角类肥蛛体躯不同部位酯酶同工酶的比较分析

运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法对角类肥蛛(Lariniodes cornuta)头胸部和腹部的酯酶同工酶酶谱进行了比较分析。结果表明,角类肥蛛的酯酶是单体酶,头胸部和腹部的酯酶酶谱差异显著。腹部的酯酶呈现4个位点:Est-1、Est-2、Est-3、Est-4。Est-1和Est-4位点为纯合基因型,Est-2和Est-3位点为杂合基因型。头胸部的酯酶仅表现出2个位点:Est-2和Est-3,且这2个位点是纯合基因型。不同个体之间头胸部的酯酶没有明显差异,Est-2b和Est-3a可以作为鉴别角类肥蛛的特征酶带;腹部的酯酶则存在明显的个体差异,在Est-2和Est-3位点的基因杂合度为h2=h3=0·4779。由此可见,酯酶同工酶可以作为角类肥蛛遗传变异的分子标记,是研究个体间遗传差异、居群的遗传结构以及种间进化关系的基础。     

Polymorphism and inheritance of serum esterases and beta-globulins in the paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis; Anabantidae)

Electrophoretic variants of serum esterases and beta-globulins in two subspecies of paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis) were studied. Four esterase loci (Est-1, Est-2, Est-3 and Est-4), a single transferrin (Tf) and another major beta-globulin locus (Bg) were identified by segregational analysis. Est-3 seems to be a monomorphic locus. Three alleles of Est-1, two of Est-2, two of Est-4, four of Tf and two alleles of Bg were found in the laboratory population. None of these loci were closely linked. Electrophoretic patterns of F1 hybrids confirmed the monomeric structures of each of the studied proteins. Allelic segregation at the Tf and Bg loci was normal in F2 and backcross populations. In crosses of the two Macropodus subspecies there were deviations from Mendelian ratios because of missing recombinant esterase phenotypes. Each of these would have been homozygous Est-2f/f. We suppose that Est-2f/f causes lethality in the early phase of development, except in the Est-1c/c, Est-2f/f combination characteristic of the parental subspecies M.o. concolor.     

Polymorphism and inheritance of serum esterases and β-globulins in the paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis; Anabantidae)

Electrophoretic variants of serum esterases and β-globulins in two subspecies of paradise fish ( Macropodus opercularis ) were studied. Four esterase loci ( Est-1, Est-2, Est-3 and Est-4 ), a single transferin ( Tf ) and another major β-globulin locus ( Bg ) were identified by segregational analysis. Est-3 seems to be a monomorphic. locus. Three alleles of Est-1 , two of Est-2 , two of Est-4 , four of Tf and two alleles of Bg were found in the laboratory population. None of these loci were closely linked. Electrophoretic patterns of F₁ hybrids confirmed the monomeric structures of each of the studied proteins. Allelic segregation at the Tf and Bg loci was normal in F₂ and backcross populations. In crosses of the two Macropodus subspecies there were deviations from Mendelian ratios because of missing recombinant esterase phenotypes. Each of these would have been homozygous Est-2^f/f . We suppose that Est-2^f/f causes lethality in the early phase of development, except in the Est-1^c/c, Est-2^f/f combination characteristic of the parental subspecies M.o. concolor .     

Serum esterase genetics in rabbits. IV. The prealbumin and β-globulin systems

Discontinuous starch gel electrophoresis revealed a fourth allele of rabbit prealbumin serum esterase at locus Est-2. This allele is designated Est-2 ^f and appears to be silent. In addition to the prealbumin serum esterases, another serum esterase system was studied in rabbits. This system is localized in the β-globulin region. Genetic analysis indicated that one locus with two codominant alleles controls the variation in this region. Linkage of this system with Est-1 and Est-2 of the prealbumin serum esterases was demonstrated. Comparison of the arrangement of these esterase loci on linkage group VI with the esterase loci on chromosome 8 of the mouse gives additional support for the theory of evolutionary conservation of chromosomal segments coding for mammalian esterases.     

Esterase polymorphism and sensitivity to dursban organophosphorus insecticide in Culex pipiens pipiens populations

Esterase polymorphism and Dursban (O,O-dimethyl-2-pyridylphosphorothioate) sensitivity have been investigated in 12 natural populations and three laboratory strains of Culex pipiens pipiens. This mosquito has two esterase loci, Est-1 and Est-2, which were shown to code esterases of the B group (aliesterases) but not cholinesterases. No correlation between Est-1 polymorphism and Dursban sensitivity was found, but the increase of the Est-2(0.64) allele in the populations less sensitive to Dursban was highly significant (r = -0.9850 for 6 df).     

The B chromosome system of Scilla autumnalis (Liliaceae): effects at the isozyme level

Supernumerary (B) chromosomes have been studied in a Spanish population of Scilla autumnalis L. (Liliaceae). Out of the 140 individuals analysed, seven had 2n=14+1B, one 2n=14+2B, one 2n=14+3B and one 2n=14+9B. An analysis of esterase isozyme patterns shows that all 130 individuals with a standard karyotype (2n=14) have two esterase loci, Est-2 and Est-3, whereas all 10 individuals with Bs have three, Est-1, Est-2 and Est-3, irrespective of the precise number of Bs present. The role that the Bs may have played in the appearance of this new locus (Est-1) is discussed in relation to their possible origin.     

Polymorphisms, Linkage and Mapping of Four Enzyme Loci in the Fish Genus Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae)

Electrophoretic variants at four additional enzyme loci--two esterases (Est-2, Est-3), retinal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-1) and mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI)--among three species and four subspecies of fish of the genus Xiphophorus were observed. Electrophoretic patterns in F1 hybrid heterozygotes confirmed the monomeric structures of MPI and the esterase and the tetrametric structure of LDH in these fishes. Variant alleles of all four loci displayed normal Mendelian segregation in backcross and F2 hybrids. Recombination data from backcross hybrids mapped with Haldane's mapping function indicate the four loci to be linked as Est-2--0.43--Est3--0.26--LDH-1--0.19--MPI. Significant interference was detected and apparently concentrated in the Est-3 to MPI region. No significant sex-specific differences in recombination were observed. This group (designated linkage group II) was shown to assort independently from the three loci of linkage group I (adenosine deaminase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) and from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and two isocitrate dehydrogenase loci. Evidence for conservation of the linkage group, at least in part, in other vertebrate species is presented.     

Genetics of three esterase loci in Anopheles stephensi liston

A survey of laboratory strains of Anopheles stephensi for nonspecific esterases by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed 10 zones of esterase activity. In 3 of the 10 zones, three electromorphs were observed. Genetic analysis revealed that these three zones are controlled by three loci, viz., Est-3, Est-4, and Est-5, and that the electromorphs are codominant alleles at each locus. The three esterase loci were found linked to each other and to an autosomal marker colorless-eye. The esterase loci have tentatively been placed in linkage group II. The probable gene sequence on chromosome 2 is either c-Est-3-Est-4-Est-5 or c-Est-4-Est-3-Est-5.     

Genetic diversity of four esterase loci in natural populations of Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch from Jordan

Summary The diversity of four esterase loci was studied electrophoretically in 690 individual spikes representing 12 populations of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch.) collected from central, peripheral and marginal regions of its distribution in Jordan. A minimum of 6, 10, 5 and 5 alleles were observed at the Est-1, Est-2, Est-4 and Est-5 loci, respectively. Est-2 and Est-4 were the most diverse loci (H_c=0.53±0.05 and 0.46±0.07, respectively). Est-5 was intermediate (H_c=0.33+0.07) and Est-1 was the lowest (H_c=0.22±0.04). Polymorphism was highest in the central populations (H_e=0.52±0.04), followed by the peripheral (H_e=0.40±0.05) and the marginal (H_e=0.22±0.05) populations. Average allelic diversity between (G_st=0.49) and within (H_s=0.51) populations reflects a high allelic differentiation among these populations. Log-linear analyses revealed that four two-locus terms and two three-locus terms were significantly associated (P<0.05). Geographical distances between populations were not significantly correlated with Nei's genetic similarity index (r=0.16; P<0.19). It is postulated that diversifying selection is a major factor in the population genetic differentiation of these esterase loci.     

Esterase isozyme polymorphism, specific and nonspecific esterase, syngenic lines development and natural occurrence of a thermostable esterase in the tropical silkworm Bombyx mori L

Esterase isozyme polymorphism was documented for digestive juice and haemolymph of the tropical multivoltine silkworm, Bombyx mori L., breed CB5 (GP) and its syngenic lines (CB5Lm^e-1, CB5Lm-2 and CB5Lm-5) using - and β-naphthylacetate separately as nonspecific substrates (Ogita, Z., Kasai, T., 1965. Genetico-biochemical analysis of specific esterases in Musca domestica. Jpn. J. Genet. 40, 173–184). Polymorphism existed in the isozyme pattern of -esterase with two or three bands in digestive juice and three to five bands in haemolymph. No polymorphism was observed in β-esterase isozyme pattern having four bands in digestive juice and two bands in haemolymph. During the course of esterase isozyme studies, the presence of some specific -esterase bands (Est-1, 4 and 5) in haemolymph and β-esterase bands (Est-1, 2 and 3) in digestive juice were observed. But both - and β-esterase bands Est-3 and 4 in digestive juice and Est-2 and 3 in haemolymph were found to be nonspecific. Nonspecific β-esterase band (Est-3) in haemolymph of CB5 (GP) and its syngenic lines withstood a temperature up to 80±1°C for 10 min. No thermostable band was observed in the isozyme zymogram of -esterase in digestive juice and haemolymph or β-esterase in digestive juice. Overall, this study discusses the presence of esterase heterogeneity in the CB5 (GP) genepool, syngenic lines development, occurrence of specific - and β-esterase bands in digestive juice and haemolymph and thermostable β-esterase band Est-3 in haemolymph in tropical silkworm Bombyx mori L.     

Serum esterase genetics in rabbits. II. Genetic analysis of the prealbumin esterase system,including atropinesterase and cocainesterase polymorphism

The zymotypic variation of rabbit prealbumin esterases is controlled by three autosomal loci, each with two alleles: Est-1 ^S and Est-1 ^s, Est-2^F and Est-2 ^f′, Est-3^D and Est-3 ^d. Est-1^S gives rise to the three S zones possessing the cocainesterase activity, Est-2 ^F to the three F zones with atropinesterase activity. Presence of the latter allele is never manifested without the Est-1 ^S allele. Est-3 ^D codes for the D zone. This D esterase reacts with the currently used substrate α-naphthylacetate only in the presence of the F zones. Est-1 and Est-2 loci are closely linked (<0.5% recombination); Est-3 shows no coupling with Est-1 and Est-2. The Est-1 ^S and Est-3 ^D alleles have a complete dominant expression, whereas the Est-2 alleles are codominant. Gene frequencies of the Est-1 and Est-2 loci vary between the examined breeds. A Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is found in two populations (Cpb:ALU and Cpb:VW). A significant surplus of heterozygotes is demonstrated in a third population (Cpb:CH).     

Influence of defined gene blocks on the competitive ability of yeast genotypes

Competition experiments were carried out under varying exogenic and endogenic conditions. The genotypes were marked by combinations of two esterase loci, each with two alleles. When genotypes of the line W7 were used, there was no demonstrable influence of the gene blocks marked by the Est-1 locus on the competitive ability at temperatures of 21 and 29 C. However, genotypes carrying the fast allele of the Est-2 locus were favored. At 38 C, the outcome of the competition was reversed. The defined gene blocks showed different effects when interacting with different genetic backgrounds (line M7). Genotypes marked by the slow allele of the Est-2 locus were now favored (21 and 29 C), and even the gene blocks marked by the alleles of the Est-1 locus influenced the genotypes' competitive abilities. Again, the results were partly reversed at 38 C. The results are discussed with regard to the importance of enzyme variants for the genotypic selection value.     

Isoenzyme electrophoretic patterns in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 and Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840) from the Central Amazon

The discus is a very popular and expensive aquarium fish belonging to the family Cichlidae, genus Symphysodon, formed by three Amazon basin endemic species: Symphysodon aequifasciatus, S. discus and S. tarzoo. The taxonomic status of these fish is very controversial, with a paucity of molecular research on their population genetic structure and species identification. Information on molecular genetic markers, especially isoenzymes, in search of a better understanding of the population genetic structure and correct identification of fish species, has been receiving more attention when elaborating and implementing commercial fishery management programs. Aiming to contribute to a better understanding of the species taxonomic status, the present study describes the isoenzymatic patterns of 6 enzymes: esterase (Est - EC 3.1.1.1), lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh - EC 1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh - EC 1.1.1.37), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm - EC 5.4.2.2), phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi - EC 5.3.1.9), and super oxide dismutase (Sod - EC 1.15.1.1) extracted from skeletal muscle specimens and analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis. Monomorphic patterns, presumably controlled by 11 loci: Est-1, Est-2, Est-3, Ldh-1, Ldh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Pgi-1, Pgi-2, Pgm-1, and Sod-1 were fixed for the same alleles: Est-1(1), Est-2(1), Est-3(1), Ldh-1(1), Ldh-2(1), Mdh-1(1), Mdh-2(1), Pgi-1(1), Pgi-2(1), Pgm-1(1), and Sod-1(1), respectively, and detected in all 60 specimens examined (27 S. aequifasciatus from Manacapuru and 33 S. discus from Novo Air?o, Central Amazon). The failure in the present study to detect diagnostic loci, which could be very useful for differentiating S. aequifasciatus from S. discus species, and polymorphic loci, which could also be applied for possible identification and delimitation of their stocks, does not rule out the possibility of there existing in other isoenzyme gene loci to be analyzed in the future.     

The monotony of transferrin and esterase electrophoretic patterns in pirarucu, Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) from Santa Cruz Lake, Tefé River, Amazonas, Brazil

Starch gel electrophoresis was used for examining the transferrin gene locus (Tf) and two esterase gene loci (Est-1 and Est-D1) of a pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) population sample collected from Santa Cruz Lake, Tefé River, Amazonas, Brazil. The Tf locus was tentatively classified as being polymorphic, showing two double-banded patterns (Tf(12) and Tf(22)) of the three theoretically expected ones (Tf(11), Tf(12) and Tf(22)), presumably controlled by two co-dominant alleles, Tf(1) and Tf(2). The monotony detected in pirarucu Tf locus genotypes showing a very high proportion of the double-banded heterozygote pattern Tf(12) (95% of the sampled individuals) may indicate the possibility of their having come from representatives of the same brood begotten by a pair of fish, where a single-banded Tf(11) homozygote pattern male would have crossed with a single-banded Tf(22) homozygote pattern female, or vice versa. One zone of electrophoretic activity was detected in esterase, presumably controlled by a monomorphic Est-1 locus with the fixed allele Est-1(1) where all individuals showed the single-banded Est-1(11) homozygote pattern. Esterase-D also displayed one zone of electrophoretic activity, presumably controlled by a monomorphic Est-D1 locus with a fixed allele Est-D1(1) where all individuals revealed the single-banded Est-D1(11) genotype pattern. The monotony comprised by single-banded genotype patterns in both esterase systems tested may also indicate the possibility of the individuals from the sample examined having come from representatives of the same brood begotten by a pair of fish with both the male and female having the same genotypes.     

Esterase isozyme polymorphism, specific and nonspecific esterase, syngenic lines development and natural occurrence of a thermostable esterase in the tropical silkworm Bombyx mori L.

Esterase isozyme polymorphism was documented for digestive juice and haemolymph of the tropical multivoltine silkworm, Bombyx mori L., breed CB5 (GP) and its syngenic lines (CB5Lm^e-1, CB5Lm-2 and CB5Lm-5) using α- and β-naphthylacetate separately as nonspecific substrates (Ogita, Z., Kasai, T., 1965. Genetico-biochemical analysis of specific esterases in Musca domestica. Jpn. J. Genet. 40, 173–184). Polymorphism existed in the isozyme pattern of α-esterase with two or three bands in digestive juice and three to five bands in haemolymph. No polymorphism was observed in β-esterase isozyme pattern having four bands in digestive juice and two bands in haemolymph. During the course of esterase isozyme studies, the presence of some specific α-esterase bands (Est-1, 4 and 5) in haemolymph and β-esterase bands (Est-1, 2 and 3) in digestive juice were observed. But both α- and β-esterase bands Est-3 and 4 in digestive juice and Est-2 and 3 in haemolymph were found to be nonspecific. Nonspecific β-esterase band (Est-3) in haemolymph of CB5 (GP) and its syngenic lines withstood a temperature up to 80±1°C for 10 min. No thermostable band was observed in the isozyme zymogram of α-esterase in digestive juice and haemolymph or β-esterase in digestive juice. Overall, this study discusses the presence of esterase heterogeneity in the CB5 (GP) genepool, syngenic lines development, occurrence of specific α- and β-esterase bands in digestive juice and haemolymph and thermostable β-esterase band Est-3 in haemolymph in tropical silkworm Bombyx mori L.     

An electrophoretic study of genetic variation in populations of Yarrow's spiny lizard Sceloporus jarrovi (Sauria,Iguanidae)—I. Esterae characterization and polymorphism

• 1.1. Muscle esterase variation in Sceloporus jarrovi, sampled from 25 locations in southeastern Arizona, was investigated employing acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
• 2.2. Three distinct esterase phenotypes were observed, presumably resulting from the expression of two gene loci, Est-1 and Est-2.
• 3.3. Lizards sampled from all 25 locations were found to be monomorphic with respect to esterase encoded at Est-1. Further, lizards sampled from the Santa Rita and Pinaleno Mountains were also found to be monomorphic for esterases encoded at Est-2, whereas those sampled from the Chiricahua and Huachuca Mountains proved to be polymorphic.
• 4.4. Characterization of the esterases utilizing eserine sulfate, diisopropylfluorophosphate, and sulfhydryl-group inhibitors revealed the EST-1 isozyme to be an arylesterase and the EST-2 isozymes to be carboxylesterases.

     

Inheritance of some marker genes in Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.

Summary A study on a series of genetic markers was run on five hybrids of foxtail millet, Setaria italica, and on one interspecific hybrid S. viridisxS. italica (S. viridis is the wild relative of S. italica). Seven enzymatic systems were investigated using starch gel electrophoresis (esterase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, acid phosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, cathodic peroxidase). This genetic analysis of the 6 F2 has allowed us to define 12 polymorphic loci: Est-1, -2 and -3, Adh-1, Got-1 and -2, Acph-1, Mdh-1 and -2, Pgd-1 and -2, and Pox-1. All of them behaved like dimers, except Est-1 and Est-2 which showed monomeric structures. Two other markers were examined: waxy endosperm, which appeared to be controlled by one locus, and anthocyanic pigmentation of the collar, for which at least two loci are responsible. Studies of linkage carried out on three F2 showed two linkage groups: Mdh-1, Pox-1, Wx, Est-3, and a locus for collar colour, and Est-2, and one or two other loci of colouring.     

A New Esterase Gene Amplification Involved in OP Resistance in Culex pipiens Mosquitoes from China

Two overproduced esterases (A8 and B8) not previously described were found in southern China. They provide a low resistance level to organophosphate (OP) insecticides, and correspond to a coamplification of both esterase loci (Est-2 and Est-3) classically involved in OP resistance for this mosquito species. This coamplification is distinct from all other similar events thus far reported. The peculiar situation in southern China, where numerous OP resistance alleles at these two loci were found, is discussed in comparison with the Mediterranean situation, the only one with a similar diversity of overproduced esterases.     

Characterization of Esterases in a Brazilian Population of Zaprionus Indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

The aim of this study was to characterize esterases in Zaprionus indianus, a drosophilid recently introduced into Brazil. A further aim was study the variation of activity of esterases in the presence of inhibitors and their expression according to sex, sexual activity and age of individual flies. Polymorphisms were detected in two esterase loci (Est-2 and Est-3) and monomorphisms in four others (Est-1, Est-4, Est-5 and Est-6). Biochemical tests using α- and β-naphthyl acetate and the inhibitors malathion, eserine sulphate and PMSF allowed us to classify EST-2 and EST-5 as β-esterases, both carboxyl-esterases, and EST-1, EST-3, EST-4 and EST-6 as α-esterases. EST-1 and EST-3 were classified as carboxyl-esterases and EST-4 and EST-6 as cholinesterases. EST-5 activity was more pronounced in males and EST-2 was restricted to them or to recently copulated females. EST-4, rarely detected, was not characterized. Based on their biochemical characteristics possible roles for these enzymes are suggested.     

Linkage studies on an esterase locus in the mosquito Aedes togoi

An electrophoretic survey of esterases in 7 wild-type and 10 mutant strains of the mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) togoi was undertaken using thin-layer agar gels. Three esterases (designated the Est-1, Est-2, and Est-3 loci in decreasing order of electrophoretic mobility) could be detected from fourth-instar larvae, pupae, and 2- to 5-day-old adults. Homogenates of the larvae gave the most intensely stained bands in the gels, especially for Est-3. The three esterases were designated carboxylesterases based on their response to the two esterase inhibitors, eserine and paraoxon (diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate). The Est-3 locus was found to have five alleles including at least one null. The linkage results of six backcrosses suggest that Est-3 is located only 5–8 map units from the sex allele (m) and the gene arrangement is Est-3-m-s (straw-colored larva) in linkage group I.This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant AI 16983-01.