水稻NBS-LRR基因选择性剪接的全基因组检测及分析

选择性剪接是促进基因组复杂性和蛋白质组多样性的一种主要机制,但是对水稻NBS-LRR序列选择性剪接的全基因组分析却未见报道。通过隐马尔柯夫模型搜索,从TIGR数据库里得到了855条编码NBS-LRR基序的序列。利用这些序列在KOME、TIGR基因索引及UniProt三个数据库中进行同源搜索,获得同源的完整cDNA序列、假设一致性序列和蛋白质序列。再利用Spidey和SIM4程序把完整cDNA序列和假设一致性序列联配到相应的BAC序列上来预测选择性剪接。蛋白质序列和基因组序列之间的联配使用tBLASTn。在这875个NBS-LRR基因中,119个基因具有选择性剪接现象,其中包括71内含子保留,20个外显子跳跃,25个选择性起始,16个选择性终止,12个5′端的选择性剪接和16个3′端选择性剪接。大多数选择性剪接都为两个和多个转录本所支持。可以通过访问http://www.bioinfor.org查询这些数据。进而通过生物信息学分析剪接边界发现外显子跳跃和内含子保留的‘GT…AG’的规则不如组成型的保守。这暗示了它们是通过不同的调控机制来指导剪接变构体的形成。通过分析内含子保留对蛋白质的影响,发现选择性剪接的蛋白更倾向于改变其C端氨基酸序列。最后对选择性剪接的组织分布和蛋白质定位进行分析,结果表明选择性剪接的最大类的组织分布是根和愈伤组织。超过1/3剪接变构体的蛋白质定位是质膜和细胞质。这些选择性剪接蛋白可能在抗病信号转导中起到重要作用。     

mRNA前体选择性剪接的研究进展

mRNA前体的选择性剪接（又称可变剪／拼接）是真核生物的一种基本而又重要的调控机制,它精细协调基因的功能,高效调节基因的定量表达以及蛋白功能的多样化,影响主要发育方向的决定,对细胞的分化、发育、生理功能和病理状态都有重要意义。选择性剪接与许多人类疾病密切相关。目前在生物信息学领域已有选择性剪接数据库的构建,用于选择性剪接的信息存储和处理。     

基因选择性剪接的生物信息学研究概况

基因选择性剪接现象是真核生物基本而又重要的调控机制。由于基因的选择性剪接在形成生物复杂性和多样性上具有极其重要的作用,同时选择性剪接与许多人类疾病也密切相关。因此,研究基因选择性剪接是一项十分重要的工作。生物信息学作为一门新兴的学科在研究基因选择性剪接上起关键的作用,尤其在研究基因表达调控机制、选择性剪接基因预测以及选择性剪接基因进化上。本文综述了这方面的最新研究进展,为更深入了解真核生物基因的表达调控机理提供依据。     

Pre-mRNA选择性剪接的调控及选择性剪接数据库

Pre-mRNA选择性剪接是真核生物转录组和蛋白质组多样性的主要来源,也是细胞分化、发育等过程中重要的基因表达调控方式。约95%的人类多外显子基因存在RNA选择性剪接|很多人类基因疾病的发生与RNA剪接错误相关。随着共转录现象的发现,RNA选择性剪接调控机制研究也取得了很大进展。本文分别从序列层面和核小体定位、组蛋白修饰、DNA甲基化及非编码RNA等表观遗传层面,系统地阐述了RNA选择性剪接的调控机制。为便于搜索,本文介绍了近10年来RNA选择性剪接相关的数据库。     

寻找mRNA的选择性剪接

在真核生物的基因中,mRNA选择性剪接现象十分普遍。mRNA选择性剪接导致一个基因多转录本的产生,被认为是高等生物增加蛋白质多样性的主要机制,且已发现与许多人类疾病密切相关。发现这些转录本的选择性剪接位点、新的外显子和外显子组合,乃至获得这些剪接变异体的完整克隆,对于基因功能的深入研究十分必要。简要介绍了几种在mRNA水平探索选择性剪接的方法。     

mRNA前体的选择性剪接

人类基因组草图已基本完成 ,预测人类约有 350 0 0个编码蛋白质的基因 ,只是线虫或果蝇的 2倍[1] 。人类是怎样完成其复杂的生物功能 ?越来越多的证据表明选择性剪接在扩大蛋白质的多样性中发挥重要作用 ,并且有助于解释基因数目与生物复杂程度两者的不一致性。选择性剪接能够从一个基因产生多个转录本 ,从而产生远多于基因数目的蛋白质 ,完成机体的复杂功能及精细调节。1 .ｍＲＮＡ选择性剪接的普遍性目前根据ＥＳＴｓ分析 ,在人类 350 0 0个基因中大约有 40 %的基因具有选择性剪接的形式[1] 。尽管这个数目让人惊讶 ,但这个数目可能比实际…     

转录辅调节因子在剪接过程中的作用

细胞通过基因表达调控来应对外界刺激,其中对基因转录起始和pre-mRNA剪接的调控是基因表达调控的重要环节。越来越多的实验显示基因转录和pre-mRNA剪接这两个过程在时空上密切相关。基因转录能调节剪接模式的选择性,反之剪接过程也影响基因转录。近年来研究发现转录辅调节因子在联系转录和剪接过程中扮演着重要角色。转录辅调节因子对基因表达的调控不仅在于影响转录产物的量,还可以调控pre-mRNA的选择性剪接并产生不同的剪接体,从而翻译出具有不同生物学功能的蛋白质。本文主要阐述了基因转录与剪接之间的关系以及它们之间相互作用的机制,有利于更深入理解基因表达调控的过程。     

表观遗传调控pre-mRNA的选择性剪接

选择性剪接是真核生物基因表达过程中的关键环节,是蛋白质多样性的主要来源,在生物的分化、发育及疾病的发生中扮演重要角色。传统的选择性剪接调控机制的研究多集中于RNA序列元件及与之相关的一些剪接因子,但近期的突破性研究指出表观遗传因素在选择性剪接的调控中发挥重要作用。DNA甲基化、染色质结构、组蛋白修饰相互影响并作用于pre-mRNA的选择性剪接,构成一个庞大、复杂的调控网络,表明表观遗传因素不仅决定着基因转录的起始,还影响其转录本剪接的结果。文章综述了近年来pre-mRNA选择性剪接的表观遗传调控的研究进展,探讨了DNA甲基化、染色质结构、组蛋白修饰在pre-mRNA选择性剪接中的可能作用,并展望了其对人类疾病研究所带来的深远影响。     

用于前体mRNA剪接机制研究的小基因模型的建立和研究应用

建立可用于选择性前体mRNA剪接分析的小基因模型. 以人或小鼠基因组DNA为模板, 通过PCR扩增获得GluR-B, FGF-2R和Zis小基因片段, 并将其克隆至真核表达载体中, 构建了小基因的质粒. 在此基础上, 将上述3个小基因模型和剪接因子Tra2β1或Zis2表达质粒共转染HeLa细胞, 并用RT-PCR进行了被剪接的小基因产物的半定量检测. 结果表明, 这些小基因可用于细胞水平的基因剪接分析, 利用该技术平台, 发现了Zis2亚型可以促进Zis小基因选择性剪接.     

lncRNA选择性剪接调控的研究进展

长链非编码RNA (lncRNA)选择性剪接是指剪除未成熟lncRNA中的内含子,并将外显子连接起来生成成熟lncRNA的过程.在各类疾病发生和发展过程中,异常的选择性剪接起着重要作用. lncRNA选择性剪接直接参与膀胱癌、结直肠癌、肝癌、神经母细胞瘤等多种肿瘤的发病机制,且与胚胎发育、软骨毛发发育、多系统萎缩症等紧密相关.在此,我们对lncRNA选择性剪接的起因、调控机制以及对疾病影响的研究进展进行综述.此外,本文还介绍了两个与lncRNA选择性剪接相关的数据库(SpliceMap和LNCediting).     

孤独症谱系障碍的遗传基础与神经机制

孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)是一种神经精神障碍,主要表现为社会交往障碍、交流障碍以及局限性的兴趣和重复刻板的行为模式三个主要核心症状．本文介绍了ASD的遗传基础和神经机制的最新研究进展．ASD具有较高的遗传率,且ASD个体的5-羟色胺和睾丸激素都较高．神经影像学研究发现,ASD个体的杏仁核、扣带回、梭状回、镜像神经元和前额叶等大脑区域在结构和功能上都与正常发育个体存在差异,但在个别区域激活模式的差异方向上仍存在不一致的地方．此外,功能连接的研究结果也证实了ASD个体连接不良的假设．未来的研究应该更多地着眼于如何利用这些基础研究成果为临床上提出有效的治疗和训练方式．     

Biological implications of genetic variations in autism spectrum disorders from genomics studies

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by atypical social interaction and communication together with repetitive behaviors and restricted interests. The prevalence of ASD has been increased these years. Compelling evidence has shown that genetic factors contribute largely to the development of ASD. However, knowledge about its genetic etiology and pathogenesis is limited. Broad applications of genomics studies have revealed the importance of gene mutations at protein-coding regions as well as the interrupted non-coding regions in the development of ASD. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for the known molecular genetic basis and possible pathological mechanisms as well as the risk genes and loci of ASD. Functional studies for the underlying mechanisms are also implicated. The understanding of the genetics and genomics of ASD is important for the genetic diagnosis and intervention for this condition.     

A Bayesian Model of the Uncanny Valley Effect for Explaining the Effects of Therapeutic Robots in Autism Spectrum Disorder

One of the core features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is impaired reciprocal social interaction, especially in processing emotional information. Social robots are used to encourage children with ASD to take the initiative and to interact with the robotic tools to stimulate emotional responses. However, the existing evidence is limited by poor trial designs. The purpose of this study was to provide computational evidence in support of robot-assisted therapy for children with ASD. We thus propose an emotional model of ASD that adapts a Bayesian model of the uncanny valley effect, which holds that a human-looking robot can provoke repulsion and sensations of eeriness. Based on the unique emotional responses of children with ASD to the robots, we postulate that ASD induces a unique emotional response curve, more like a cliff than a valley. Thus, we performed numerical simulations of robot-assisted therapy to evaluate its effects. The results showed that, although a stimulus fell into the uncanny valley in the typical condition, it was effective at avoiding the uncanny cliff in the ASD condition. Consequently, individuals with ASD may find it more comfortable, and may modify their emotional response, if the robots look like deformed humans, even if they appear “creepy” to typical individuals. Therefore, we suggest that our model explains the effects of robot-assisted therapy in children with ASD and that human-looking robots may have potential advantages for improving social interactions in ASD.     

Autism-associated gene expression in peripheral leucocytes commonly observed between subjects with autism and healthy women having autistic children

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder which has complex pathobiology with profound influences of genetic factors in its development. Although the numerous autism susceptible genes were identified, the etiology of autism is not fully explained. Using DNA microarray, we examined gene expression profiling in peripheral blood from 21 individuals in each of the four groups; young adults with ASD, age- and gender-matched healthy subjects (ASD control), healthy mothers having children with ASD (asdMO), and asdMO control. There was no blood relationship between ASD and asdMO. Comparing the ASD group with control, 19 genes were found to be significantly changed. These genes were mainly involved in cell morphology, cellular assembly and organization, and nerve system development and function. In addition, the asdMO group possessed a unique gene expression signature shown as significant alterations of protein synthesis despite of their nonautistic diagnostic status. Moreover, an ASD-associated gene expression signature was commonly observed in both individuals with ASD and asdMO. This unique gene expression profiling detected in peripheral leukocytes from affected subjects with ASD and unaffected mothers having ASD children suggest that a genetic predisposition to ASD may be detectable even in peripheral cells. Altered expression of several autism candidate genes such as FMR-1 and MECP2, could be detected in leukocytes. Taken together, these findings suggest that the ASD-associated genes identified in leukocytes are informative to explore the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental background of ASD and might become potential tools to assess the crucial factors related to the clinical onset of the disorder.     

Auditory cortex responses to clicks and sensory modulation difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

Auditory sensory modulation difficulties are common in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and may stem from a faulty arousal system that compromises the ability to regulate an optimal response. To study neurophysiological correlates of the sensory modulation difficulties, we recorded magnetic field responses to clicks in 14 ASD and 15 typically developing (TD) children. We further analyzed the P100m, which is the most prominent component of the auditory magnetic field response in children and may reflect preattentive arousal processes. The P100m was rightward lateralized in the TD, but not in the ASD children, who showed a tendency toward P100m reduction in the right hemisphere (RH). The atypical P100m lateralization in the ASD subjects was associated with greater severity of sensory abnormalities assessed by Short Sensory Profile, as well as with auditory hypersensitivity during the first two years of life. The absence of right-hemispheric predominance of the P100m and a tendency for its right-hemispheric reduction in the ASD children suggests disturbance of the RH ascending reticular brainstem pathways and/or their thalamic and cortical projections, which in turn may contribute to abnormal arousal and attention. The correlation of sensory abnormalities with atypical, more leftward, P100m lateralization suggests that reduced preattentive processing in the right hemisphere and/or its shift to the left hemisphere may contribute to abnormal sensory behavior in ASD.     

Isolation,characterization and genetic analysis of canine <Emphasis Type="Italic">GATA4</Emphasis> gene in a family of Doberman Pinschers with an atrial septal defect

GATA4 is expressed early in the developing heart where it plays a key role in regulating the expression of genes encoding myocardial contractile proteins. Gene mutations in the human GATA4 have been implicated in various congenital heart defects (CHD), including atrial septal defect (ASD). Although ASD is the third most common CHD in humans, it is generally rare in dogs and cats. There is also no obvious predilection for ASD in dogs and cats, based on sex or breed. However, among dogs, the incidence rate of ASD is relatively high in Samoyeds and Doberman Pinschers, where its inheritance and genetic aetiology are not well understood. In this study, we identified and investigated the genetic aetiology of an ASD affected family in a pure breed dog population. Although the GATA4 gene was screened, we did not find any mutations that would result in the alteration of the coding sequence and hence, the predicted GATA4 structure and function. Although the aetiology of ASD is multifactorial, our findings indicate that GATA4 may not be responsible for the ASD in the dogs used in this study. However, this does not eliminate GATA4 as a candidate for ASD in other dog breeds.     

Neuroligin-3-deficient mice: model of a monogenic heritable form of autism with an olfactory deficit

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a frequent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by variable clinical severity. Core symptoms are qualitatively impaired communication and social behavior, highly restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Although recent work on genetic mutations in ASD has shed light on the pathophysiology of the disease, classifying it essentially as a synaptopathy, no treatments are available to date. To develop and test novel ASD treatment approaches, validated and informative animal models are required. Of particular interest, in this context are loss-of-function mutations in the postsynaptic cell adhesion protein neuroligin-4 and point mutations in its homologue neuroligin-3 (NL-3) that were found to cause certain forms of monogenic heritable ASD in humans. Here, we show that NL-3-deficient mice display a behavioral phenotype reminiscent of the lead symptoms of ASD: reduced ultrasound vocalization and a lack of social novelty preference. The latter may be related to an olfactory deficiency observed in the NL-3 mutants. Interestingly, such olfactory phenotype is also present in a subgroup of human ASD patients. Tests for learning and memory showed no gross abnormalities in NL-3 mutants. Also, no alterations were found in time spent in social interaction, prepulse inhibition, seizure propensity and sucrose preference. As often seen in adult ASD patients, total brain volume of NL-3 mutant mice was slightly reduced as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our findings show that the NL-3 knockout mouse represents a useful animal model for understanding pathophysiological events in monogenic heritable ASD and for developing novel treatment strategies in this devastating human disorder.     

A brain region-specific predictive gene map for autism derived by profiling a reference gene set

Molecular underpinnings of complex psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) remain largely unresolved. Increasingly, structural variations in discrete chromosomal loci are implicated in ASD, expanding the search space for its disease etiology. We exploited the high genetic heterogeneity of ASD to derive a predictive map of candidate genes by an integrated bioinformatics approach. Using a reference set of 84 Rare and Syndromic candidate ASD genes (AutRef84), we built a composite reference profile based on both functional and expression analyses. First, we created a functional profile of AutRef84 by performing Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis which encompassed three main areas: 1) neurogenesis/projection, 2) cell adhesion, and 3) ion channel activity. Second, we constructed an expression profile of AutRef84 by conducting DAVID analysis which found enrichment in brain regions critical for sensory information processing (olfactory bulb, occipital lobe), executive function (prefrontal cortex), and hormone secretion (pituitary). Disease specificity of this dual AutRef84 profile was demonstrated by comparative analysis with control, diabetes, and non-specific gene sets. We then screened the human genome with the dual AutRef84 profile to derive a set of 460 potential ASD candidate genes. Importantly, the power of our predictive gene map was demonstrated by capturing 18 existing ASD-associated genes which were not part of the AutRef84 input dataset. The remaining 442 genes are entirely novel putative ASD risk genes. Together, we used a composite ASD reference profile to generate a predictive map of novel ASD candidate genes which should be prioritized for future research.     

Intracellular calcium dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder: An analysis of converging organelle signaling pathways

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex, neurological disorders that affect early cognitive, social, and verbal development. Our understanding of ASD has vastly improved with advances in genomic sequencing technology and genetic models that have identified >800 loci with variants that increase susceptibility to ASD. Although these findings have confirmed its high heritability, the underlying mechanisms by which these genes produce the ASD phenotypes have not been defined. Current efforts have begun to “functionalize” many of these variants and envisage how these susceptibility factors converge at key biochemical and biophysical pathways. In this review, we discuss recent work on intracellular calcium signaling in ASD, including our own work, which begins to suggest it as a compelling candidate mechanism in the pathophysiology of autism and a potential therapeutic target. We consider how known variants in the calcium signaling genomic architecture of ASD may exert their deleterious effects along pathways particularly involving organelle dysfunction including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a major calcium store, and the mitochondria, a major calcium ion buffer, and theorize how many of these pathways intersect.     

Detection of Clinically Relevant Genetic Variants in Autism Spectrum Disorder by Whole-Genome Sequencing

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) demonstrates high heritability and familial clustering, yet the genetic causes remain only partially understood as a result of extensive clinical and genomic heterogeneity. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) shows promise as a tool for identifying ASD risk genes as well as unreported mutations in known loci, but an assessment of its full utility in an ASD group has not been performed. We used WGS to examine 32 families with ASD to detect de novo or rare inherited genetic variants predicted to be deleterious (loss-of-function and damaging missense mutations). Among ASD probands, we identified deleterious de novo mutations in six of 32 (19%) families and X-linked or autosomal inherited alterations in ten of 32 (31%) families (some had combinations of mutations). The proportion of families identified with such putative mutations was larger than has been previously reported; this yield was in part due to the comprehensive and uniform coverage afforded by WGS. Deleterious variants were found in four unrecognized, nine known, and eight candidate ASD risk genes. Examples include CAPRIN1 and AFF2 (both linked to FMR1, which is involved in fragile X syndrome), VIP (involved in social-cognitive deficits), and other genes such as SCN2A and KCNQ2 (linked to epilepsy), NRXN1, and CHD7, which causes ASD-associated CHARGE syndrome. Taken together, these results suggest that WGS and thorough bioinformatic analyses for de novo and rare inherited mutations will improve the detection of genetic variants likely to be associated with ASD or its accompanying clinical symptoms.