Genetic differentiation among natural populations of the lizard complex <Emphasis Type="Italic">Darevskia raddei</Emphasis> as inferred from genome microsatellite marking

The article presents the genetic parameters of the populations of lizards of the Darevskia raddei complex (D. raddei nairensis and D. raddei raddei) and the populations of D. valentini calculated on the basis of the analysis of variability of 50 allelic variants of the three nuclear genome microsatellite-containing loci of 83 individuals. It was demonstrated that the F_st genetic distances between the populations of D. raddei nairensis and D. raddei raddei were not statistically significantly different from the F_st genetic distances between the populations of different species, D. raddei and D. valentini. At the same time, these distances were statistically significantly higher than the F_st distances between the populations belonging to one species within the genus Darevskia. These data suggest deep divergence between the populations of D. raddei raddei and D. raddei nairensis of the D. raddei complex and there arises the question on considering them as separate species.     

Intrapopulation heterogeneity of the fluorescence parameters of the marine plankton alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thalassiosira weissflogii</Emphasis> at various nitrogen levels

Fluorescence of the marine alga Thalassiosira weissflogii (Grunow) Fryxell et Hasle with open (F _o ) and closed (F _m ) reaction centers of photosystem 2 (PS 2) and its relative variable fluorescence (F _v/F _m ) were measured at various levels of inorganic nitrogen. A significant heterogeneity of the population in terms of these parameters was revealed. Some cells within the population were more sensitive to nitrogen deficiency, and their photosynthetic apparatus was disrupted to a greater extent. The cells within a population also differed in terms of their ability to recover after incubation at low nitrogen levels. Enhancement of nitrogen deficiency resulted in an increase in the variability of the F _o and F _v/F _m values of the cells. Fluorescence variability decreased at a less pronounced deficiency. Fluorescence variability should be taken into consideration in the studies concerning responses of algae to changes in nutrient contents.     

Species-specific alleles at a <Emphasis Type="Italic">β-</Emphasis>tubulin gene show significant associations with leaf morphological variation within <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus petraea</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Q. robur</Emphasis> populations

Quercus petraea and Q. robur are largely sympatric oak species in western and central Europe and known for their intensive genetic exchange which has made the discovery of species-diagnostic markers a huge challenge. Various natural white oak populations (Q. petraea/Q. robur including mixed stands) were investigated for their variability and differentiation patterns at a β-tubulin gene (qutub8) in a European-wide survey. This gene was chosen as a possible candidate among loci subjected to selection and maintaining integrity between species. Two frequent alleles depicted as indels within qutub8’s first intron showed remarkably high interspecific genetic differentiation, with Weir and Cockerham’s theta per allele values ranging from 0.17 to 0.30 for one allele and from 0.04 to 0.19 for the other allele in such mixed oak stands where the multi-allelic qutub8 locus showed significant interspecific F _ST . For three mixed stands, qutub8’s F _ST significantly departed from the expected neutral differentiation patterns (F _ST ranging from 0.063 to 0.080 for this multi-allelic marker) and thus could be influenced by selection. Significant associations were found between genotypic variation and leaf dimensions as well as leaf structure patterns, after having accounted for species and stand effects. Qutub8 represents a locus that exhibits significant species differentiation and is linked to morphological discriminant traits. Consequently, qutub8 likely contributes to species divergence within the European white oak complex.     

Patterns of population genetic structure and diversity across bumble bee communities in the Pacific Northwest

Patterns of genetic structure and diversity are largely mediated by a species’ ecological niche and sensitivity to climate variation. Some species with narrow ecological niches have been found to exhibit increased population differentiation, limited gene flow across populations, and reduced population genetic diversity. In this study, we examine patterns of population genetic structure and diversity of four bumble bee species that are broadly sympatric, but do not necessarily inhabit the same ecological niche in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Testing for the effect of isolation by geographic distance (IBD) with linearized F _st and D _est found that Bombus sylvicola and B. mixtus exhibited significant IBD across populations. In contrast, both B. melanopygus and B. flavifrons, two species that are distributed across a broad elevation gradient, exhibited no IBD, a result further corroborated by Bayesian a priori population assignment tests. Furthermore, we discovered that B. sylvicola populations distributed on the Olympic Peninsula have significantly less average allelic diversity than populations distributed in the Cascade Mountains. Our results suggest that populations distributed in the Olympic Mountains represent a distinct genetic cluster relative to the Cascade Mountains, with B. sylvicola and B. mixtus likely experiencing the greatest degree of population genetic differentiation relative to B. flavifrons and B. melanopygus. While bumble bees are known to co-exist across a diversity of habitats, our results demonstrate that underlying population genetic structure and diversity may not necessarily be similar across species, and are largely governed by their respective niches.     

Differential impact of hotter drought on seedling performance of five ecologically distinct pine species

Increasing temperature and drought intensity is inducing the phenomenon of the so-called “hotter drought”, which is expected to increase in frequency over the coming decades across many areas of the globe, and is expected to have major implications for forest systems. Consequences of hotter drought could be especially relevant for closely related species overlapping their distributions, since differences in response can translate into range shifts. We assessed the effect of future climatic conditions on the performance of five ecologically distinct pine species common in Europe: Pinus halepensis, P. pinaster, P. nigra, P. sylvestris and P. uncinata. We hypothesised that Mediterranean species inhabiting dry, low-elevation sites will be less affected by the expected warming and drought increase than species inhabiting cold-wet sites. We performed a controlled conditions experiment simulating current and projected temperature and precipitation, and analysed seedling responses in terms of survival, growth, biomass allocation, maximum photochemical efficiency (F _v/F _m) and plant water potential (Ψ). Either an increase in temperature or a reduction in water input alone reduced seedling performance, but the highest impact occurred when these two factors acted in combination. Warming and water limitation reduced Ψ, whereas warming alone reduced biomass allocation to roots and F _v/F _m. However, species responded differentially to warmer and drier conditions, with lowland Mediterranean pines (P. halepensis and P. pinaster) showing higher survival and performance than mountain species. Interspecific differences in response to warmer, drier conditions could contribute to changes in the relative dominance of these pine species in Mediterranean regions where they co-occur and a hotter, drier climate is anticipated.     

Genotypical features in the expression of allozymes of β-specific hydrolase of carboxylic esters in wild-type <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila melanogaster</Emphasis>

The expression level of electrophoretically separated S- and F-allozymes of β-specific esterase (EC 3.1.1.2) in genotypes of wild-type Drosophila melanogaster (males and females) that are monozygous or heterozygous with respect to the locus β-Est is determined by means of computerized densitometry; α-naphthylacetate, β-naphthylacetate, and α-naphthylpropionate are used as the substrates. The intensity of the expression of the esterase is judged from the quantity of reaction product created as a result of simultaneous azo coupling between naphthol and diazonium in 4, 24, 44, and 64 min incubation times. Reliable differences in the expressions of the S- and F-allozymes as a function of the structure of the β-Est locus of genotypically distinct individuals are established. In all the variant experiments, a higher level of summary activity of the S- and F-allozymes of the β-esterase of the heterozygotes by comparison with the individual activity of the F-and S-allozymes of the corresponding homozygotes was demonstrated, independently of the sex of the Drosophila individual. A comparative estimate of the temporal dynamics of the expression of in vitro allozymes of the dominant homozygotes (β-Est _S /β-Est _S ), heterozygotes (β-Est _S /β-Est _F ), and recessive homozygotes (β-Est _F /β-Est _F ) is performed. Possible mechanisms for the occurrence of heterosis according to the character of expression of S- and F-allozymes of β-esterase on the basis of the theory of biochemical enrichment of heterozygote genotypes are considered.     

Biosystematic study of Berlandiera (Compositae)

Berlandiera is revised to includeB. subacaulis, B. pumila, B. texana, andB. lyrata with its varietieslyrata andmacrophylla. All species may be induced to interbreed readily, producing F₁ progeny which are vigorous but with reduced fertility. Sympatric species produce natural hybrids which are proposed here asB. Xhumilis (=B. pumila XB. subacaulis) andB. Xbetonicifolia (=B. pumila XB. texana). All taxa investigated hadn = 15 chromosomes, including new counts forB. subacaulis and all six F₁ hybrids.     

Distribution pattern of Polar cod (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Boreogadus saida</Emphasis>) larvae and larval fish assemblages in relation to oceanographic parameters in the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea

Polar cod, Boreogadus saida, is a key species in the Arctic Ocean ecosystem. We examined the distribution pattern of B. saida and other fish larvae in relation to oceanographic parameters, including sea surface temperature and salinity (SST and SSS), the mode of temperature and salinity within the water column (F _temp and F _sal), and the temporal duration between the date of sea ice retreat and the date of field surveys (dSRT) in the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea during the summers of 2008 and 2013. Sampling was conducted onboard the T/S Oshoro-Maru using a bongo net for 2 years. At sampling stations, the temperature and salinity were measured using conductivity-temperature-depth profiler casts. We calculated dSRT from satellite derived polar gridded sea ice concentration data. A total of 1186 individuals comprising 7 families and 16 species were collected, with B. saida (35 %) and Ammodytes hexapterus (27 %) dominating the catch in number. Based on the species composition (cluster analysis), the sampling stations were divided into four groups. Pleuronectidae dominated group A, which was characterized by relatively high temperature (SST and F _temp), while B. saida dominated group B, characterized by low temperatures. A. hexapterus dominated group C and D, which had similar temperatures and salinities, but group C had a shorter dSRT than group D. The latter was also differentiated by the presence of Lumpenus sp. B. saida, which were most abundant in regions where temperatures ranged from ?2 to 0.5 °C. These results, the geographical variation of group B sampling stations, suggest there are two separate spawning areas characterized by similar fish communities and related to consistently cold bottom temperatures. Moreover, stations with a higher abundance of smaller sized larval B. saida were characterized by a short dSRT, whereas stations with a lower abundance and a larger size were characterized by a long dSRT.     

Geographical variation of skull characters in pikas (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ochotona</Emphasis>, Lagomorpha) of the<Emphasis Type="Italic">alpina-hyperborea</Emphasis> group

A multivariate analysis of 11 skull measurements, along with evaluation of the shape of maxill-premaxill suture at palatine foramina, was carried out in pikas of thealpina-hyperborea group. The study provided rational for recognition of three distinct species in this group:Ochotona alpina (Pallas, 1773),O. hyperborea (Pallas, 1811), andO. turuchanensis Naumov, 1934.O. turuchanensis is a species from central Siberia differing fromO. hyperborea in the chromosome number and type of palatine foramina and fromO. alpina in size of the skull. This species is allopatric withO. alpina and partly sympatric withO. hyperborea. The subspeciessvatoshi is reportedly allocated toO. hyperborea. The taxonomic status ofmantchurica (now allocated tohyperborea) and scorodumovi (treated at present as an isolated subspecies of O. alpina) needs careful investigation.     

A multiplexed set of microsatellite markers for discriminating <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia mangium</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">A. auriculiformis</Emphasis>, and their hybrid

In order to assist breeding and gene pool conservation in tropical Acacias, we aimed to develop a set of multipurpose SSR markers for use in both Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis. A total of 51 SSR markers (developed in A. mangium and natural A. mangium x A. auriculiformis hybrid) were tested. A final set of 16 well-performing SSR markers were identified, six of which were species diagnostic. The markers were optimized for assay in four multiplex mixes and used to genotype range-wide samples of A. mangium, A. auriculiformis, and putative F₁ hybrids. Simulation analysis was used to investigate the power of the markers for identifying the pure species and their F₁, F₂, and backcross hybrids. The six species diagnostic markers were particularly powerful for detecting F₁ hybrids from pure species but could also discriminate the pure species from F₂ and backcross progenies in most cases (97 %). STRUCTURE analysis using all 16 markers was likewise able to distinguish these cross types and pure species sets. Both sets of markers had difficulties in distinguishing F₂ and backcross progenies. However, identifying F₁ from pure species is the current primary concern in countries where these species are planted. The SSR marker set also has direct application in DNA profiling (probability of identity?=?4.1?×?10^?13), breeding system analysis, and population genetics.     

Plastid Genome of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dictyopteris divaricata</Emphasis> (Dictyotales,Phaeophyceae): Understanding the Evolution of Plastid Genomes in Brown Algae

Dictyotophycidae is a subclass of brown algae containing 395 species that are distributed worldwide. A complete plastid (chloroplast) genome (ptDNA or cpDNA) had not previously been sequenced from this group. In this study, the complete plastid genome of Dictyopteris divaricata (Okamura) Okamura (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) was characterized and compared to other brown algal ptDNAs. This plastid genome was 126,099 bp in size with two inverted repeats (IRs) of 6026 bp. The D. divaricata IRs contained rpl21, making its IRs larger than representatives from the orders Fucales and Laminariales, but was smaller than that from Ectocarpales. The G + C content of D. divaricata (31.19%) was the highest of the known ptDNAs of brown algae (28.94–31.05%). Two protein-coding genes, rbcR and rpl32, were present in ptDNAs of Laminariales, Ectocarpales (Ectocarpus siliculosus), and Fucales (LEF) but were absent in D. divaricata. Reduced intergenic space (13.11%) and eight pairs of overlapping genes in D. divaricata ptDNA made it the most compact plastid genome in brown algae so far. The architecture of D. divaricata ptDNA showed higher similarity to that of Laminariales compared with Fucales and Ectocarpales. The difference in general features, gene content, and architecture among the ptDNAs of D. divaricata and LEF clade revealed the diversity and evolutionary trends of plastid genomes in brown algae.     

Amino acid composition of leaf,grain and bracts of japonica rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza Sativa</Emphasis> ssp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">japonica</Emphasis>) and its response to nitrogen fertilization

Heat stress is one of the main abiotic stresses that limit plant growth. The effects of high temperature on oxidative damage, PSII activity and D1 protein turnover were studied in three wheat varieties with different heat susceptibility (CS, YN949 and AK58). The results showed that heat stress induced lower lipid peroxidation in AK58 and YN949 than CS, which was related to different changes of SOD, CAT, POD and H₂O₂. Similarly, AK58 and YN949 performed better PSII photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m, ΦPSII and ETR) under high temperature, which was attributed to rapid synthesis and degradation of D1 protein. Moreover, higher expression of D1 protein turnover-related genes (PsbA, STN8, PBCP, Deg1, Deg2, Deg5, Deg8, FtsH1/5 and FtsH2/8) and SOD activity in AK58 and YN949 under normal conditions also established a basis for acclimatizing high temperatures, thereby alleviating PSII photoinhibition and reducing oxidative damage when exposed to heat stress.     

Using SSR markers for hybrid identification and resource management in Vietnamese <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> breeding programs

We used a set of 16 SSR markers to check the identity of pure-species and hybrid clones in Vietnam’s Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, and acacia hybrid (A. mangium × A. auriculiformis) breeding programs. The statistics package HIest, applied to a large synthesized population, enabled accurate allocation of genotypes to the two pure species, F₁ and F₂ inter-specific hybrids and backcrosses, based on estimates of hybridity and heterozygosity. The hybridity status of putatively pure A. mangium and A. auriculiformis clones in adjacent clonal seed orchards was checked. Four out of 100 clones selected as A. mangium were found to be backcrosses (A. mangium × F₁ inter-specific hybrid) while out of 96 clones selected as A. auriculiformis, two were F₁ hybrids and two were backcrosses (A. auriculiformis × F₁ hybrid). The markers were then applied to check the hybridity status of 160 putative acacia F₁ hybrid genotypes that had been selected on morphological criteria from open-pollinated progenies collected from A. auriculiformis and A. mangium parents. Many selections based on morphology were found to be mistaken. Only thirteen of 63 clones originating from A. auriculiformis mothers were F₁ hybrids, four were backcrosses, and the remaining 46 were pure A. auriculiformis. Fewer mistakes were evident for clones selected from A. mangium mothers, with 82 out of 89 clones confirmed as F₁ hybrids, three as backcrosses, and four as pure A. mangium. The occurrence of F₁ hybrids and backcrosses in pure-species seed orchards and their progeny shows that inter-species contamination is an issue requiring management in both pure-species and in hybrid breeding of these species in Vietnam. Examination of genetic distances among verified clones showed patterns of relatedness that were consistent with pedigree records. Implications for resource management as well as for breeding and clonal selection strategies are considered.     

Investigation of the photosynthetic activity of bark phelloderm of arboreous plants using the fluorescent method

Seasonal changes in the characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence were studied in the bark of several species of trees originating in various climatic zones: Siberian cedar (Pinus sibirica), larch (Larix sibirica), eastern arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis), pendent white birch (Betula pendula), wild black cherry (Padus virginiana), horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), red oak (Quercus rubra), Manchurian catalpa (Catalpa bungei), linden (Tilia cordata), goat willow (Salix caprea), Amur cherry (Padus maackii), and apple Korichnaya (Malus domestrica B.). Tree bark has a sufficient amount of chlorophyll for measuring the parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence throughout the year. The relative yield of the variable fluorescence of chlorophyll (F _v/F _m) can be used to assess seasonal changes in the physiological state of various trees.     

Differential Rates of Male Genital Evolution in Sibling Species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila</Emphasis>

Genital morphology in animals with internal fertilization is considered to be among the fastest evolving traits. Sexual selection is often proposed as the main driver of genital diversification but the exact selection mechanisms involved are usually unclear. In addition, the mechanisms operating may differ even between pairs of sibling species. We investigated patterns of male genital variation within and between natural populations of the cactophilic fly Drosophila koepferae ranging its entire geographic distribution and compared them with those previously observed in its sibling species, D. buzzatii. Using both mtDNA and nDNA markers we found that genital shape variation in D. koepferae is more restricted than expected for neutral evolution, suggesting the predominance of stabilizing selection. We also detected dissimilar patterns of divergence between populations of D. koepferae that were allopatric and sympatric with D. buzzatii. The constrained evolution inferred for D. koepferae’s genitalia clearly contrasts with the rapid divergence and higher morphological disparity observed in the populations of D. buzzatii. Finally, different possible scenarios of male genital evolution in each species and within the radiation of D. buzzatii cluster are discussed.     

The involvement of TsFtsH8 in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thellungiella salsuginea</Emphasis> tolerance to cold and high light stresses

Thellungiella salsuginea is a plant that commonly grows in harsh environments of salinity and low temperature. Although the molecular mechanism underlying salt tolerance in T. salsuginea has been extensively explored, our understanding of how this species tolerates cold stress is limited. In a previous study, Wong et al. (2006) identified a cold-inducible TsFtsH8 gene in T. salsuginea. Based on the role of AtFtsH in D1 protein turnover and in maintaining the normal function of photosystem II, we hypothesized that TsFtsH8 might be related to cold tolerance in T. salsuginea. In the present study, RNAi lines of TsFtsH8 were generated and its tolerance to cold was evaluated. The results showed that in early spring, TsFtsH8-RNAi lines underwent leaf variegation, severe chlorophyll decomposition, organelle deterioration, decrease in the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F _v /F _m) and in the proportion of open photosystem II reaction centers (qP), and incomplete degradation of the 23 kDa fragment of the D1 protein. These findings suggest that TsFtsH8 is involved in the development of T. salsuginea in the early spring.     

Genetic structure of the populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dactylorhiza ochroleuca</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">D. incarnata</Emphasis> (Orchidaceae) in the area of their joint growth in Russia and Belarus

We carried out an allozyme analysis to investigate polymorphism and genetic structure of the populations of D. incarnata and D. ochroleuca in regions of their joint growth in Russia and Belarus. We found that D. ochroleuca individuals in the populations of the Urals and Siberia, which are distant fragments from the main range of the species, do not differ significantly from individuals within the main part of the area (Belarus) on the basis of the allelic composition of eight gene loci. We revealed that D. ochroleuca and D. incarnata are differentiated by different alleles of the GDH locus. Thus, we established a genetic marker suitable to distinguish these closely related taxa. In addition to the GDH locus, D. ochroleuca and D. incarnata in the places of their joint growth, differ in the allelic structure of the PGI and NADHD loci. D. incarnata from the Urals and Siberia were polymorphic for both loci, and individuals from Belarus were polymorphic for one locus (PGI). In contrast, all D. ochroleuca individuals growing in sympatric populations with polymorphic D. incarnata were homozygous for the same alleles. Thus, comparison of the genetic structure of D. ochroleuca and D. incarnata points to the existence of a genetic isolation and a functioning isolation mechanism even under conditions of their joint growth. We found that the GDH locus in D. incarnata is polymorphic only in populations which grow together with D. ochroleuca, with exception a few examples. Thus, we conclude that variability of the GDH locus in D. incarnata is associated with hybridization with D. ochroleuca.     

The use of parameters of chlorophyll <Emphasis Type="Italic">a</Emphasis> fluorescence induction to evaluate the state of plants under anthropogenic load

The physiological state of the leaves of the small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata), silver birch (Betula pendula), and northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) under urban conditions was assessed via recording the kinetics of chlorophyll under fluorescence induction. Different sensitivities of the plants to adverse growing conditions were revealed. The most sensitive parameters of the fluorescence JIP test, viz., PI _ABS , F _V/F ₀, and F _V/F _M, were identified as indicators of the physiological state of the urban phytocoenosis. Recommendations for the application of the method for monitoring studies are presented.     

High Diversity of mtDNA Haplotypes Confirms Syntopic Occurrence of Two Field Mouse Species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apodemus uralensis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">A. witherbyi</Emphasis> (Muridae: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apodemus</Emphasis>) in Armenia

Wood mice of the genus Apodemus belong to the most frequent and epidemiologically important rodents of Europe and adjacent regions. Previous studies showed that in the Middle East region species of this genus exhibit extraordinary morphological similarity precluding their proper determination without application of molecular characters. In order to determine the species of the studied populations and to obtain an insight into their phylogeographic history, we analyzed their genetic variation. We sequenced 1139 bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region and flanking tRNA genes in samples collected from six localities. Phylogenetic analyses revealed presence of distinct clades corresponding to species A. uralensis and A. witherbyi. In most localities we confirmed presence of both species which suggests their large sympatric and syntopic occurrence. We recognized an extensive genetic variability, 38 specimens of A. uralensis belong to 32 distinct haplotypes, while 19 specimens of A. witherbyi to 14 haplotypes. We confirmed presence of several distinct haplotypes that may originate from multiple wood mouse colonization waves from distinct geographic regions.     

Response of effective quantum yield of photosystem 2 to <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> temperature in three alpine plants

The response of effective quantum yield of photosystem 2 (ΔF/F_m’) to temperature was investigated under field conditions (1 950 m a.s.l.) in three alpine plant species with contrasting leaf temperature climates. The in situ temperature response did not follow an optimum curve but under saturating irradiances [PPFD >800 µìmol(photon) m^?2s^?1] highest ΔF/F_m’ occurred at leaf temperatures below 10°C. This was comparable to the temperature response of antarctic vascular plants. Leaf temperatures between 0 and 15°C were the most frequently (41 to 56%) experienced by the investigated species. At these temperatures, ΔF/F_m’ was highest in all species (data from all irradiation classes included) but the species differed in the temperature at which ΔF/F_m’ dropped below 50% (Soldanella pusilla >20°C, Loiseleuria procumbens >25°C, and Saxifraga paniculata >40°C). The in situ response of ΔF/F_m’ showed significantly higher ΔF/F_m’ values at saturating PPFD for the species growing in full sunlight (S. paniculata and L. procumbens) than for S. pusilla growing under more moderate PPFD. The effect of increasing PPFD on ΔF/F_m’, for a given leaf temperature, was most pronounced in S. pusilla. Despite the broad diurnal leaf temperature amplitude of alpine environments, only in S. paniculata did saturating PPFD occur over a broad range of leaf temperatures (43 K). In the other two species it was half of that (around 20 K). This indicates that the setting of environmental scenarios (leaf temperature×PPFD) in laboratory experiments often likely exceeds the actual environmental demand in the field.