33份杂交稻亲本的SSR指纹图谱构建及遗传相似性分析

选用分布在12条染色体上84对SSR引物,对6个粳型和4个籼型核质互作雄性不育系、14个籼型和9个粳型父本,共33份杂交稻亲本材料进行遗传相似性分析,并建立SSR指纹图谱数据库.结果表明:在33份材料中能够扩增出多态性的引物有54对,占所用引物的64.3％;33 份材料间遗传相似系数变异范围为0.429～0.988,在遗传相似系数0,65处,33份材料被聚为籼、粳2个大类群;利用14对引物能将33份材料区分,引物RM264能将‘Ⅱ-32A'、‘协青早A'、‘冈46A’和‘K17A'4个籼型不育系与籼型恢复系区分开,引物RM432能区别5个粳型不育系与粳型可育品种,引物RM6、RM13、RM16、RM240、RM247和RM248均能鉴别籼、粳亚种.利用这6对引物的共显性标记可以鉴别籼粳亚种间杂交组合.     

杂交稻特殊配合力与杂种优势、亲本间遗传距离的相 关性

杂交水稻育种的实质是配合力育种, 筛选高特殊配合力的杂交水稻组合才能选育出在生产上有实用价值的强优势组合。文章利用SSR标记检测了9个三系杂交稻亲本(5个不育系和4个恢复系)之间的遗传距离, 结合20个杂交稻组合(5×4 NCII)的产量表现, 分析了杂交水稻特殊配合力(Special combining ability, SCA)效应与产量杂种优势、亲本间遗传距离的相关性。结果表明, 特殊配合力效应与对照优势(相关系数r₁=0.5609)、平均优势(相关系数_r2=0.541)之间均呈显著正相关, 而与亲本遗传距离之间相关不显著, 相关系数(r=0.2143)较小。说明本研究所配组合的特殊配合力效应能充分反映杂种优势, 选用的杂交亲本能组配出强优势组合; 而杂交亲本遗传距离的大小并不能反映特殊配合力效应, 分子标记遗传距离与特殊配合力的相关性还有待于进一步的探讨。     

利用SSR标记分析水稻亲本间遗传距离与杂种优势的关系

利用5个光温敏核不育系与40个恢复系（品种）配制了200个组合,应用SSR标记估算了这5个不育系与40个恢复系之间的遗传距离,分析了遗传距离与杂种优势的关系。结果表明：（1）不同材料、不同遗传距离范围之间,遗传距离与单株产量以及有效穗数、穗长、每穗粒敷、着粒密度、结实率、千粒重、单株产量7个性状超亲优势的相关性有很大差别,表现出很复杂的关系。（2）田丰S与父本遗传距离在0．6286～2．5257之间时,F1单株产量及其超亲优势与遗传距离极显著相关;培矮64S与父本遗传距离在0．8247～1．5315之间时,F1单株产量与遗传距离显著相关。（3）所有两系组合亲本间遗传距离在0．5333～1．5之间时,F1单株产量超亲优势与遗传距离显著相关;遗传距离在0．5333～1．0之间时,F1单株产量与遗传距离显著相关,遗传距离分别在1．0～1．5、0．5333～1．5和0．5333～2．5257之间时极显著相关。（4）另外,F1单株产量与遗传距离的相关程度普遍高于其超亲优势与遗传距离的相关程度。     

籼型杂交稻光合特性的配合力分析

以6个籼型杂交稻三系不育系和5个恢复系按不完全双列杂交设计配制的30个杂交稻组合及其亲本品种为材料,对其光合性状进行了测定和分析,结果表明:(1)杂交稻组合的光合特性存在显著或极显著的组合间遗传差异,光合特性的遗传变异主要来自基因的非加性效应;(2)胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量受不育系的影响大于恢复系,而气孔导度、叶绿素a+b含量受恢复系的影响大于不育系;(3)杂交稻光合性状的广义遗传力均大于狭义遗传力,各性状主要受基因互作及环境的影响。狭义遗传力的大小依次为叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b、叶绿素a、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、类胡萝卜素和蒸腾速率,这些性状具有中等遗传力;(4)9个光合性状杂交稻F1表型值与父母本一般配合力效应值之和的相关系数均达极显著水平。因此,可以根据父母本一般配合力效应值之和来预测杂交稻组合光合性状的表现,有利于高效选育高光效杂交稻组合。     

用SSR分子标记研究大豆属种间亲缘进化关系

利用SSR标记技术对大豆属11个种37份材料的遗传多样性进行分析,不同位点在种间的等位基因数为6－29,平均生个位点15．9个等位基因,Soja亚属的等位基因数是Glycine亚属的71．5％,并且Glycine亚属种间指纹 谱的差异大于Soja亚属种间的指纹图谱,SSR等位基因的主成分分析结果表明,大豆属中的Glycine亚属和Soja亚属的分类界限是比较明确的,利用第一主成分和第二主成分可较明显地区分开Glycine 亚属的分类界限是比较明显的,利用第一主成分和第二主成分可较明显地区分开Glycine亚属和Soja亚属,通过UPGMA方法构建了大豆属11个种的遗传进化关系,Soja亚属中G.max,G.soja和G.gracilis3个种在系统分化树上界限是比较明显的,由此看来这3个种是独立存在的。     

人工合成小麦CI184条锈病成株抗性基因的鉴定及分子标记定位

以硬粒小麦-粗山羊草人工合成小麦CI184、感病品种‘铭贤169’及其杂交组合的正反交F1以及CI184/‘铭贤169’F2、F2:3家系为材料,鉴定其条锈病抗性,对CI184条锈病抗性进行遗传分析;采用SSR分子标记技术和集群分离分析法进行多态性筛选,以F3抗病鉴定数据为依据,对CI184中条锈病抗性基因进行分子标记定位。结果显示:(1)CI184在苗期抗性鉴定中,对30种小麦条锈菌生理小种表现抗性,但对中国四川新出现的条锈菌生理小种V26表现苗期感病;在田间成株抗性接种鉴定中,CI184对中国流行的小麦条锈菌生理小种条中32、条中33、水源4、水源5、水源7和V26等表现出成株抗性。(2)CI184中条锈病抗性由隐性基因位点控制。(3)仅检测到一个控制条锈病抗性的QTL位点,位于1B染色体上Xgwm18和Xwmc626之间,暂时命名为Qyr.zz_1B,在四川和北京2个环境中可分别解释CI184中13.36%和18.07%的成株抗性贡献率。(4)Qyr.zz_1B位点的3个SSR标记和Yr15的1个SSR标记可以区分该位点与1B染色体上的其他抗条锈病基因,如Yr15、Yr24和Yr26/YrCH42。表明Qyr.zz_1B位点在小麦条锈病的抗病育种中具有潜在的应用价值。     

云南割手密82-114种间杂交后代SSR分子标记鉴定

针对云南割手密82-114(简称云割82-114)丰产、强生势的种质特性,利用福州果蔗(百眉蔗)×云割82-114获得99-67,利用99-67与云瑞99-248杂交获得03-1、03-3、03-12、03-16等18个杂交后代,利用03-16与ROC10杂交获得04-65,利用03-12与云瑞03-122杂交获得04-66等优良创新种质.SSR分子标记鉴定表明:99-67及03-5、03-7、03-10、03-13、03-15是真杂种,为甘蔗新品系的选育提供优良的创新种质.     

基于SSR分子标记的三组水稻品种真实性鉴定分析

采用24对SSR引物对3组水稻杂交种样品(每组含1个对照样品和2个待测样品)进行了品种真实性鉴定分析,通过待测样品与标准样品的谱带比对分析,并按照NY/T 1433-2007水稻品种鉴定标准,确认每组样品中各有一个与标准样品相同或极类似,另有一个与标准样品不同,鉴定结果与样品设置相符。实验结果显示,24对SSR引物中有19对能反映出品种间的差异,占引物总数的79.2%。本研究中品种内变异占10.18%,在每个品种所用的每5个单株重复中均只发现一个差异个体,数据结果可靠、有效,也证明了这24对引物多态性较好,鉴别效率较高。     

基于SSR标记的寒地水稻品种骨干亲本分析

富士光、藤系138、上育397和五优稻1是20世纪90年代至今寒地水稻品种选育的骨干亲本。利用50对SSR引物对上述骨干亲本及其衍生品种进行聚类分析和主坐标分析(principal coordinate analysis, PCO),结果表明,50对SSR引物在51份供试材料中共检测到150个等位基因,变化范围为2~6个,平均为3个;引物PIC的变化范围为0.0725~ 0.6845,平均0.3655;聚类分析将51份材料分为4类,4个骨干亲本分别被聚到4类中;PCO分析显示,四个骨干亲本相距较远,呈独立的分支,衍生品种围绕着骨干亲本分布;在检测出的39个稀有等位基因中,仅有3个存在骨干亲本中。表明近年寒地水稻品种遗传改良是围绕少数骨干亲本进行的,骨干亲本将大部分优良基因传递到了衍生品种中,SSR分析和PCO分析与系谱分析得到了一致的结果。     

利用相关性分析鉴定与水稻根部性状表达相关的分子标记

84个水稻品种在营养液中生长,10天后测定每一品种的最大根长（Maximum Root Length,MRL)和根干重（Root Dry Weight,RDW)。选取其中有代表性的27个水稻品种,用扩增片段长度多态性（Amplified Fragment Length Polymor-phism,AFLP)技术进行基因组差异分析,通过计算差异带与性状表现间的相关系数,筛选与苗期水稻最大根长和根干重显著相关的分子标记,经过15对AFLP引物的筛选,有4对引物的7个片段的基因型表现与最大根长或（和）根干重显著相关,对其中的片段之一“T3P3f”进行克隆,测序后,设计特异PCR扩增引物“Z336”,进一步对84个水稻品种进行鉴定,统计分析后发现,Z2336与最大根长的相关系数为-0.193,相关性几近显著水平;与根干重的相关系数为-0.391,相关性达极显著水平,计算对根干重的差异解释率,可达15.3%,显示该标记与控制根干重性状表达的某个数量基因紧密连锁,它的存在对性状值的降低有显著的关系,进一步利用源于ZYQ8和JX17的加倍单倍体（double haploid,DH)分离群体进行基因定位,发现Z336位于水稻第11号染色体上,距离相邻的分子标记9.4cM。     

中国与南亚水稻恢复系资源产量性状的配合力分析

分析中国与南亚水稻恢复系资源产量及其构成要素的一般配合力差异,为引进与利用南亚资源提供参考。利用来自中国和印度等国的37份恢复系材料,按照NCⅡ设计,分别与冈46A、泸98A和德香074杂交,获得111份杂交种作为试验材料,在四川泸州和德阳两个环境下,分析8个产量性状的配合力。结果表明:(1)8个性状在两个环境下,一般配合力和特殊配合力方差达到显著或极显著水平,一般配合力方差均大于特殊配合力方差,表明这些性状基因的加性效应占主导地位。(2)8个性状杂种一代性状受恢复系的影响大于不育系。(3)印度和孟加拉材料有效穗一般配合力好于中国资源,其他性状一般配合力中国资源优于南亚来源材料。中国与南亚恢复资源产量性状配合力有一定的差异,印度和孟加拉资源有效穗配合力较好,中国恢复系资源其他性状较好。     

Combining Ability of Different Agronomic Traits and Yield Components in Hybrid Barley

Selection of parents based on their combining ability is an effective approach in hybrid breeding. In this study, eight maintainer lines and nine restorer lines were used to obtain 72 crosses for analyzing the general combining ability (GCA) and special combining ability (SCA) for seven agronomic and yield characters including plant height (PH), spike length excluding awns (SL), inter-node length (IL), spikes per plant (SP), thousand kernel weight (TKW), kernel weight per plant (KWP) and dry matter weight per plant (DWP). The results showed that GCA was significantly different among parents and SCA was also significantly different among crosses. The performance of hybrid was significantly correlated with the sum of female and male GCA (TGCA), SCA and heterosis. Hu1154 A, Mian684 A, 86F098 A, 8036 R and 8041 R were excellent parents with greater general combining ability. Five crosses, Hu1154 A×8032 R, Humai10 A×8040 R, Mian684 A×8037 R, Mian684 A×8041 R and 86F098 A×8037 R, showed superior heterosis for most characters.     

杂交水稻主要农艺性状配合力遗传力分析

选用生产上常用的5个杂交水稻不育胞质与5个高配合力恢复系,采用NCII模式对产量性状、芒、粒形等主要农艺性状的亲本配合力、方差贡献率及遗传力进行分析。结果表明：胞质效应和恢复系效应在所测性状中均达到显著或极显著差异水平,芒长、粒形、单穗重受环境的影响较小;产量和收获指数的非加性遗传作用明显,受环境效应的影响也较大。亲本效应方面,恢复系的效应远大于胞质效应;产量性状JW型（爪哇型）胞质和蜀恢527的一般配合力效应较高,同时JW型胞质和R21属于Ⅰ类亲本;粒形性状G型（冈型）胞质和蜀恢527的一般配合力效应最高,同时均属于Ⅰ类亲本。     

利用分子标记预测杂交水稻产量及其构成因素

利用AFLP、RAPD、SSR技术分析了10个恢复系和5个不育系的931个基因座,利用15个亲本配制了50个杂交组合,在泸州和重庆2个环境下同时种植,考察了产量及其构成因素,从931个基因座中筛选出了与之相关的阳性座位、增效座位、减效座位、非环境型座位,并分析了它们与杂种产量及其构成因素间的关系。结果表明,利用所有座位计算的遗传差异与产量及其构成因素的相关性,绝大多数性状未达显著水平,不能直接用于预测产量及其构成因素。阳性座位在一定程度上可以提高相关系数,因性状不同而存在差异,在多数性状上预测产量及其构成因素还有一定难度;增效座位和减效座位可以大幅度提高相关系数,在不同的环境下也表现一致,可以用来预测产量及其构成因素;非环境型座位计算的相关系数也较高,但低于增效座位和减效座位,说明环境对产量及其构成因素有较大的影响。     

水稻产量相关性状驯化研究进展

水稻具有悠久的栽培历史,是重要的粮食作物,养育了1/3的世界人口。现代栽培稻(Oryza sativa)由野生稻(O.rufipogon)驯化而来,产量是驯化筛选的关键性状之一。株型、穗型和种子大小是决定水稻产量的重要性状,这些性状在水稻栽培过程中均受到了定向筛选。该文以水稻产量性状为核心,综述了株型、穗型和种子大小等性状的驯化分子机理研究进展,讨论了水稻产量驯化研究中存在的问题,展望了驯化性状和相关基因的研究前景,以期为水稻产量相关性状的驯化机理研究和水稻育种工作提供有价值的线索。     

Parental Migration,Self-Efficacy and Cigarette Smoking among Rural Adolescents in South China

Objectives

Millions of children and adolescents in rural China are left behind as their parents move away for work. Little is known about the impact of parental migration on their smoking and self-efficacy. This study explores the associations among parental migration, self-efficacy and smoking.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among middle school students in Liangying Township, Guangdong, China. Socio-demographic and parental migration characteristics, as well as adolescent past 30-day smoking and self-efficacy level were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to estimate the risk of parental migration features for smoking and self-efficacy. Hierarchical regression was fitted to examine the relationship among parental migration, self-efficacy and smoking.

Results

2609 students (93.4%) participated into the study, 44% of who were with parents who had ever been or were currently migrating. Smoking prevalence was 9.7% in boys and 0.9% in girls. Paternal migration was protective for adolescent smoking, whilst maternal migration increased the risk. Both paternal and maternal migration had adverse effects on self-efficacy, a strong influencing factor for smoking. No significant relationship was found between other migration features and smoking and self-efficacy. The smoking risk of maternal migration was partly mediated by self-efficacy. There were no differences between boys and girls.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that adolescents whose mothers migrate from home to work elsewhere are at elevated risk for smoking. Improving self-efficacy may be an effective means to keep adolescents away from smoking, especially for those with maternal migration.     

Optimizing Hill Seeding Density for High-Yielding Hybrid Rice in a Single Rice Cropping System in South China

Mechanical hill direct seeding of hybrid rice could be the way to solve the problems of high seeding rates and uneven plant establishment now faced in direct seeded rice; however, it is not clear what the optimum hill seeding density should be for high-yielding hybrid rice in the single-season rice production system. Experiments were conducted in 2010 and 2011 to determine the effects of hill seeding density (25 cm×15 cm, 25 cm×17 cm, 25 cm×19 cm, 25 cm×21 cm, and 25 cm×23 cm; three to five seeds per hill) on plant growth and grain yield of a hybrid variety, Nei2you6, in two fields with different fertility (soil fertility 1 and 2). In addition, in 2012 and 2013, comparisons among mechanical hill seeding, broadcasting, and transplanting were conducted with three hybrid varieties to evaluate the optimum seeding density. With increases in seeding spacing from 25 cm×15 cm to 25 cm×23 cm, productive tillers per hill increased by 34.2% and 50.0% in soil fertility 1 and 2. Panicles per m² declined with increases in seeding spacing in soil fertility 1. In soil fertility 2, no difference in panicles per m² was found at spacing ranging from 25 cm×17 cm to 25 cm×23 cm, while decreases in the area of the top three leaves and aboveground dry weight per shoot at flowering were observed. Grain yield was the maximum at 25 cm×17 cm spacing in both soil fertility fields. Our results suggest that a seeding density of 25 cm×17 cm was suitable for high-yielding hybrid rice. These results were verified through on-farm demonstration experiments, in which mechanical hill-seeded rice at this density had equal or higher grain yield than transplanted rice.     

杂交水稻苗瘟抗性的配合力和遗传力分析

采用7×7不完全双列杂交设计,对反映杂交水稻苗瘟抗性的5个指标进行了配合力和遗传力分析.结果表明,杂交水稻苗瘟抗性遗传力高,受加性和非加性基因效应共同控制,但以加性效应为主;恢复系的苗瘟抗性一般配合力效应明显相对重要于不育系,不育系苗瘟抗性一般配合力效应对F1代的抗性有显著的影响;14个供试亲本中,多恢1号、成恢149、K42A、K40A具有较好的苗瘟抗性一般配合力效应.因此,在杂交水稻抗苗瘟育种中,对恢复系的抗性GCA选择和对亲本的抗性GCA评鉴至关重要,但不应忽视不育系对组合的抗性贡献和对组合的抗性评鉴;多恢1号、成恢149、K42A和K40A可作为优良抗苗瘟亲本加以利用.     

Evaluation of the Agronomic Performance of Atrazine-Tolerant Transgenic japonica Rice Parental Lines for Utilization in Hybrid Seed Production

Currently, the purity of hybrid seed is a crucial limiting factor when developing hybrid japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.). To chemically control hybrid seed purity, we transferred an improved atrazine chlorohydrolase gene (atzA) from Pseudomonas ADP into hybrid japonica parental lines (two maintainers, one restorer), and Nipponbare, by using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. We subsequently selected several transgenic lines from each genotype by using PCR, RT-PCR, and germination analysis. In the presence of the investigated atrazine concentrations, particularly 150 µM atrazine, almost all of the transgenic lines produced significantly larger seedlings, with similar or higher germination percentages, than did the respective controls. Although the seedlings of transgenic lines were taller and gained more root biomass compared to the respective control plants, their growth was nevertheless inhibited by atrazine treatment compared to that without treatment. When grown in soil containing 2 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg atrazine, the transgenic lines were taller, and had higher total chlorophyll contents than did the respective controls; moreover, three of the strongest transgenic lines completely recovered after 45 days of growth. After treatment with 2 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg of atrazine, the atrazine residue remaining in the soil was 2.9–7.0% or 0.8–8.7% respectively, for transgenic lines, and 44.0–59.2% or 28.1–30.8%, respectively, for control plants. Spraying plants at the vegetative growth stage with 0.15% atrazine effectively killed control plants, but not transgenic lines. Our results indicate that transgenic atzA rice plants show tolerance to atrazine, and may be used as parental lines in future hybrid seed production.     

猴头菇菌株亲缘关系评价和菌株特异性分子标记筛选

为选择猴头菇(Hericium erinaceus)育种亲本提供科学依据,开发猴头菇菌株鉴别的可靠方法,研究了猴头菇15个菌株的生长情况,并采用SRAP和SCAR分子标记分别对15个猴头菇菌株进行亲缘关系评价和分子鉴别。结果表明:猴杰2号、猴头菇CS和猴头菇FJ菌株是产量较高、抗逆性强的高产菌株。15个猴头菇菌株的Dice遗传相似系数变异范围在0.59~0.97,在0.75水平上可聚为5类。开发出了鉴别猴杰2号和大猴头菌株的2个特异SCAR标记SCHe1和SCHe2,可用于猴杰2号高产菌株的分子鉴别。