外科病房医院感染相关危险因素的Logistic 回归分析

目的:探讨外科病房医院感染的相关危险因素,为临床的外科病房进行医院感染的防控提供理论支持。方法:选取本院外科病房住院进行手术治疗的8046例患者作为本研究的研究对象,其中发生医院感染253例,采用目标监测的调查研究方法,对患者进行医院感染相关危险因素的问卷调查,对外科病房医院感染相关危险因素进行单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。结果:单因素Logistic回归分析发现年龄、治疗专科(心胸外科)、治疗专科(神经外科)、入住ICU病房、急诊手术、住院治疗天数、气管插管全麻醉、切口类型(污染切口)、切口长度、侵袭性操作、侵袭性操作时间、抗菌药物治疗、术前抗菌药物治疗、术前抗菌药物治疗时间、术后抗菌药物治疗、术后抗菌药物治疗时间是医院感染的相关危险因素(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析发现年龄、治疗专科(心胸外科)、治疗专科(神经外科)、入住ICU病房、急诊手术、住院治疗天数、切口类型(污染切口)、切口长度、侵袭性操作、侵袭性操作时间、抗菌药物治疗均是医院感染的相关危险因素(P0.05)。结论:外科病房医院感染是多种因素共同作用的结果,要针对外科病房医院感染相关危险因素制订相应的防治对策,对于降低医院感染率、防控外科病房医院感染的发生具有重要的意义。     

老年肿瘤患者医院感染控制的护理探讨

目的探讨老年肿瘤患者并发感染的危险因素、护理与感染控制措施。方法采取前瞻性和回顾性相结合的调查方法,对我院2003年至2007年收治的350例老年肿瘤患者的临床资料进行分析。结果老年肿瘤患者发生医院感染的危险因素为住院时间长、长期卧床、严重的基础疾病、抗菌药物的不合理使用和侵入性操作等。结论加强医院感染管理,针对各种相关的危险因素采取相应的预防措施,有效控制医院感染的发生。     

胸外科患者术后医院感染的病原菌与危险因素分析

目的:分析胸外科患者术后医院感染的病原菌分布及危险因素,为防控医院感染提供数据支持。方法:选择2014年1月至2015年5月医院接受胸外科手术治疗的患者284例进行研究。回顾性分析284例患者的临床病历数据资料以及细菌培养与鉴定的结果,分析医院感染的主要部位及病原菌分布,以及产生医院感染的危险因素。结果:284例患者共有82例发生医院感染,感染率是28.87%,感染部位以呼吸系统为主,占56.10%;检出病原菌88株,革兰阴性菌71株,占80.68%,以铜绿假单胞菌为主,占30.68%。革兰阳性菌17株,占19.32%,以金葡菌为主,占9.09%。单因素分析发现,胸外科术后医院感染与年龄、手术时间、住院时间及糖尿病史有关,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥60岁、手术时间2 h、住院时间15 d以及有糖尿病史是胸外科术后医院感染的危险因素。结论:胸外科患者术后医院感染的病原菌分布以铜绿假单胞菌与金葡菌为主,应重点防范影响感染的危险因素,以降低感染率。     

神经内科住院患者医院感染的危险因素及防护措施

目的:了解神经内科住院患者医院感染发生状况,分析致感染的危险因素,为探讨预防控制措施提供参考依据。方法:回顾性分析神经内科3707例患者临床资料,分析确诊为感染患者的感染率、感染部位、病原菌分布,以及医院感染的危险因素,采用SPSS19.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果:3707例患者发生医院感染193例,感染率为5.21%;感染患者以下呼吸道感染为主,占55.56%,其次为泌尿道感染占21.74%、上呼吸道感染占12.56%;年龄≥65岁、男性、合并基础疾病、接受侵入性操作、一季度、四季度、无意识状态、糖皮质激素使用、广谱抗菌药物使用及住院时间≥21 d的患者医院感染发生率明显高,是引起医院感染的主要危险因素;共检出致病菌211株,其中多重耐药菌126株占59.72%;革兰阴性杆菌141株占66.82%,革兰阳性菌50株占23.70%,真菌20株占9.48%。结论:神经内科患者医院感染发病率较高,导致医院感染的危险因素多,临床中应综合预防控制,提高整体预防控制效果。     

开放性骨折患者发生医院感染的临床特征及危险因素分析

目的:研究开放性骨折患者发生医院感染的临床特征及危险因素,为降低院内感染提供临床参考。方法:回顾性分析于2013年3月-2015年3月间院内收治的1860例开放性骨折患者临床资料,对存在院内感染患者的感染类型、病原菌类型及相关危险因素进行分析,应用SPSS19.0统计软件对数据进行研究。结果:1860例患者中共计65例出现医院感染情况,发生率为3.49%,感染类型主要为骨髓炎占35.38%,肺部感染伴血气胸占23.08%,颌面部创伤后发生颅内感染占18.46%;65株病原菌中包括38株革兰氏阴性菌,占58.46%,23株革兰氏阳性菌,占35.38%,4株真菌,占6.15%;病程、骨折部位、损伤程度及住院时间为开放性骨折医院感染的独立危险因素,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:通过分析开放性骨折患者医院感染的临床特征及危险因素,有利于医院防治工作的开展,为医院感染防治提供理论支持,具有重要指导意义。     

145例消化内科老年患者医院感染的分析及对策

目的探讨消化内科老年患者医院感染的发生率及危险因素等,提出针对性的预防医院感染的措施,降低老年患者医院感染的风险。方法通过前瞻性研究方法,组织专业的负责人员团队,通过在院记录及出院随访相结合的方式,对绍兴市立医院消化内科老年人的医院感染进行统计分析。结果 1 036例消化内科老年患者中,发生医院感染145例,感染率为14.00%。感染率会随着住院天数,侵袭性操作,长期卧床,使用激素等危险指数升高而升高。不同管床大夫的调整感染专率不同,差异具有统计学意义;发生感染的主要部位为下呼吸道及泌尿系,主要病原菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌。结论消化内科老年患者医院感染的危险因素包括住院天数、长期卧床等,需在今后的临床治疗中引起注意。     

慢性心力衰竭院内感染病原菌监测及危险因素分析

目的:探究慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者医院感染的现状、病原菌分布及耐药情况,分析CHF患者发生医院内感染的危险因素。方法:选择2012年9月~2015年9月中心医院及开发区分院收治的390例CHF患者为研究对象,根据CHF患者是否发生医院内感染将其分为观察组(感染患者41例)和对照组(未感染患者349例);收集患者基线资料,对观察组患者进行病原菌培养及药敏实验,分析CHF患者发生医院内感染的危险因素。结果:CHF患者中医院感染的发生率为10.51%(41/390),感染部位以呼吸道19例(46.34%)和泌尿道12(29.27%)为主;前三位的病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌14株(29.79%)、大肠埃希菌11株(23.40%)和肺炎克雷伯菌8株(17.02%);铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢哌酮、美罗培南及亚胺培南均具有药物敏感性;年龄≥60岁(OR=2.26,P0.05)、住院时间≥2两个月(OR=5.12,P0.05)、有侵袭性操作(OR=7.45,P0.05)、病程长(OR=4.36,P0.05)是CHF患者发生医院内感染的危险因素。结论:CHF患者医院感染的发生率较高,年龄≥60岁、住院时间≥2个月、侵袭性操作及病程5年是CHF患者发生医院内感染的危险因素;应当针对患者医院感染特点及药敏实验结果,采取针对性的预防措施和对策,有效控制及降低医院感染的发生。     

急性脑梗死患者医院感染临床特点与影响因素分析

目的:探讨急性脑梗死患者医院感染临床特点及影响因素.方法:回顾性分析我院2018年1月至2019年12月诊断为急性脑梗死1175例患者临床资料,通过感染标本的培养及鉴定结果分析,探讨医院感染的病原菌种类及比例,进一步分析引起医院感染的危险因素.结果:1175例急性脑梗死患者中,发生医院感染99例,感染率8.4％;最常见...     

下呼吸道不动杆菌医院感染的危险因素及耐药性分析

目的了解引起下呼吸道医院感染的不动杆菌耐药现状及存在的危险因素。方法用常规的方法对下呼吸道的标本进行病原菌的培养及分离,用全自动微生物分析仪VITEK 2对细菌进行鉴定及药物敏感性试验,同时对由不动杆菌引发的158例院内感染患者的危险因素进行分析。结果不动杆菌引起下呼吸道医院感染相关的危险因素主要为使用糖皮质激素类药物或机械插管或患有糖尿病等;除亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦及头孢他啶等对不动杆菌有较好的体外抗菌活性外(耐药率小于40.0%),临床常用的其他多种抗菌药物耐药较严重,耐药率均在40.0%以上。结论糖皮质激素,机械插管,糖尿病等是不动杆菌引起下呼吸道医院感染的主要危险因素,不动杆菌对临床常用的抗生素有多重耐药性。     

呼吸重症监护病房2008年至2011年医院感染病原菌分布及危险因素分析

目的：对我院呼吸重症监护病房（RICU）临床分离的非重复性感染病原菌的耐药性进行调查,分析RICU院内感染的危险因素。方法：收集RICU 2008年-2011年临床分离的非重复性感染病原菌及相关临床资料分析医院感染的危险因素。结果：（1）2008-2011年RICU院内感染发生率为34.15%,每年分离的前3位病原菌均为鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及铜绿假单胞菌;（2）大肠杆菌连续4年ESBLs检出率为100%,四年间肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率最高达95.5%,葡萄球菌中MRSA检出率较高（〉89.6%）;（3）RICU院内感染以下呼吸道感染最为常见,其次为泌尿道感染,血液感染位于第3位;（4）多因素非条件logistic回归分析发现机械通气、住院时间〉15天及联合应用抗菌药物是RICU医院感染的危险因素。结论：（1）连续4年RICU感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主;（2）ESBLs和MRSA检出率较高,给临床抗感染治疗带来巨大的挑战;（3）机械通气、住院时间〉15天及联合应用抗菌药物是RICU医院感染的危险因素。     

Self-care program for inpatients in a mental hospital.

Summary: A self-care program for selected inpatients in a mental hospital has been developed and has been in operation for more than a year. The 12-bed unit operates without any nursing or other professional staff during the night and weekend. Certain factors, including the mental hospital as an organization, tend to hamper the development of this type of program as well as the progress and growth of other programs in psychiatric hospitals. It is suggested that the much needed progress in the mental hospital would be facilitated by an open-systems approach to its organization. Mental hospitals should consider the introduction of self-care programs for selected patients, mainly in view of their therapeutic potential, but also because of the financial savings such programs offer.     

Identification of infant food as a vehicle in a nosocomial outbreak of Citrobacter freundii: epidemiological subtyping by allozyme, whole-cell protein and antibiotic resistance

A total of 38 Citrobacter freundii strains was isolated from patients and their environment at a neonatal intensive care unit of a large hospital where colonization and clinical diseases due to the agent had been observed. Epidemiological investigations were carried out by subtyping, for which a combination of allozyme, whole-cell protein and resistance pattern analysis was used. Infant formula was identified as a vehicle of nosocomial spread. This shows that the role of foods in the transmission of hospital infections should not be underestimated.
The combination of methods applied, in particular a limited enzyme set, is recommended also for epidemiological investigations of food-borne infections and establishment of their causes.     

Oral Contraceptives and Breast Neoplasia: A Retrospective Study

Between 1 December 1968 and 31 December 1971 345 women aged 16-39 years with a lump in the breast (90 malignant and 255 benign) were interviewed at five London teaching hospitals together with 347 matched controls suffering from acute medical or surgical conditions or admitted to hospital for routine elective surgery. Questions were asked about each patient''s medical, obstetric, menstrual, contraceptive, and social histories.The data do not suggest that the use of oral contraceptives is related in any way to the risk of breast cancer but provide some evidence that the preparations may actually protect against benign breast disease. This protective effect is largely confined to women who continue to use oral contraceptives and have used them altogether for more than two years. Such women appear to have only about 25% as great a risk of being admitted to hospital for a breast biopsy as women who have never used oral contraceptives at all.     

Cost effectiveness of day and inpatient psychiatric treatment: results of a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare direct and indirect costs of day and inpatient treatment of acute psychiatric illness. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial with outcome and costs assessed over 12 months after the date of admission. SETTING: Teaching hospital in an inner city area. SUBJECTS: 179 patients with acute psychiatric illness referred for admission who were suitable for random allocation to day hospital or inpatient treatment. 77 (43%) patients had schizophrenia. INTERVENTIONS: Routine inpatient or day hospital treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Direct and indirect costs over 12 months, clinical symptoms, social functioning, and burden on relatives over the follow up period. RESULTS: Clinical and social outcomes were similar at 12 months, except that inpatients improved significantly faster than day patients and burden on relatives was significantly less in the day hospital group at one year. Median direct costs to the hospital were 1923 pounds (95% confidence interval 750 pounds to 3174 pounds) per patient less for day hospital treatment than inpatient treatment. Indirect costs were greater for day patients; when these were included, overall day hospital treatment was 2165 pounds cheaper than inpatient treatment (95% confidence interval of median difference 737 pounds to 3593 pounds). Including costs to informants when appropriate meant that day hospital treatment was 1994 pounds per patient cheaper (95% confidence interval 600 pounds to 3543 pounds). CONCLUSIONS: Day patient treatment is cheaper for the 30-40% of potential admissions that can be treated in this way. Carers of day hospital patients may bear additional costs. Carers of all patients with acute psychiatric illness are often themselves severely distressed at the time of admission, but day hospital treatment leads to less burden on carers in the long term.     

Factors associated with immediate abortion complications.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with increased risk of immediate complications from induced abortion. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a provincial database. SETTING: All Ontario general hospitals in which abortions are performed and all free-standing abortion clinics in Ontario. POPULATION: Women in Ontario aged 15 to 44 years who underwent an induced abortion in the province (without concurrent sterilization) between Jan. 1, 1992, and Dec. 31, 1993. OUTCOME MEASURES: Recording of complications at the time of the procedure, gestational age, type of procedure, place of abortion (hospital or clinic), and patient''s age, parity and history of previous abortion (spontaneous or induced). RESULTS: During the study period 83 469 abortions were performed that met our inclusion criteria. Immediate complications were reported in 571 cases (0.7%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that, after other variables were controlled for, the patient''s age, parity and history of previous abortions (spontaneous or induced) were not significant risk factors for immediate complications; however, gestational age, method of abortion and place of abortion were significant risk factors (p < 0.001). The odds ratio (OR) for having a complication from abortion was 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 1.63) between 9 and 12 weeks, compared with having one after abortion at 9 weeks or earlier, and increased to 3.3 (95% CI 2.23 to 5.00) after abortion between 17 and 20 weeks. Compared with surgical dilatation and curettage (D&C), instillation of saline and instillation of prostaglandins were more likely to be associated with immediate complications (OR 24.0, 95% CI 13.22 to 43.70, and OR 11.7, 95% CI 6.43 to 21.18, respectively), whereas both suction D&C and insertion of a laminaria tent were less likely to be associated with immediate complications (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.67, and OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.52, respectively). Compared with women who had an abortion in a free-standing clinic, the risk for immediate complications was greater among those who had an abortion in a hospital, especially a teaching hospital (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.38 to 2.58), a nonteaching hospital with 200 to 399 acute care beds (OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.27 to 4.21) and a nonteaching hospital with fewer than 200 acute care beds (OR 5.9, 95% CI 4.04 to 8.64). CONCLUSION: The risk of immediate complications from induced abortion is very low. Unlike in previous studies, the woman''s age, parity and history of previous spontaneous or induced abortions were not found to be risk factors. However, advancing gestational age and procedures involving instillation of saline or prostaglandins were predictive factors of immediate complications.     

舟山地区2688例胆汁培养病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的通过分析2007年到2010年舟山医院2 688例胆汁标本中病原菌的分布及耐药状况,为临床合理用药提供实验依据。方法对2 688例胆汁标本进行细菌培养、鉴定和药敏分析。结果 2 688例胆汁标本中共检出阳性标本611例(阳性率22.7%),其中革兰阴性菌占82.2%(502/611),革兰阳性菌占13.3%(81/611),真菌占4.6%(28/611)。主要的病原菌为大肠埃希菌(40.3%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(15.4%)、肠球菌(11.3%);阴沟肠杆菌(4.7%)等。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的ESBLs阳性菌株的比例达到了21.0%和5.9%,其中ESBLs阴性菌株对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、美罗培南和阿米卡星等药物较为敏感,而ESBLs阳性菌株只对美罗培南和亚胺培南敏感;革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、氨苄西林较敏感。结论舟山地区胆道感染以革兰阴性菌为主,大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的菌株有较高的比例,临床应加强对抗生素的合理使用。     

Incremental hospital charges associated with obesity as a secondary diagnosis in children

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the association of obesity as a comorbidity with hospital charges, by comparing charges for pediatric hospitalizations with vs. without obesity as a secondary diagnosis. Methods: Using the 2000 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID), a nationally representative sample of pediatric hospital discharges, we identified the most common non‐pregnancy‐related principal diagnoses for children 2 to 18 years of age: asthma, pneumonia, affective disorders, and appendicitis. For each we compared mean charges and mean length of stay for hospitalizations with vs. without obesity as a secondary diagnosis, adjusting for relevant socio‐demographics and hospital type. Results: Among children's discharges in 2000, 1.1% listed obesity as a secondary diagnosis. These had a disproportionate likelihood of being older, black, Medicaid beneficiaries, and hospitalized at a general hospital. Adjusted mean hospital charges were significantly higher for discharges with obesity as a secondary diagnosis vs. those without: appendicitis ($14,134 vs. $11,049; p < 0.01), asthma ($7766 vs. $6043; p < 0.05), pneumonia ($12,228 vs. $9688; p < 0.05), and affective disorders ($8292 vs. $7769; p < 0.01). Whereas obesity as a secondary diagnosis was associated with a pattern of increased adjusted mean length of stay, only asthma and affective disorders had statistically significant differences (0.6 days) (p < 0.01). Conclusion: This national analysis suggests obesity as a secondary diagnosis is associated with significantly higher charges for the most common reasons for pediatric hospitalizations. This presents a financial imperative for further research to evaluate factors that contribute to higher inpatient charges related to obesity as a comorbidity and underscores the need for obesity prevention initiatives.     

First outbreak of norovirus in Albania

Aims: Noroviruses (NoVs) represent the most important enteric viruses responsible for acute gastroenteritis world‐wide. This study objective is to characterize the first outbreak of NoV that occurred in Ballsh, a small city in Albania. Methods and Results: Stool specimens were collected from people attending to the hospital. Samples were also collected from the aqueduct for bacteriological and virological tests. Overall 33 stools and five drinking water samples were collected, respectively, from the hospital in Ballsh and from the municipal aqueduct. No water samples were scored positive whereas ten stool samples (30·3%) were scored GGII NoV positive. All the GGII isolates were identified as GGII·4 genotype, and no GGI was identified. The alignment and protein analysis were performed using, respectively, Clustal V and the mega 4 software. Conclusions: This is the first report of NoV GGII·4 in Albania causing an outbreak. The genetic analysis showed several point mutations and amino acid substitutions with respect to the international strains. Significance and Impact of Study: Over the last decades, Albania has suffered from different outbreaks as cholera, poliomyelitis, hepatitis A and now, for the first time, it has been documented an outbreak of NoV.     

Prevalencia de infección por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes y profesionales de un hospital de media y larga estancia en España

Background and goalsThe aim of the study is to know the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients and professional staff of a medium or long-stay hospital during the peak period of the pandemic in Spain, spring 2020.Material and methodsAt the end of February 2020, we developed at the hospital a strategy to diagnose the SARS-CoV-2 infection consisting of complementing the realization of PCR tests at real time with a quick technique of lateral flow immunochromatography to detect IgG and IgM antibodies against the virus. We also developed a protocol to realize those diagnostic tests and considered an infection (current or past) a positive result in any of the above tests.We included 524 participants in the study (230 patients and 294 hospital staff), and divided them into hospital patients and Hemodialysis outpatients. Furthermore, we divided the hospital staff into healthcare and non-healthcare staff. The documented period was from March, 20^th to April, 21^st, 2020.Results26 out of 230 patients tested positive in any of the diagnostic techniques (PCR, antibodies IgG, IgM) with a 11.30% prevalence. According to patients groups, we got a 14.38% prevalence in hospital patients vs. 5.95% in outpatients, with a significantly higher risk in admitted patients after adjustment for age and gender (OR=3,309, 95%CI: 1,154-9,495).24 out of 294 hospital staff tested positive in any of the diagnostic techniques, with a 8.16% prevalence. According to the groups, we got a 8.91% prevalence in healthcare staff vs. 4.26% in non-healthcare staff. Thus, we do not see any statistically significant differences between hospital staff and patients as far as prevalence is concerned (P=0,391), (OR=2,200, 95%CI: 0,500-9,689).ConclusionsThe result of the study was a quite low prevalence rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in both patients and hospital staff, being the hospital patients’ prevalence rate higher than the outpatients’, and the healthcare staff higher than the non-healthcare's. Combining PCR tests (gold standard) with antibodies tests proved useful as a diagnostic strategy.     

急性脑卒中并发肺部感染的易感因素及病原学分析

目的了解急性脑卒中并发肺部感染的特点及危险因素．以便采取有效控制措施。方法对内江市第一人民医院2000年至2005年出院的急性脑卒中并发肺部感染患者进行回顾性调查分析。结果678例急性脑卒中并发肺部感染139例．感染率为20．5％。病原菌以G^-菌为主（62．3％）．其次为G^＋菌（19．4％）和真菌（18．3％）。G^-菌中以大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主．G^＋菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌为主．体外药敏显示G^-杆菌对亚胺培南、头孢派酮／舒巴坦较敏感。G^＋对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利福平等较敏感．真菌对两性霉素、5-氟胞嘧啶和制霉菌素较敏感。感染与患者年龄、住院时间、意识障碍、脑出血量、假性延髓麻痹、侵袭性操作及抗生素的不合理使用等有关。结论肺部感染是急性患者的重要危险因素．是造成病情加重及死亡的主要原因。临床应该护理到位。加强对细菌耐药性监测,合理使用抗生素。