, shape and ornamentation of pollen grains and nutlets are diagnostic.     

十四种凤仙花属植物种皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

通过扫描电镜对凤仙花属(Impatiens)14种植物的种子表皮微形态特征进行了观察。根据种皮表面纹饰及衍生物的特点,将该属植物的种皮微形态特征划分为4种类型,即光滑型、颗粒型、网状型和隆起型,后两者又可细分为若干亚型,其中负网状亚型和网状-丘状隆起亚型为首次报导。研究表明,14种凤仙花属植物种子表皮微形态特征差异显著,它们作为属内种的分类鉴别特征具有重要价值;种子表皮的微形态学特征与其植物体的部分表型特征具有相关性,在一定程度上反映了属内类群的分化。     

Surface features of the leaves ofBalanophoraceae — A family without stomata?

Both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were searched for stomata inBalanophora elongata, B. fungosa, Hachettea austro-caledonica, Langsdorffia hypogaea, Lophophytum mirabile subsp.mirabile, Scybalium jamaicense, andThonningia sanguinea (Balanophoraceae). Neither stomata nor guard cells were observed. The epidermal surfaces of these species are extremely diverse with respect to cell shape, cell size, and surface ornamentation, these features providing valuable systematic criteria.     

中国伞形科独活属果实表面微形态特征及其分类学意义

采用扫描电镜方法对中国伞形科独活属15个种的果实表面微形态特征进行了比较观察.结果表明:(1)多数种的外果皮表面细胞为凹陷型,细胞形状为4～6边形、不规则形和细胞轮廓不可见.(2)外果皮纹饰可分为网状纹饰和条状纹饰两类;多数种类具有尖囊状或带状表皮毛以及鳞片状或颗粒状的分泌物.(3)其微形态特征在独活属属下种间表现出丰富的多样性,可为种的划分提供重要的分类学依据.(4)结合形态学、孢粉学、细胞学和解剖学等特征对钝叶独活(H.candicans var.obtusifolium)和长裂叶独活(H.millefolium var.longilobum)的系统位置分析认为:将钝叶独活作为白亮独活的变种处理较恰当;将长裂叶独活作为种(H.longilobum)处理,系统位置在裂叶独活(H.millefolium)之后.     

26种丛藓科（Pottiaceae）植物孢子形态及其系统学意义

通过光学显微镜（LM）和扫描电镜（SEM）观察了26种国产丛藓科（Pottiaceae）植物孢子的形态特征,从孢子形态学角度佐证了这些类群在系统演化中的密切关系。结果表明：这26种植物的孢子在形态、近极面形状及孢壁纹饰等方面有较大的相似性,但在孢子大小和表面纹饰的细微结构及其分布等方面又有区别,显示了同科不同属、种间遗传的相似性及遗传分化。     

Epidermal Features of Leaves and Their Taxonomic Significance in Subfamily Ophiopogonoideae (Liliaceae)

This paper reports epidermal features of leaves in Ophiopogonoideae. Thirty-nine species and one variety (29 species, 1 variety in Ophiopogon, 6 species in Liriope, 4 species in Peliosanthes)were examined under scanning electron microscope. In addition, transections of stomatal apparatuses of six species (Ophiopogon: 3 species; Liriope: 2 species; Peliosanthes: 1 species) were made and examined under light microscope. The stomatal apparatus in Liriope, Ophiopogon and Peliosanthes is of the anomocytic type. These types of epidermal features of leaves in these genera are recognized: Cuticular processes type, No cuticular processes type and No stomatal band type. The cuticular processes type can be further divided into three patterns: Fibrillose, Massive and Wrinkled-massive. The taxonomic value of the epidermal features of leaves in Ophiopogonoideae is rather evident. (1)These epidermal features can be used to distinguish among those species of Ophiopogon, Liriope and Peliosanthes, even in their vegetative state; (2) The different patterns of cuticular processes are helpful to reasonable classification of some species in Ophiopogon, (3)They are of great value for recognizing some sections, (4) These epidermal features of leaves also provide evidence for further discussion on relationships among Ophiopogon, Liriope, and Peliosanthes. The evolutionary trend of the epidermal features of leaves in Ophiopogonoideae is No stomatal band type→No cuticular process type(stomatal band)→Cuticular process type (stomatal band). According to the epidermal features of leaves, flowers and fruits, Ophiopogon, Liriope and Peliosanthes are closely related, forming a subfamily Ophiopogonoideae. Ophiopogon is more close to Liriope than to Peliosanthes, and they should be grouped into the same tribe-Ophiopogoneae. Liriope seems to be more primitive than Ophiopogon. Peliosanthes, which constitutes another tribe of its ownPeliosantheae, is more advanced than Ophiopogon and Liriope, and it might have beenderived from its ancestor early.