奥拉帕尼对黑素瘤细胞的作用及机制研究

目的:探讨奥拉帕尼对黑素瘤细胞的作用及其机制。方法:应用不同浓度的奥拉帕尼处理黑素瘤细胞,利用CCK8检测肿瘤细胞活性。应用Western blot技术检测奥拉帕尼处理黑素瘤细胞后肿瘤细胞内凋亡及周期相关蛋白表达水平。结果:与对照组相比,5μM奥拉帕尼处理黑素瘤A2058细胞即可抑制肿瘤细胞活性(85.53±2.593)%。随着奥拉帕尼处理浓度倍增对黑素瘤细胞活性的抑制作用越强。在10μM、20μM、40μM、80μM奥拉帕尼处理浓度下,黑素瘤细胞活性分别是(68.88±1.484)%、(47.21±1.759)%、(33.04±1.261)%、(28.17±1.731)%。奥拉帕尼处理黑素瘤细胞后可促进肿瘤细胞内凋亡相关蛋白PARP1剪切体表达增加,并可抑制细胞周期相关蛋白cyclin D1的表达。结论:奥拉帕尼通过促进黑素瘤细胞凋亡及抑制肿瘤细胞周期蛋白表达的机制发挥抑制黑素瘤细胞活性的作用。     

PPAR??激动剂罗格列酮对人乳腺癌细胞生长 抑制及诱导凋亡作用研究

目的:观察氧化酶体激活物增殖受体(PPARγ)激动剂罗格列酮(ROZ)在体外激活PPARγ后对MCF-7细胞的生长抑制及诱导凋亡作用。方法:MTT法检测ROZ对MCF-7细胞的生长抑制作用;集落形成实验观察ROZ对MCF-7细胞集落形成的影响;不同浓度ROZ作用72h,Hoechst33342染色观察MCF-7细胞的形态变化,流式细胞光度分析术(FCM)检测凋亡细胞百分率以及ROZ对细胞周期的影响;Western blot方法检测ROZ对MCF-7细胞Bcl-2、Caspase-3表达的影响。结果:ROZ可呈剂量依赖性抑制MCF-7细胞的生长及集落形成。ROZ浓度为6×10-5M和3×10-4M时则G1期细胞数明显增加,S期相应减少。Hoechst33342染色经ROZ处理的肿瘤细胞染色质呈颗粒状,且有凋亡小体出现。FCM检测结果显示,ROZ作用72h凋亡细胞数达22.05%。Western blot提示ROZ可抑制Bcl-2表达,促进Caspase3表达。结论:ROZ在体外可抑制MCF-7细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡,这可能与其抑制Bcl-2表达、促进caspase3表达有关。提示ROZ有望成为乳腺癌治疗药或肿瘤治疗的辅助用药,PPARγ有潜力成为肿瘤治疗的新靶点。     

选择性环氧化酶-2抑制剂对乳腺癌细胞的化疗增敏作用

目的:观察选择性环氧化酶-2(COX-2)的抑制剂塞来昔布对表柔比星抗乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖和诱导凋亡作用以及探讨其机制.方法:应用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法分析塞来昔布联用表柔比星对MCF-7细胞的生长抑制作用,流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡,western blotting检测凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3的表达.结果:10μmol/l的cxlecoxib和10μg/l表柔比星联用细胞抑制率和早期凋亡率均显著增高,并引起caspase-3上调及裂解激活,bcl-2下调,bax则变化不大.结论:塞来昔布对表柔比星抗乳腺癌MCF-7细胞有协同作用,其诱导凋亡与caspase-3激活和Bcl-2表达下调有关.     

穿心莲内酯抑制人结肠癌SW1116细胞增殖及诱导细胞凋亡作用的研究

目的:观察穿心莲内酯对人结肠癌SW1116细胞生长及肿瘤细胞凋亡的影响,探讨其可能的机制.方法:用不同浓度的穿心莲内酯处理SW1116细胞,MTT检测穿心莲内酯对SW1116细胞生长增殖的抑制作用;流式细胞术(FCM)检测细胞凋亡率;比色法测定Caspase-3酶活性;Western blot法检测bax、Bcl-2的蛋白表达.结果:穿心莲内酯能够剂量依赖型的抑制人结肠癌SW1116细胞的增殖,并诱导凋亡;穿心莲内酯与SW1116细胞作用48小时后Caspase-3酶活性显著增强;同时,穿心莲内酯处理SW1116细胞后,Bax蛋白表达增强,Bcl-2蛋白表达下调.结论:穿心莲内酯可抑制人结肠癌SW1116的增殖,诱导其凋亡,机制可能与调节Caspase-3、Bcl-2和Bax表达水平有关.     

塞来昔布联合氟尿嘧啶对胰腺癌细胞株SW1990生长抑制作用及其机制研究

目的:研究选择性环氧化酶-2(COX-2)抑制剂塞来昔布联合氟尿嘧啶对胰腺癌细胞株SW1990生长的抑制作用,并对其机制进行初步探讨.方法:实验分为对照组、氟尿嘧啶组、塞来昔布组及两药联合组,将不同浓度的药物分剐作用于胰腺癌细胞株SW1990,MTT法检测各组细胞的生长抑制率,并探索产生最佳细胞生长抑制作用的药物浓度.流式细胞仪检测不同药物作用对肿瘤细胞周期的影响.RT-PCR检测各组细胞Survivin的表达情况.结果:MTT法显示氟尿嘧啶、塞来昔布均能抑制SW1990的生长,且细胞的存活率都随药物浓度的增加而降低.两药联合组对细胞生长的抑制作用更明显.流式细胞仪检测结果显示塞来昔布组、氟尿嘧啶组及两药联合组细胞较对照组G0/G1期细胞比例明显增加,S期和G2/M期细胞比例明显减少.RT-PCR结果显示氟尿嘧啶组、塞来昔布组、联合组都可下调Survivin的表达,以联合组最为明显.结论:塞来昔布联合氟尿嘧啶对胰腺癌SW1990细胞的生长具有抑制作用,其机制可能与下调Survivin的表达从而诱导细胞的凋亡和细胞周期的停滞有关.     

高浓度葡萄糖对体外培养大鼠胰岛细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨高浓度葡萄糖对体外培养大鼠胰岛细胞凋亡的影响及作用机制。方法:SD大鼠胰岛细胞原代培养,不同浓度的葡萄糖处理后,采用MTT比色法检测细胞存活率,Hoechst-PI染色观察细胞凋亡,电镜观察细胞超微结构改变,RT-PCR方法检测Bax及Bcl-2相关基因mRNA表达水平。结果:5.5 mmol·L~(-1),11.1 mmol·L~(-1)和22.2 mmol·L~(-1)葡萄糖处理后,胰岛细胞活性分别下降到78.08%±2.29%、58.39%±3.13%和36.05%±2.63%,与阴性对照组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);Hoechst-PI染色结果显示随着葡萄糖作用浓度的增加,凋亡细胞数量也增加;RT-PCR显示胰岛细胞经不同浓度葡萄糖处理后,Bax mRNA的表达明显上调,Bcl-2 mRNA表达下调(P0.05);电镜观察结果显示随着葡萄糖作用浓度的增加,胰岛细胞超微结构损害程度依次加重。结论:高浓度葡萄糖能明显引起胰岛细胞活性的下降,诱导凋亡反应的发生,凋亡机制与Bcl-2家族蛋白相关。     

阿司匹林诱导人恶性睾丸生殖细胞瘤NTera-2细胞凋亡

阿司匹林,又称乙酰水杨酸,已证实有抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡和抑制血管生成等多种抗癌功能.除已知对环氧合酶COX-2的活性有抑制外,阿司匹林抗癌分子机制尚不十分清楚.已报道阿司匹林可以降低多种癌症发生风险,但应用于人类睾丸肿瘤治疗的研究报道很少.本文研究了阿司匹林对人恶性睾丸肿瘤NTera-2细胞凋亡的机制.通过MTT方法检测细胞活力,发现阿司匹林以时间和剂量依赖方式抑制NTera-2细胞增殖.不同浓度阿司匹林处理NTera-2细胞后,采用Hoechest 33258染色方法和Annexin V-FITC/PI流式法分别检测NTera-2细胞的形态学变化、凋亡小体形成、细胞凋亡水平;RT-PCR结果显示,NTera-2细胞中Fas和caspase-8的表达以阿司匹林剂量依赖性上升;蛋白印迹结果显示,FasL的蛋白表达水平下降并活化caspase-8、caspase-3蛋白表达,PARP出现剪切体. 进一步的实验证明,caspase广谱抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK能够减弱阿司匹林诱导NTera-2细胞凋亡. 结果显示,阿司匹林能明显抑制NTera-2细胞活力,并通过激活caspase 通路诱导NTera-2细胞的凋亡,为进一步利用阿司匹林治疗人类睾丸肿瘤的研究奠定基础.     

CHFR基因在B细胞淋巴瘤细胞中的表达及意义(英文)

目的:探讨CHFR基因在B细胞淋巴瘤Raji细胞中的表达,以及CHFR基因甲基化对Raji细胞增殖和凋亡中所产生的影响。方法:体外培养人B细胞淋巴瘤细胞株Raji细胞,用不同浓度的去甲基化试剂5-氮杂-2脱氧胞苷处理Raji细胞株,通过RT-PCR检测CHFR基因表达水平的变化,通过MS-PCR检测CHFR基因甲基化变化,CCK法及流式细胞术检测Raji细胞增殖及凋亡变化。结果:CHFR基因在Raji细胞中出现弱表达,经去甲基化试剂处理后CHFR基因表达水平增高,随药物浓度增加Raji细胞的抑制率及凋亡率增高。结论:5-氮杂-2脱氧胞苷可以恢复CHFR基因表达水平,抑制Raji细胞的增殖,促进凋亡。CHFR基因在细胞增殖起负向调控的作用。     

大白兔VX2肝癌模型制作优化研究

目的:改进大白兔VX2肝癌模型制作方法并研究肝癌组织缺血再灌注后的损伤作用。方法:用特殊技术方法制备高浓度细胞悬液,分别以27号注射针头向动物肝脏左中叶注射0.3 mL,制成动物肝癌模型。待肿瘤细胞种植成功至实验标准后,阻断肝左中叶之供血和门静脉60分钟,恢复血流至各个实验时间点。检测癌组织中CAT和SOD浓度的改变和细胞凋亡情况。结果:全部动物肝脏VX2细胞悬液注射后均种植成功但每组动物中有2-3只出现肿瘤细胞外溢和种植。种植成功之肿瘤组织缺血再灌注后CAT浓度明显降低且至1天达最低水平。SOD浓度在正常肝组织和肝癌组织中均明显降低而肝癌组织在再灌注后7天气浓度仍然保持较低水平。在正常肝组织和肝癌组织中肿瘤细胞凋亡均有增加,但在后者更为显著。结论:以特殊外科方法直接向肝组织内注射VX2细胞悬液能够成功制作大白兔肝癌模型。缺血再灌注可以导致组织的细胞凋亡,但对肝癌组织的影响更大。     

重组荞麦胰蛋白酶抑制剂对人肝癌细胞的凋亡及半胱氨酸天冬酶活性的影响

先前的研究表明,基因重组荞麦胰蛋白酶抑制剂 (rBTI) 具有诱导不同肿瘤细胞凋亡的作用.为了揭示其诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的可能机理,从基因水平上探讨与凋亡有关的分子事件,本研究用不同浓度的 rBTI 体外作用于人肝癌细胞 HepG2 后,采用 MTT 比色法检测抑制剂对epG2 细胞的抑制率,用 DNA 凝胶电泳和细胞核的形态学观察检测 HepG2 细胞的凋亡.结果表明,rBTI 在体外能够明显抑制 HepG2 细胞的增长,并诱导细胞凋亡.另外,细胞凋亡与Bcl-2/Bax mRNA 水平有关.通过 RT-PCR 检测发现,细胞经过rBTI处理后,抗凋亡基因Bcl-2 mRNA 水平下调,促凋亡基因 Bax mRNA 有所上调,而对照 GAPDH 无变化.对 HepG2细胞中 Fas/Fas 配体及半胱氨酸天冬酶（caspase）的研究证明,细胞经过 rBTI 处理后,对死亡受体 Fas mRNA没有影响; rBTI 可明显激活caspase-3 和 caspase-9 酶活性, 对caspase-8 活性几乎无影响.上述结果表明,rBTI 对HepG2 细胞具有明显的诱导凋亡作用,其诱导细胞凋亡的机制与 caspase-3 依赖性凋亡调节信号通路有关,未涉及 Fas/Fas 配体途径.     

Mitochondrial localization of cyclooxygenase-2 and calcium-independent phospholipase A2 in human cancer cells: implication in apoptosis resistance

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is inducible by myriad stimuli. The inducible COX-2 in primary cultured human cells has been reported to localize to nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and caveolae. As COX-2 plays an important role in tumor growth, we were interested in its subcellular location in cancer cells. We examined COX-2 localization in several cancer cell lines by confocal microscopy. A majority of COX-2 was colocalized with heat shock protein 60, a mitochondrial protein, in colon cancer (HT-29, HCT-15 and DLD-1), breast cancer (MCF7), hepatocellular cancer (HepG2) and lung cancer cells (A549) with a similar distribution pattern. By contrast, COX-2 was not localized to mitochondria in human foreskin fibroblasts or endothelial cells. Immunoblot analysis of COX-2 in mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions confirmed localization of COX-2 to mitochondria in HT-29 and DLD-1 cells but not in fibroblasts. Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 was colocalized with heat shock protein 60 to mitochondria not only in cancer cells (HT-29 and DLD-1) but also in fibroblasts. HT-29 which expressed more abundant mitochondrial COX-2 than DLD-1 was highly resistant to arachidonic acid and H2O2-induced apoptosis whereas DLD-1 was less resistant and human fibroblasts were highly susceptible. Treatment of HT-29 cells with sulindac or SC-236, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, resulted in loss of resistance to apoptosis. These results suggest that mitochondrial COX-2 in cancer cells confer resistance to apoptosis by reducing the proapoptotic arachidonic acid.     

shRNA-targeted Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibits proliferation, reduces invasion and enhances chemosensitivity in laryngeal carcinoma cells

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), one isoform of cyclooxygenase proinflammatary enzymes, is a causal factor for tumor development, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance. It is frequently overexpressed in a variety of human malignancies, including laryngeal carcinoma. To investigate its possibility as a therapeutic target for the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma, we employed RNA interference technology to downregulate endogenous gene COX-2 expression in laryngeal carcinoma cells and analyzed its phenotypical changes. Results showed that shRNA-mediated downregulation of COX-2 expression in human laryngeal carcinoma cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro and reduced the potential of tumorigenicity in vivo. The specific downregulation led to cell arrest in the G(0)/G(1) phase of cell cycle and final apoptosis induction. The increased apoptosis was associated with the ratios of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL/Bax. In the present study, we also observed that the downregulation of COX-2 could obviously enhanced the cytotoxic effect of Taxanes both in vitro and in vivo. All these results suggest that knockdown of COX-2 expression can lead to potent antitumor activity and chemosensitizing activity to taxanes in human laryngeal carcinomas.     

Resveratrol causes COX-2- and p53-dependent apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell cancer cells

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) content is increased in many types of tumor cells. We have investigated the mechanism by which resveratrol, a stilbene that is pro-apoptotic in many tumor cell lines, causes apoptosis in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma UMSCC-22B cells by a mechanism involving cellular COX-2. UMSCC-22B cells treated with resveratrol for 24 h, with or without selected inhibitors, were examined: (1) for the presence of nuclear activated ERK1/2, p53 and COX-2, (2) for evidence of apoptosis, and (3) by chromatin immunoprecipitation to demonstrate p53 binding to the p21 promoter. Stilbene-induced apoptosis was concentration-dependent, and associated with ERK1/2 activation, serine-15 p53 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of these proteins. These effects were blocked by inhibition of either ERK1/2 or p53 activation. Resveratrol also caused p53 binding to the p21 promoter and increased abundance of COX-2 protein in UMSCC-22B cell nuclei. Resveratrol-induced nuclear COX-2 accumulation was dependent upon ERK1/2 activation, but not p53 activation. Activation of p53 and p53-dependent apoptosis were blocked by the COX-2 inhibitor, NS398, and by transfection of cells with COX-2-siRNA. In UMSCC-22B cells, resveratrol-induced apoptosis and induction of nuclear COX-2 accumulation share dependence on the ERK1/2 signal transduction pathway. Resveratrol-inducible nuclear accumulation of COX-2 is essential for p53 activation and p53-dependent apoptosis in these cancer cells.     

Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates apoptosis in rat epididymis through prostaglandin D2.

In previous studies, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 isozymes have been detected in the rat epididymis. COX-1 mediates electrolyte and fluid secretion induced by a number of peptide hormones, including bradykinin, angiotensin, and endothelin, via local formation of prostaglandin (PG) E2; however, the physiological role of COX-2 remains largely unknown. Marked apoptotic cell death in the rat epididymis following androgen depletion has been reported. Because expression of both COX isozymes is dependent on androgen, we investigated whether these isozymes control apoptosis in the epididymis. Apoptosis was detected in rat epididymal epithelial cells by in situ staining using the TUNEL method and by the presence of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Specific COX inhibitors were used to delineate the roles of the 2 isozymes. There was no significant apoptotic cell death in normal and specific COX-1 inhibitor (SC-560)-treated epididymal cells. However, application of a specific COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. A similar apoptotic effect of COX-2 inhibitor was seen in the in vivo study. The drastic DNA fragmentation induced by COX-2 inhibitor could be reversed completely by PGD2 and partially by PGE2. In addition, the protective effect of PGD2 against COX-2 inhibition was significantly blocked by a PGDP-receptor antagonist, BWA868C. These results indicate that the COX-2 products PGD2 and, to a lesser extent, PGE2 control apoptosis in cultured rat epididymal cells in vitro.     

Effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor robenacoxib on primary cells derived from feline injection-site sarcoma

Feline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs) are highly invasive malignant mesenchymal neoplasms that arise from injection sites in cats. Although the tumorigenesis of FISSs is still uncertain, there is a consensus that FISS is associated with chronic inflammation caused by irritation of injection-related trauma and foreign chemical substances. Chronic inflammation can provide a proper microenvironment for tumour development, which has been known as one of the risk factors of tumorigenesis in many tumours. To investigate the tumorigenesis of FISS and screen for its potential therapeutic targets, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inflammation-enhancing enzyme, was selected as a target for this study. In vitro experiments using FISS- and normal tissue-derived primary cells and robenacoxib, a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor, were performed. The results demonstrated that expression of COX-2 could be detected in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded FISS tissues and FISS-derived primary cells. Cell viability, migration and colony formation of FISS-derived primary cells were inhibited, and cell apoptosis was enhanced by robenacoxib in a dose-dependent manner. However, susceptibility to robenacoxib varied in different lines of FISS primary cells and was not completely correlated with COX-2 expression. Our results suggest that COX-2 inhibitors could be potential adjuvant therapeutics against FISSs.     

Human lupus T cells resist inactivation and escape death by upregulating COX-2

Autoimmune T-helper cells drive pathogenic autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the mechanisms maintaining those T cells are unknown. Autoreactive T cells are normally eliminated by functional inactivation (anergy) and activation-induced cell death (AICD) or apoptosis through death receptor (Fas) signaling. However, mutations in the genes encoding Fas and its ligand (FasL) are rare in classical SLE. By gene microarray profiling, validated by functional and biochemical studies, we establish here that activated T cells of lupus patients resist anergy and apoptosis by markedly upregulating and sustaining cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Inhibition of COX-2 caused apoptosis of the anergy-resistant lupus T cells by augmenting Fas signaling and markedly decreasing the survival molecule c-FLIP (cellular homolog of viral FLICE inhibitory protein). Studies with COX-2 inhibitors and Cox-2-deficient mice confirmed that this COX-2/FLIP antiapoptosis program is used selectively by anergy-resistant lupus T cells, and not by cancer cells or other autoimmune T cells. Notably, the gene encoding COX-2 is located in a lupus-susceptibility region on chromosome 1. We also found that only some COX-2 inhibitors were able to suppress the production of pathogenic autoantibodies to DNA by causing autoimmune T-cell apoptosis, an effect that was independent of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). These findings could be useful in the design of lupus therapies.     

NS398 inhibits the growth of Hep3B human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via caspase-independent apoptosis

Overexpression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is associated with the development of a number of human cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In addition, NS398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, has been found to inhibit the growth of COX-2 expressing HCC cell lines. However, the mechanism of this effect remains unclear. Here, we report that NS398 inhibits the growth of the Hep 3B human HCC cell line and that inhibition results from the induction of apoptosis with no evidence of cell cycle arrest. We also show that the extent of apoptosis is greatly influenced by culture conditions. The NS398-induced apoptosis in Hep 3B cells is caspase-independent. Our data point to the feasibility of preventing HCC by means of COX-2 inhibitors, and show that the environment influences the cytotoxic effect of NS398 on cancer cells.     

铁筷子提取物对肿瘤细胞增殖及COX-2 mRNA表达的抑制作用

研究不同铁筷子提取物对肿瘤细胞增殖及 COX-2 mRNA 表达的抑制作用。以铁筷子醇总提取物(TKZ1)、正丁醇萃取部位(TKZ2)、乙酸乙酯萃取部位(TKZ3)分别作用于 DU145、PC3、HeLa、HT-29、HepG2等肿瘤细胞,应用噻唑蓝实验(MTT 法)计算其对细胞增殖的抑制作用,应用荧光定量 PCR 技术检测TKZ1、TKZ2、TKZ3处理后的各肿瘤细胞中 COX-2 mRNA 的表达情况。结果表明：TKZ1、TKZ2、TKZ3均能显著抑制多种肿瘤细胞的增殖,与阴性对照组比较,其可以在 mRNA 水平上抑制 COX-2的表达,且呈明显的量效关系。说明铁筷子提取物对体外肿瘤细胞的增殖具有显著的抑制作用,其抗瘤机制可能与抑制肿瘤细胞中 COX-2 mRNA 的表达有关。     

内毒素诱导非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖及其机制

目的：研究内毒素对体外培养非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）细胞株A549细胞增殖的影响及其机制。方法：不同浓度脂多糖（LPS）进行8-48h干预,MTT及细胞计数法检测其对A549细胞增殖的影响;EGFR中和抗体或COX．2抑制剂与LPS联合干预,检测其对A549细胞增殖及PGE2的影响。结果iLPS可引发A549细胞MTT活性和细胞计数显著增加,且呈现时间和剂量依赖性。LPS还可诱发PGE2水平显著升高。药物干预结果显示,抑制COX-2或EGFR可明显逆转LPS所引发的细胞增殖和PGE2水平升高趋势。结论：LPS可能通过激活EGFR和COX-2信号途径,诱导体外培养的非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖分化。肺部感染可能会加速非小细胞肺癌进展,并可能造成不良预后。