Resource utilization of wood decomposers: mycelium nuclear phases and host tree species affect wood decomposition by Dacrymycetes

Throughout evolution, wood-decaying fungi have adapted to different woody plants, resulting in wide species diversity. Dacrymycetes, which are brown-rot fungi and include host-recurrent species, are useful for studying fungal adaptation to host trees. When estimating the decay abilities of basidiomycetes, the nuclear phases of the mycelium should be considered, since dikaryons are thought to be more efficient wood-decayers than monokaryons; however, the difference in their physiological performances remains largely untested. In this study, we verified the decay capabilities of dikaryotic and monokaryotic mycelia and tested the hypothesis that the host tree-recurrence of wood-decaying fungi results from their resource utilization in each host wood. The mass loss caused by eight dacrymycetous species from wood of four tree species was investigated in pure cultures. The decomposition ability of dikaryons was greater than that of monokaryons in these experiments. Dikaryotization is expected to raise certain physiological parameters, such as the quantity and variety of wood-decomposing enzymes, thus enhancing the decomposition rate of wood decomposers. The high decomposition ability of dikaryons suggests their superiority over monokaryons to survive under natural conditions. All dacrymycetous strains caused high mass loss from Pinus wood, the main host tree of Dacrymycetes. However, most of the individual tested strains did not cause the greatest mass loss from the wood of their original host group. This result suggested that host-recurrence can be partly explained by resource utilization, but it is likely that other micro-organisms and abiotic factors also affect host-recurrence in the field environment.     

大小兴安岭针叶树倒木上木腐真菌的物种多样性

木腐真菌在森林生态系统中具有丰富的物种多样性, 并在倒木的降解过程中发挥重要的生态功能。针叶树是大小兴安岭森林生态系统的优势树种, 因此研究针叶树倒木木腐真菌物种多样性和影响其物种分布的相关环境因子有助于揭示大小兴安岭森林生态系统物质循环的机理。本研究收集了近16年对大小兴安岭地区冷杉属(Abies)、落叶松属(Larix)、云杉属(Picea)和松属(Pinus) 4类针叶树倒木上1,561份木腐真菌标本的采集信息, 统计了物种种类及其腐朽类型, 并选取具有代表性的地点开展木腐真菌群落多样性及其与环境因子的相关性分析。结果显示, 大小兴安岭针叶树倒木木腐真菌有166种, 隶属于70属, 其中白腐真菌有111种, 占所有种类的66.9%, 褐腐真菌为55种, 占所有种类的33.1%。在4类针叶树倒木上均能生长的真菌种类有19种, 占所有种类的11.5%, 其中柔丝干酪孔菌(Oligoporus sericeomollis)是各类倒木上木腐真菌群落中的优势种。大兴安岭地区落叶松属为优势寄主, 其倒木上生长的木腐真菌种类数和个体数在4类倒木中均为最高; 而小兴安岭地区松属倒木上木腐真菌种类数和个体数比其他3类倒木高, 是该地区的优势寄主。对6个代表性地区木腐真菌群落的研究显示, 有11种真菌在6个地区均有分布, 小兴安岭地区木腐真菌多样性普遍高于大兴安岭地区; 聚类分析显示树种比地理位置对木腐真菌物种分布的影响更大。     

Markov过程在森林资源结构动态预测中的应用──以福建省南平地区的树种结构为例

根据马尔可夫决策过程理论和森林资源连续清查的固定样地调查资料,对南平地区的树种结构进行了预测与调整,结果表明,按现状发展,针阔比例将日趋严重,并且毛竹、经济林的占有率呈下降趋势,最终达到以杉木２８．０５％、马尾松１６．６３％、阔叶树１９．０１％、毛竹５．４３％、经济林２．２６％、其它类２８．７１％的树种结构．经调整后稳定状态的树种结构基本趋于合理,即各树种的占有率分别为杉木１８．７２％、马尾松１３．２４％、阔叶树２６．９８％、毛竹１０．８４％、经济林５．４５％、其它类２４．７７％．     

The significance of the asymmetric effect of crowding for coexistence in a mixed temperate forest

Abstract. The coexistence of coniferous (mostly Abies homolepis) and broad-leaved tree species (mostly Fagus crenata) in a mixed temperate old-growth forest in Japan was simulated by a size-structure dynamics model incorporating the asymmetrical (one-sided) effect of shading between these two life-form guilds. The model assumes that the crowding effect due to one-sided competition for light on a tree of a given size regulates the rate of size growth and recruitment. The cumulative basal area of trees larger than a given tree in the forest is employed to express the intensity of one-sided competition on that tree. Cumulative basal areas of both guilds negatively affected the growth rate of any tree. The shading effect by conifers on the growth rate of either guild was stronger than that by broad-leaved species. Two types of model were tested for recruitment; an additive and a reciprocal model. A reciprocal model, where basal area density of conifers and broad-leaved species has a negative effect on the recruitment of its own guild but has a positive effect on that of the other guild, fit the observed data better than an additive model where total basal area of the two guilds suppresses recruitment rates. Simulations using these models showed that, within a particular range of the set of recruitment rates, the two guilds could coexist. The tendency for reciprocal replacement, incorporated in the reciprocal model, substantially widened the range of coexistence and shortened the time required for convergence.     

Density-dependence and co-existence of conifer and broad-leaved trees in a Japanese northern mixed forest

Abstract. The growth and survival of coniferous trees (particularly Abies sachalinensis) and broad-leaved trees (particularly Quercus crispula) were followed over a 15-yr period in a 15.5-ha area in a northern mixed forest in Japan, and the coexistence of the two groups was simulated by a density-dependent projection matrix model. The density-dependent model assumes that the density effect of mother trees due to one-sided competition for light on smaller-sized tree regulates the demographic functions. The mother tree densities of conifers and broad-leaved trees have stronger negative effects on the recruitment and survival of seedlings of their own group than of the other group. These results support the idea of reciprocal replacement for conifer and broad-leaved trees. Simulations using the density-dependent model showed that the two groups will co-exist within a particular range of recruitment rates. However, the density of both groups did not affect the growth rate of any tree, and equilibrium DBH-distributions from density-dependent matrices were quite different from present distributions both for conifers and broad-leaved trees. On the other hand, equilibrium DBH-distributions of conifer and broad-leaved trees from density-independent matrices were quite distinct from each other, reflecting different survivorship curves of the two dominants. These results suggest that density-dependent processes are not so important for shaping population structures in this northern mixed forest.     

Nesting habitat of Warbling Vireos across an elevational gradient in the southern Sierra Nevada

ABSTRACT.   Populations of Warbling Vireos ( Vireo gilvus ) are declining in California, apparently due to low reproductive success. From 1989–2002, I studied the nest-site selection and reproductive success of Warbling Vireos across an elevational gradient in the southern Sierra Nevada. Warbling Vireos regularly nested in upland coniferous forests with few or no deciduous trees, and tree species used by nesting vireos included five species of conifers and four species of deciduous trees. Overall, hardwoods were used more than expected based on their availability, but 69% of all nests were in conifers. Hardwood trees were found only in low and mid-elevation ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) and mixed-conifer sites. In low-elevation ponderosa pine habitat, 87% of nests were in hardwoods, with 67% in California black oaks ( Quercus kelloggii ), a species that typically occupies upland sites. In mixed-conifer sites where reproductive success was high, 65% of nests were in incense cedar ( Calocedrus decurrens ) and California black oak was the next most commonly used species. Because fire suppression has likely increased numbers of shade-tolerant tree species like incense cedar, shade-intolerant species like black oaks may have been more important as a nest substrate for vireos in the past. Only conifers were used as nesting substrates at higher elevations. Nest success was greater for Warbling Vireos that nested in tall trees in areas with high basal area. My results suggest that Warbling Vireos in the Sierra Nevada would benefit from management activities that encourage retention and recruitment of California black oaks at lower elevations, and development of stands with large trees, dense foliage, and semi-open canopy throughout their elevation range.     

气候变化对中国东北主要森林类型的影响

应用林窗模型-FAREAST,模拟未来气候变化对中国东北主要类型森林演替动态的影响.根据大气环流模型ECHAM5-OM和HadCM3预测的气候变化资料,模拟选择了目前气候情景、增暖情景、增暖且降水变化情景3种气候情景.结果表明:维持目前气候不变,东北森林树种组成和森林生物量基本维持动态平衡.气候增暖不利于东北主要森林类型生长,主要针叶树种比例下降,阔叶树比例增加;温带针阔混交林垂直分布带有上移的趋势;增暖幅度越大,变化越明显.气候增暖基础上考虑降水变化,东北森林水平分布带有北移的趋势,降水对低海拔温带针阔混交林影响不大.     

Tissue-specific variation of δC in mature canopy trees in a temperate forest in central Europe

Stable carbon isotope analysis has become a key tool in functional ecology, yet considerable natural variability often limits the interpretations. In this study we document the spatial, taxonomic, temporal and tissue-specific δ¹³C variability in 10 tree species of a temperate European forest. The Swiss Canopy Crane provided access to the three dimensional space within 55 trees 30–35 m high representing the genera Acer, Carpinus, Fagus, Prunus, Quercus, Tilia, Abies, Larix, Picea and Pinus. The results from six broad-leaved and four conifer species (seven deciduous, three evergreen) documented that the species effect was not significant in contrast to tissue-specific and spatial differences in the canopy. Year-to-year differences were not large but still significant.

Our analysis confirmed a significant difference between δ¹³C of foliage collected in the upper and lower canopy, but revealed no systematic differences with respect to azimuthal directions in tree crowns of the broad-leaved trees, as opposed to the conifers, which show clear differences between the sun-exposed and the shaded side. Tissue-specific differences were significant, despite surprisingly similar mean values for most tissue types. Such tissue effect was largely due to young branch xylem, which exhibited a systematic less negative deviation from the other tissue types. These findings were consistent across the species tested and provided some guidelines towards a representative sampling strategy for ¹³C analysis.     

粤东五华县亚热带季风常绿阔叶林退化生态系统恢复的初步研究

研究了粤东五华县亚热带季风常绿阔叶林退化生态系统恢复过程不同演替阶段的植物群落种群和生境的变化,揭示退化生态系统的植被恢复过程及其效应。1.人为破坏较轻、尚保存有一定原生植被繁殖体的次生林地,通过封山育林,可较快地促进其恢复成较为稳定的森林生态系统。历时2年,在400m2样方内,常绿阔叶林乔木层树种增加了5种,幼苗数量增加了186株,并已有一些中生性种类入侵。生境亦有所改善,气温、地表温、土温以及相对湿度的变幅趋于平缓,相对湿度更处在一个相对较高且较为稳定的水平;土壤变为强酸性减弱,全氮和速效磷含量升高,植被正向演替进程相对较快。2.在生态系统退化较严重的散生马尾松灌丛草坡,因受附近阔叶林的影响,新的物种较易入侵,在100m2样方内植物种类共增加了2种56株。3.在严重水土流失的散生马尾松草坡,生态系统极度退化,仅靠植被的自然恢复极其困难,需要一个相当漫长的过程,而人为的持续干扰和破坏是植被恢复的极大障碍。     

Saproxylic moths reveal complex within-group and group-environment patterns

We investigated saproxylic moths of the family Tineidae, a neglected group inhabiting wood-decaying fungi and dead wood, within the Bia?owie?a Primeval Forest in Poland. Study data were obtained from the collection of 280 fruiting bodies of wood-decaying fungi and the subsequent rearing of adults. Spatial and statistical distribution of saproxylic moths, relationship among species and the influence of environment reflected by interaction with tree and fungal species together with tree and stand level characteristics were studied. Fifteen species and 533 individuals of saproxylic moths were reared. The fungal species, number of fruiting bodies and standing position of a tree influenced species richness. Moth abundance was influenced by fungal species, coniferous trees, increasing tree diameter, number of fruiting bodies and brown rot. Moth abundance was also enhanced by standing dead trees located in managed forests with higher canopy closure. Analyses indicate that several moth species favor a particular rot type and that some fungi host a richer fauna than others. Furthermore, our results indicate mutually independent fungal colonization events by saproxylic moth species, and thus a possible mechanism exists for competition avoidance with other saproxylic moths. Saproxylic moths revealed complex within-group patterns that responded differently to environmental variables. Thus, potential conservation of these organisms requires various approaches including ecosystem management, especially in the context of addressing their diverse habitat requirements.     

Comparison of climatic effects on radial growth of evergreen broad-leaved trees at their northern distribution limit and co-dominating deciduous broad-leaved trees and evergreen conifers

Using dendrochronological techniques, this study examined whether tree-ring width of two evergreen broad-leaved species (Cleyera japonica, Eurya japonica) at their inland northern distribution limit in central Japan is more limited by low temperature compared with two co-dominating deciduous broad-leaved species (Fagus japonica, Magnolia hypoleuca) and two evergreen conifer species (Chamaecyparis obtusa, Abies firma), whose distribution limits are further north. The two deciduous broad-leaved species and the two evergreen conifers are tall tree species. Evergreen broad-leaved Cleyera japonica is a sub-canopy species and Eurya japonica is a small tree species. The tree-ring widths of four of the six species (except for Eurya japonica and Magnolia hypoleuca) correlated positively with the March temperature just before the start of the growth period. For deciduous broad-leaved Magnolia hypoleuca, the tree-ring width was correlated positively and negatively with July temperature and precipitation, respectively. However, the other deciduous broad-leaved Fagus japonica showed no such relationships. For the evergreen broad-leaved Cleyera japonica and evergreen conifers Chamaecyparis obtusa and Abies firma, tree-ring widths correlated positively with winter temperatures, probably because evergreen species can assimilate during warm winters. The tree-ring width of Cleyera japonica also correlated positively with temperatures of many months of the growth period. By contrast, the tree-ring width of the other evergreen broad-leaved Eurya japonica showed no positive correlation with the temperature in any month. Most Eurya japonica trees were suppressed by tall trees, which might disguise any climate effect. Thus, there were species differences in response to climate for each life form, and the tree-ring width of Cleyera japonica at the northern distribution limit was more limited by low temperatures compared with co-dominating species. It is suggested that growth of Cleyera japonica is increased by global warming at the latitudinal ecotone.     

Co-occurrence patterns of wood-decaying fungi and ants in dead pines of South Korea

Interaction between fungi and insects such as ants, beetles, wasps and termites inhabiting dead pine trees has significant ecological implication in the forest as they can decompose wood debris and add nutrients to the soil; however, only scarce information is available regarding the interaction between wood-decaying fungi and ants. We investigated wood-decaying fungi co-occurring with ants in dead pine trees of South Korea. A total of 57 pairs of wood-decaying fungi and ants were collected from 11 localities. 30 species of wood-decaying fungi and 14 species of ants were identified based on morphology and molecular analysis. Fungal species belonging to Trichaptum, Xylodon, Hyphodontia, and Ceriporia were dominant and co-occurred with common ant species of Lasius, Camponotus, Pristomyrmex, and Crematogaster across most of the sampling sites. This study provides a new baseline in unravelling the complex interaction between wood-decaying fungi and ants in forest ecosystems.     

四种不同生活型树种细根寿命及影响因素

以4种不同生活型树种(常绿阔叶和针叶树种、落叶阔叶和针叶树种)为研究对象,通过微根管法现地观测细根的生长动态,比较不同生活型树种细根寿命在种内和种间的差异,探讨影响细根寿命的主要因子,研究结果对理解和预测森林生态系统碳及养分循环过程具有重要的理论意义。结果表明:(1)细根形态特征(分枝结构和直径)显著影响种内细根寿命,分枝等级越低、直径越小,细根的寿命越短;(2)4个树种的细根寿命表现出明显的土层效应和季节效应,即随土壤深度增加,细根的累积存活率逐渐增加,寿命延长;而不同季节出生的细根其寿命长短模式在树种间不一致,春季或夏季出生的细根寿命要长于秋冬季;(3)常绿树种(柳杉、石栎)的细根寿命要长于落叶树种(池杉、麻栎),同时,针叶树种(池杉、柳杉)的细根寿命要长于阔叶树种(麻栎、石栎)。在同一树种内,细根寿命受细根直径、根系分枝结构、土壤环境因子(土层)等因素显著影响,但在不同树种间,细根寿命可能更依赖于树木生长速率、碳分配模式等树木整体的功能性状差异。     

Structure and composition of riparian forests with special reference to geomorphic site conditions along the Tokachi River,northern Japan

The structure and composition of riparian forests were examined along the Tokachi River, northern Japan. Both the hydrogeomorphic gradient and the temporal gradient were analyzed in attempt to explain the present pattern of riparian forests. The stability of floodplain surfaces was estimated on the basis of the elevation above the riverbed and the distance from the river channel. The characteristics of the substratum on which trees were established were also examined by excavation of buried sediment. The results indicated that soil moisture and organic content increased while the size of particles in the substratum decreased with increased elevation and distance from the river channel. Gradient analysis was employed to examine the distribution of dominant species, such as Alnus hirsuta, Toisusu urbaniana, Populus maximowiczii, Picea jezoensis and Abies sachalinensis. The relative dominance of each could be arrayed across the elevation gradient. Although the three broad-leaved pioneers dominated bars and floodplains near the river channel, their modes shifted from lower to higher elevation and amplitudes of distribution curves decreased in the following order: A. hirsuta, T. urbaniana, P. maximowiczii and conifers, which were located on the highest floodplains. Sites could be divided into three classes in terms of stability. There were fewer species at active sites, which favored the three pioneer species, but species richness and diversity increased with stand age. Semi-active and stable sites were more diverse with the establishment of conifers and other broad-leaved trees, which included upland species. However, species richness peaked and then decreased after trees reached 50 to 60 years of age. The growth of dwarf bamboo and the development of conifer-dominant stands impeded the establishment of other species, thereby reducing species richness and diversity in mature stands. Chronologically, floodplains could be differentiated into high- and low-frequency zones of flood disturbance, with pioneer species occupying the former, and late successional species found largely in the latter.     

蒙古栎红松林物种组成和结构动态的研究

 通过对蒙古栎红松林3个年龄阶段物种和结构动态的研究,结果表明,该类型森林的更新状况良好,早期阶段红松(Pinus koraiensis)和阔叶树的更新数量相同,后期更新树种以红松为主;在森林发育早期阶段蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)等阳性树种占优势,中期为红松和阔叶树占优势的混交林,后期形成红松占优势的林分;随着森林的发育,灌木和草本层动态呈现复杂的变化。通过对该类型森林直径分布变化的研究得出,在林分发育的早期,阔叶树中大径级木较多,针叶树中小径级木多,在林分发育的后期呈相反的规律。用理论概率模型拟合直径分布表明,韦布尔概率分布模型是描述蒙古栎红松林直径分布的最适模型。     

Phytoliths in woody plants from the northern slope of the Changbai Mountain (Northeast China), and their implication

Phytoliths were extracted from 14 woody plants collected on the northern slope of the Changbai Mountain, including 10 broad-leaved species and 4 conifers. A total of 14 morphotypes of phytoliths were identified, including 3 types first examined in this study. Phytoliths in broad-leaved species were mostly silicified epidermal cells, cell walls, and vascular tissues; phytoliths in conifers were mainly silicified epidermal cells, cell walls, hypodermal cells, and parenchyma cells. Phytoliths produced by broad-leaved species in this region were usually not well silicified, and were fragile, whereas those produced by conifers were better silicified; this might be because of the different lengths of the growth periods. Phytoliths were found have potential in studies of fluctuations of the tree line in this region, and this study also provided a reference for further study of phytoliths in this region and the regional contrast of phytolith assemblages.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林和暖温带落叶阔叶林叶片热值比较研究

植物干重热值(GCV)是衡量植物生命活动及组成成分的重要指标之一,反映了植物光合作用中固定太阳辐射的能力。利用氧弹量热仪测定了亚热带和暖温带两个典型森林生态系统常见的276种常见植物叶片的干重热值,探讨了亚热带和暖温带植物热值分布特征,以及不同生活型、乔木类型间植物热值的变化规律。实验结果发现:亚热带常绿阔叶林和暖温带落叶阔叶林叶片热值的平均值分别为17.83 k J/g(n=191)和17.21k J/g(n=85),整体表现为亚热带植物暖温带植物。不同地带性植被的植物叶片热值在不同生活型间表现出相似的规律,其中亚热带常绿阔叶林表现为:乔木(19.09 k J/g)灌木(17.87 k J/g)草本(16.65 k J/g);暖温带落叶阔叶林表现为:乔木(18.41 k J/g)灌木(17.94 k J/g)草本(16.53 k J/g);不同乔木类型间均呈现常绿乔木落叶乔木、针叶乔木阔叶乔木的趋势。落叶阔叶乔木表现为亚热带暖温带,而常绿针叶乔木则呈现亚热带暖温带的趋势。此外,我们对于两个分布区域内的4种针叶树种叶片热值进行了比较,发现华北落叶松(19.32 k J/g,暖温带)杉木(19.40 k J/g,亚热带)马尾松(19.82 k J/g,亚热带)油松(20.95 k J/g,暖温带)。亚热带常绿阔叶林和暖温带落叶阔叶林植物热值的特征及其变化规律,为森林生态系统的能量流动提供了理论基础。     

丽江老君山国家公园木腐真菌区系组成与分布特征

木腐真菌是自然界中以木材为主要生长基质的一类大型真菌,通过分解倒死木的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素实现森林生态系统的物质循环,是森林生态系统的重要组成部分。研究木腐真菌的生态分布及其与环境因子的关系对分析其在森林生态系统中的生态功能有重要作用。本文在野外调查的基础上对云南省丽江老君山国家公园的木腐真菌物种组成和生态习性进行了分析,共采集标本196份,经鉴定为68种,隶属于8目21科40属,优势科为多孔菌科、拟层孔菌科和锈革孔菌科,优势属为异担子菌属,其区系组成以北温带成分为最多(38.2%),其次是世界广布成分,表现出明显的北温带特征。从生态习性来看,63种为腐生菌,其中51种造成白色腐朽,12种造成褐色腐朽;5种为外生菌根菌。木腐真菌的物种组成在不同林分中存在明显差异,落叶阔叶林中种类最多,共34种;其次为针阔混交林,有26种;暗针叶林有22种。脆波斯特孔菌与粗毛韧革菌在3种林分类型中均有分布且多度较高,是该地区的优势种。     

Environmental correlates of tree alpha-diversity in New Zealand primary forests

Correlations between environment and tree alpha-diversity in New Zealand's primary forests were examined using an extensive quantitative dataset (14 540 plots). Generalised additive models were used to examine relationships between species richness and temperature, solar radiation, root-zone moisture deficit, relative humidity, lithology, drainage, and plot size for all trees (112 species), and separately for broadleaved trees (88 species), conifers (17), and the genus Nothofagus (4). Diversity both for all tree species and for broadleaved trees was predicted to be highest on sites with high temperatures, high solar radiation, and high soil and atmospheric moisture, and on sedimentary and basaltic substrates. Highest conifer diversity was predicted on sites with intermediate temperatures, low solar radiation, high root-zone and atmospheric moisture, and rhyolitic and Quaternary substrates, particularly where drainage was impeded. Highest Nothofagus diversity was predicted for sites combining low temperatures, high solar radiation, high root-zone moisture but low atmospheric moisture, and on granitic substrates. Differences in diversity between the species groups on different lithologies are interpreted as rejecting both the effects of variation in large-scale disturbance histories, and the effects of confounding environmental factors associated with particular substrates. There were also significant interactions between species groups: both broadleaved tree and conifer richness were predicted to be lower on sites where one or more Nothofagus spp. — all of which have marked patchiness in their distribution — are present. Although these results are consistent with the hypothesis that tree diversity is highest on sites conducive to high productivity, history is also indicated as an important determinant of tree diversity in New Zealand.     

元宝山冷杉群落特征的初步研究

元宝山冷杉仅分布于广西融水县元宝山．元宝山冷杉群落为常绿针阔混交林,上层林木主要是松科植物,中、下层以樟科、茶科、杜鹃花科、壳斗科为主．元宝山冷杉群落现存大树基本上都是老龄树,林内有少量幼苗,但很难见到中龄林木,因此,元宝山冷杉种群年龄结构不完整,将被常绿阔叶树取代．