北葶苈子黄酮苷类成分研究Ⅱ

为了解北葶苈子的化学成分,从其50%乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了8个单体成分,经理化性质和波谱数据分析,分别鉴定为:槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(2)、槲皮素-3,7-二-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-(1→2)-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4)、quercetin-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-sinapoyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside (5)、槲皮素-3-O-[(6-O-trans-咖啡酰基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 (6)、isorhamnetin-3-O-sophoroside (7)和异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-[2-O-(6-O-芥子酰基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基]-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)。化合物3为首次从该种中分离得到,化合物2、4、6、7为首次从独行菜属中分离得到,且化合物6的NMR 数据为首次报道。     

姜状三七根茎的皂苷类化学成分研究

为了解姜状三七(Panax zingiberensis)根茎的皂苷类化学成分,采用正相硅胶、反相硅胶和凝胶等色谱方法从其根茎的乙醇提取物中得到9个皂苷类化合物,根据理化性质和波谱数据,其结构分别鉴定为人参皂苷SL₁ (1)、人参皂苷Rh₁ (2)、三七皂苷R₈ (3)、竹节参皂苷IVa (4)、越南人参皂苷R₁₀ (5)、人参皂苷Rg₁ (6)、菠菜皂苷A 28-O-β-d-葡萄糖苷 (7)、齐墩果酸28-O-β-d-葡萄糖苷 (8)和姜状三七苷R₁ (9)。化合物1、3、5、7和8为首次从该植物中分离得到, 其中化合物5为奥克梯隆醇型皂苷,此类皂苷在该植物中未见报道。     

紫茎泽兰的化学成分研究

为了解紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.)的化学成分,从其乙醇提取物中分离得到7 个化合物。通过波谱分析,分别鉴定为万寿菊苷(1)、7-O-(6-methoxykaempferol)-β-D-glucopranoside (2)、4'-甲基醚万寿菊苷(3)、3-O-(6-methoxykaempferol)-β-D-glucopranoside (4)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 (5)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯 (6)、1,4-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)naphthalene (7)。其中化合物1~4 为首次从紫茎泽兰中分离得到。     

卢旺达产迷迭香化学成分研究I

为了解迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinais L.)中的化学成分,从其95% 乙醇提取物中分离得到了13 种化合物,经波谱分析,分别鉴定为(Z)-3-hexenyl glucoside (1),(Z)-3-hexenyl O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1'→6')-β-D-glucopyranoside (2),erythritol-1-O-(6-Otrans-caffeoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3),2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexyl-6-O-trans-caffeoyl-β-glucopyranoside (4), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-2-methylbutane-4-O-(6-O-trans-caffeoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (5),咖啡酸 (6),迷迭香酸 (7),methyl rosmarinate (8),methylbenzoate-4-β-glucoside (9),benzyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (10),benzyl-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (11),1,2-di-O-β-D-glucopranosyl-4-allylbenzene (12)及(+)-syringaresinol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (13).其中,化合物1~5 和8~13 为首次从迷迭香属分离得到,并修正了化合物13 的波谱数据.     

南美蟛蜞菊中二萜化学成分的定性与定量分析研究

为了解南美蟛蜞菊[Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski]植物的化学成分,从其全株乙醇提取物中分离得到8个二萜类化合物。经光谱分析,分别鉴定为ent-16β,17-dihydroxy-9(11)-kauren-19-oic acid (1)、cussovantonin B (2)、ent-16-kauren-19-oic acid(3)、ent-3β-hydroxy-16-kauren-19-oic acid (4)、16α-hydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (5)、2β,16α-dihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (6)、3α-angeloyloxypterokaurene L₃ (7)和pterokaurene L₃ (8)。化合物4为首次从蟛蜞菊属植物中分离获得,化合物1、2 和6为首次从南美蟛蜞菊中分离得到。化合物3具有显著的抗菌活性和显著抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性。采用五氟苄溴进行底物五氟苄基衍生化并结合GC-MS 分析表明,化合物3在南美蟛蜞菊茎和叶中的含量分别为(1.00±0.21) mg g^-1 FW和(0.78±0.04) mg g^-1 FW。     

杏叶防风的化学成分及抗炎活性研究

杏叶防风(Pimpinella candolleana)为贵州苗族习用草药,用于黄疸型肝炎、急性胆囊炎等病症的治疗。为探究杏叶防风的化学成分及其抗炎活性,该研究采用硅胶、凝胶、ODS等色谱技术对杏叶防风全草70%乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,通过NMR、MS等波谱数据鉴定化合物结构,采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞作为炎症模型,评价单体化合物的抗炎活性。结果表明:(1)从杏叶防风中分离并鉴定了20个化合物,分别为香草醛(1)、芝麻素(2)、2-甲基-2-羟基-5-甲氧基苯并 [d] 氢化呋喃-3-酮(3)、原儿茶醛(4)、1,5-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxyxanthone(5)、异鼠李素(6)、山奈酚(7)、8-羟基-2-甲基色原酮(8)、木犀草素(9)、槲皮素(10)、1-O-β-D-葡萄糖-(2S,3S,4R,8E)-2- [(2''R)-2''-羟基棕榈酰胺]-8-十八烯-1,3,4-三醇(11)、异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖苷(12)、异槲皮苷(13)、去甲当药醇苷(14)、木犀草素-6-C-α-L-阿拉伯糖苷(15)、山奈酚-3-O-β-D-半乳糖苷(16)、山奈酚-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(17)、木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(18)、异牡荆苷(19)、芦丁(20)。其中,化合物1、3、4、6、7、10、13、16、18、20均为首次从该植物中分离得到。(2)抗炎结果显示,化合物2-10、12、18、19均可显著抑制 LPS 诱导 RAW264.7 细胞NO释放量(P<0.05,P<0.01),其中化合物4、7、10、18在浓度为25 μmol·L^-1时,抑制率分别为57.37%、83.60%、68.16%、81.14%。该研究丰富了杏叶防风的化学成分,明确了黄酮类化合物是其发挥抗炎功效的活性成分,为杏叶防风的进一步研究与开发利用提供了一定的依据。     

广藿香内生真菌Ogataea sp. RW-S10次级代谢产物研究

为挖掘广藿香(Pogostemon cablin)内生真菌活性代谢产物,采用多种柱色谱分离方法从广藿香内生真菌Ogataea sp.RW-S10的次级代谢产物中分离得到7个化合物,根据波谱数据分别鉴定为ogataearin (1)、phenylalaninol (2)、对羟基苯乙酮(3)、bis(dethio)bis(methylsulfanyl) gliotoxin (4)、N-苯乙基乙酰胺(5)、lumichrome (6)和dehydroxypaxilline (7),其中化合物1为新化合物。化合物1具有α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,其IC₅₀值为39.38 μmol/L。     

甜茶的化学成分及其α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性研究

为探究甜茶(Rubus suavissimus)中具有α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的次级代谢产物,该文利用多种现代色谱分离技术对其干燥叶进行提取分离纯化,综合运用质谱、核磁共振波谱分析方法确定了单体化合物的结构,并对分离得到的化合物进行了α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的测试。结果表明:(1)从甜茶的干燥叶中分离鉴定出10个化合物,分别为甜茶苷(1)、山奈酚-3-O-洋槐糖苷(2)、没食子酸(3)、二聚松柏醇(4)、5-甲氧基二聚松柏醇(5)、云实酸(6)、斯替维单糖苷(7)、斯替维醇(8)、16α,17-二羟基对映贝壳杉烷(9)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(10),其中化合物2、4、5、9均为首次从甜茶中分离得到。(2)α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性测试结果显示,化合物2、3、5、6、10具有较强的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。该研究结果丰富了甜茶中具有α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的化合物,并为降血糖相关产品的开发提供了理论依据。     

荔枝核的五个苷类成分

通过溶剂分部和多种色谱分离,从荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)核中得到5个苷类成分。经光谱分析及与文献数据对照,分别鉴定为(-)-松脂素4-O-β- D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 (1)、苯乙基β- D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 (2)、乙基β- D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 (3)、乙基α- D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 (4)和胞苷 (5)。它们均为首次从荔枝核中分离得到。     

蛇含委陵菜的化学成分及抗炎活性研究

为了研究蛇含委陵菜(Potentilla kleiniana)的化学成分及其抗炎活性,该文利用D-101大孔树脂、硅胶及Toyopearl HW-40F等色谱技术对蛇含委陵菜60%乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,通过NMR和HR-ESI-MS波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构,采用小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW 264.7)体外炎症模型评价化合物的抗炎活性。结果表明:(1)从蛇含委陵菜中分离得到15个化合物,分别鉴定为2-(heptadecanoyloxy)propane-1,3-diyl distearate(1)、9,12,13-三羟基-10,15-十八碳二烯酸(2)、9,12,13-三羟基-10,15-十八碳二烯酸甲酯(3)、2,2''-氧代双(1,4-二叔丁苯)(4)、大黄素(5)、大黄酚(6)、(6R,9R)-3-酮-α-紫罗兰醇-9-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7)、新穿心莲内酯(8)、甲基-α-D-呋喃果糖苷(9)、1-O-β-D-吡喃果糖-α-D-吡喃阿洛糖苷(10)、对香豆酸(11)、cesternosides A(12)、koaburaside(13)、荭草素(14)、异荭草素(15),均首次从委陵菜属植物中分离得到。(2)抗炎实验结果显示,化合物1-3、8、11-15具有一定NO释放抑制活性,其中化合物8在 25 μmol·L^-1浓度下抑制率为72.5%。该研究丰富了蛇含委陵菜的植物化学信息,明确了脂肪酸衍生物、酚性成分及二萜类成分是其抗炎活性成分,为蛇含委陵菜的进一步开发利用提供了理论依据。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.