川西亚高山典型森林生态系统截留水文效应

截留是水文循环的一个重要过程,水文功能是森林生态系统功能的重要方面,林冠和枯落物截留实现对大气降水的二次分配过程.为深入认识生态系统截留的水文效应,采用野外观测和人工降雨模拟试验相结合的方法,研究了2008年和2009年5-10月贡嘎山亚高山峨眉冷杉中龄林、峨眉冷杉成熟林和针阔混交林的冠层枯落物截留能力.结果表明,峨眉冷杉中龄林2008年林冠截留率为20.9％,针阔混交林2008年和2009年林冠截留率分别为23.0％和23.6％,林冠截留率的年际间变化不大,林冠截留主要受到降雨特征影响.3种林型枯落物饱和持水能力分别为5.1、5.1和5.7 mm,显著高于林冠的饱和持水能力,但由于冠层的截留蒸发速率较高,林冠截留蒸发仍是生态系统截留蒸发的主要组成部分.     

鼎湖山3种演替群落凋落物及其水分特征及对比研究

对鼎湖山3种演替群落凋落物及其水分特征研究表明,凋落物现存量为针叶林＞混交林＞阔叶林,年凋落量阔叶林＞混交林＞针叶林,说明针叶林凋落物分解较阔叶林迟缓,针叶林凋落物中叶所占的比例最大,而阔叶林最小,枝和花果所占的比例以阔叶林最大,针叶林最小,与它们的林木分枝多少以及林冠幅度大小有关,凋落物的最大持水率为针叶林＞混交林＞阔叶林,但差异不明显,凋落物含水量以阔叶林最大,混交林次之,针叶林最小,与凋落物最大持水率恰恰相反,说明凋落物的含水量受林地环境条件的制约,凋落物饱和含水时相对自由水面蒸发率阔叶林为78．95％,混交林为82．45％,针叶林为91．22％,说明在相同的环境条件下,阔叶林凋落物水分损失较难,而针叶林凋落物水分损失较容易,这也是阔叶林具有较小的最大持水量而却有较大叶林凋落物态含水量的原因之一。     

Forest Gaps Alter the Total Phenol Dynamics in Decomposing Litter in an Alpine Fir Forest

The total phenol content in decomposing litter not only acts as a crucial litter quality indicator, but is also closely related to litter humification due to its tight absorption to clay particles. However, limited attention has been focused on the total phenol dynamics in foliar litter in relation to forest gaps. Here, the foliar litter of six representative tree species was incubated on the forest floor from the gap center to the closed canopy of an alpine Minjiang fir (Abies faxoniana) forest in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and eastern Tibetan Plateau. The dynamics of total phenol concentration in the incubated litter was measured from November 2012 to October 2014. Over two-year incubation, 78.22% to 94.06% of total phenols were lost from the foliar litter, but 52.08% to 86.41% of this occurred in the first year. Forest gaps accelerated the loss of total phenols in the foliar litter in the winter, although they inhibited the loss of total phenols during the growing season in the first year. In comparison with the effects of forest gaps, the variations of litter quality among different species were much stronger on the dynamics of total phenols in the second year. Overall, the loss of total phenols in the foliar litter was slightly higher in both the canopy gap and the expanded gap than in the gap center and under the closed canopy. The results suggest that the predicted decline in snow cover resulting from winter warming or vanishing gaps caused by forest regeneration will retard the loss of total phenol content in the foliar litter of alpine forest ecosystems, especially in the first decomposition year.     

中国西南季风常绿阔叶林不同恢复阶段凋落物动态分析

为探索季风常绿阔叶林不同恢复阶段群落凋落物产量及其动态变化规律,于云南普洱地区通过设置凋落物承接网并定期收集网内的凋落物,对中国西南季风常绿阔叶林区不同恢复阶段群落凋落物产量及其动态变化进行研究。结果表明:(1)不同恢复阶段季风常绿阔叶林年凋落物总量在8 133.1~8 798.3kg/hm2之间,年凋落物总量大小关系为恢复30年群落老龄林群落恢复40年群落。其中叶凋落量最高,其次为枝凋落量,两者贡献量超过总凋落量的3/4。(2)季风常绿阔叶林不同恢复阶段群落中凋落物随时间的动态变化趋势大致相同,2月份达到高峰值,随后逐渐减少,在9月份降至最低,随后又有所升高,为单峰或多峰曲线;在不同凋落物组分凋落量时间动态上,不同恢复阶段群落叶凋落量随月份变化均为单峰曲线;枝凋落量在恢复群落中为单峰曲线,而在老龄林中则为多峰曲线;皮凋落量随月份的变化在恢复30年及老龄林群落间均为单峰曲线,但在恢复40年群落中为平缓曲线,月份间变化不大;繁殖体凋落物在恢复30年及老龄林群落间均为多峰曲线,但在恢复40年群落中为单峰曲线;半分解物凋落量在恢复30年及老龄林群落中随月份呈单峰曲线,在恢复40年群落中则为多峰曲线。(3)在短刺栲、刺栲和红木荷3种优势物种中,短刺栲叶片年凋落量在所有群落中均最大(分别占恢复30年群落的53.93%、恢复40年群落的47.83%、老龄林的28.32%),红木荷次之(分别占恢复30年群落的8.45%、恢复40年群落的10.71%、老龄林的31.69%),刺栲最少(分别占恢复30年群落的6.1%、恢复40年群落的7.53%、老龄林的6.36%)。短刺栲叶凋落量随月份的变化在恢复群落中呈单峰曲线,而在老龄林中则呈现多峰曲线;红木荷在3种群落中则均为单峰曲线;刺栲则是在恢复30年及老龄林中呈单峰曲线,而在恢复40年群落中呈多峰曲线。     

西藏东南部色季拉山主要类型森林叶片和枯落物养分含量特征

为阐明不同生长年限森林叶片和不同分解程度枯落物养分含量特征,为植物-土壤养分循环研究提供科学依据。以藏东南色季拉山几种典型森林植被(雪山杜鹃(Rhododendron aganniphum)、海拔4000 m和3900 m区域急尖长苞冷杉(Abies georgei var. smithii)、川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides))为研究对象,分析了1年生和2年生植物叶片及不同分解程度枯落物有机碳(OC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)含量。结果表明:色季拉山森林叶片和枯落物OC含量表现为2年生叶片1年生叶片未分解枯落物(ND)半分解枯落物(SD)完全分解枯落物(CD),即老叶片以C积累为主,而枯落物OC含量随分解程度的增加而下降,叶片OC平均含量(68.5%)显著高于中国平均水平(45.5%);叶片N、P、K含量表现为1年生2年生,即新叶以N、P、K等营养物质的吸收积累为主。枯落物TN含量低于中国森林的平均水平(12.03 g/kg),而TP含量显著高于中国森林平均水平(0.74 g/kg),枯落物TN和TP以SD最高,即分解初期表现为净固定,而后期则呈净释放,TK含量随分解程度的增加而增加,表现为K的净固定;叶片C∶N,C∶P和C∶K表现为2年生1年生,枯落物C∶N,C∶P和C∶K随着分解程度的增加而显著降低;叶片N∶P处于较低水平(6.08),显著低于全球平均水平(16.0),表现出明显的N限制营养型;研究结果为科学阐明藏东南森林生态系统植被-土壤养分循环研究提供了数据支撑。     

Mass loss and nitrogen dynamics in decomposing acid forest litter in the Netherlands at increased nitrogen deposition

Litterbag experiments were carried out in five forest ecosystems in the Netherlands to study weight loss and nitrogen dynamics during the first two years of decomposition of leaf and needle litter. All forests were characterized by a relatively high atmospheric nitrogen input by throughfall, ranging from 22–55 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1.Correlation analysis of all seven leaf and needle litters revealed no significant relation between the measured litter quality indices (nitrogen and lignin concentration, lignin-to-nitrogen ratio) and the decomposition rate. A significant linear relation was found between initial lignin-to-nitrogen ratio and critical nitrogen concentration, suggesting an effect of litter quality on nitrogen dynamics.Comparison of the decomposition of oak leaves in a nitrogen-limited and a nitrogen-saturated forest suggested an increased nitrogen availability. The differences in capacities to retain atmospheric nitrogen inputs between these two sites could be explained by differences in net nitrogen immobilization in first year decomposing oak leaves: in the nitrogen-limited oak forest a major part (55%) of the nitrogen input by throughfall was immobilized in the first year oak leaf litter.The three coniferous forests consisted of two monocultures of Douglas fir and a mixed stand of Douglas fir and Scots pine. Despite comparable litter quality in the Douglas fir needles in all sites, completely different nitrogen dynamics were found.     

西南山区典型森林枯落物储量及持水能力

目前西南山区枯落物水源涵养能力的研究主要集中在单点尺度上,其结果难以用于评估整个西南山区枯落物储量及持水能力。本研究整理了2004—2021年西南山区站点尺度的研究结果,对比分析了西南山区3种典型森林(共16个研究点,70个数据)枯落物储量及持水特性。结果表明: 针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林枯落物持水过程整体变化趋势一致,均可分为3个阶段:迅速吸水→逐渐减慢→趋于稳定。但不同森林类型各阶段吸水速率和持续时间不同,阔叶林吸水速率最快,针叶林吸水速率最慢且达到稳定时所需时间最长。不同林型枯落物储量之间差异不显著,3种林型枯落物总储量介于8.26～8.82 t·hm^-2,半分解层枯落物储量显著的空间差异性造成了枯落物总储量显著的空间差异性。3种森林枯落物总最大持水量介于17.85～19.87 t·hm^-2,枯落物最大持水率介于200.6%～228.0%。不同森林枯落物最大持水量与枯落物储量均呈显著正相关。3种森林枯落物总有效拦蓄量介于11.66～12.29 t·hm^-2,枯落物总有效拦蓄率介于128.1%～145.2%。西南山区3种林型2种分解程度枯落物储量及持水能力差异均不显著。     

茂兰喀斯特森林主要演替群落的凋落物动态

对茂兰喀斯特森林3种主要演替群落——喀斯特原生乔木林、次生林和灌木林的凋落物数量、组成特征及季节动态变化进行了为期27个月的观测研究。结果表明, 茂兰喀斯特原生乔木林、次生林和灌木林的年平均凋落物量分别为4.503、3.505和2.912 t·hm^-2; 年总凋落物的叶、枝、花果和其他的比例分别为64.72%、14.60%、12.33%、8.35%; 74.28%、7.43%、10.88%、7.41%和75.94%、8.56%、12.93%、2.57%, 叶凋落物量占总凋落物量的64.72%-75.94%; 茂兰喀斯特森林3种演替群落凋落物的月动态变化规律均为双峰型, 峰值分别出现在生长季早期3-5月和休眠期10-12月。     

Biological decomposition efficiency in different woodland soils

The decomposition (meaning disappearance) of different leaf types and artificial leaves made from cellulose hydrate foil was studied in three forests — an alluvial forest (Ulmetum), a beech forest on limestone soil (Melico-Fagetum), and a spruce forest in soil overlying limestone bedrock. Fine, medium, and coarse mesh litter bags of special design were used to investigate the roles of abiotic factors, microorganisms, and meso- and macrofauna in effecting decomposition in the three habitats. Additionally, the experimental design was carefully arranged so as to provide information about the effects on decomposition processes of the duration of exposure and the date or moment of exposure.

1. Exposure of litter samples oor 12 months showed:
2. Litter enclosed in fine mesh bags decomposed to some 40–44% of the initial amount placed in each of the three forests. Most of this decomposition can be attributed to abiotic factors and microoganisms.
3. Litter placed in medium mesh litter bags reduced by ca. 60% in alluvial forest, ca. 50% in beech forest and ca. 44% in spruce forest.
4. Litter enclosed in coarse mesh litter bags was reduced by 71% of the initial weights exposed in alluvial and beech forests; in the spruce forest decomposition was no greater than observed with fine and medium mesh litter bags. Clearly, in spruce forest the macrofauna has little or no part to play in effecting decomposition.
5. Sequential month by month exposure of hazel leaves and cellulose hydrate foil in coarse mesh litter bags in all three forests showed that one month of exposure led to only slight material losses, they did occur smallest between March and May, and largest between June and October/November.
6. Coarse mesh litter bags containing either hazel or artificial leaves of cellulose hydrate foil were exposed to natural decomposition processes in December 1977 and subsampled monthly over a period of one year, this series constituted the From-sequence of experiments. Each of the From-sequence samples removed was immediately replaced by a fresh litter bag which was left in place until December 1978, this series constituted the To-sequence of experiments. The results arising from the designated From- and To-sequences showed:
7. During the course of one year hazel leaves decomposed completely in alluvial forest, almost completely in beech forest but to only 50% of the initial value in spruce forest.
8. Duration of exposure and not the date of exposure is the major controlling influence on decomposition in alluvial forest, a characteristic reflected in the mirror-image courses of the From- and To-sequences curves with respect to the abscissa or time axis. Conversely the date of exposure and not the duration of exposure is the major controlling influence on decomposition in the spruce forest, a characteristic reflected in the mirror-image courses of the From-and To-sequences with respect to the ordinate or axis of percentage decomposition.
9. Leaf powder amendment increased the decomposition rate of the hazel and cellulose hydrate leaves in the spruce forest but had no significant effect on their decomposition rate in alluvial and beech forests. It is concluded from this, and other evidence, that litter amendment by leaf fragments of phytophage frass in sites of low biological decomposition activity (eg. spruce) enhances decomposition processes.
10. The time course of hazel leaf decomposition in both alluvial and beech forest is sigmoidal. Three s-phases are distinguished and correspond to the activity of microflora/microfauna, mesofauna/macrofauna, and then microflora/microfauna again. In general, the sigmoidal pattern of the curve can be considered valid for all decomposition processes occurring in terrestrial situations. It is contended that no decomposition (=disappearance) curve actually follows an e-type exponential function. A logarithmic linear regression can be constructed from the sigmoid curve data and although this facilitates inter-system comparisons it does not clearly express the dynamics of decomposition.
11. The course of the curve constructed from information about the standard deviations of means derived from the From- and To-sequence data does reflect the dynamics of litter decomposition. The three s-phases can be recognised and by comparing the actual From-sequence deviation curve with a mirror inversion representation of the To-sequence curve it is possible to determine whether decomposition is primarily controlled by the duration of exposure or the date of exposure. As is the case for hazel leaf decomposition in beech forest intermediate conditions can be readily recognised.

     

改变凋落物输入对川西亚高山天然次生林土壤呼吸的影响

2019年5月-10月,采用LI-8100A土壤碳通量自动测量分析仪对川西米亚罗林区20世纪60年代采伐后经自然更新恢复形成的岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）次生针叶林（针叶林）、红桦（Betula albo-sinensis）+青榨槭（Acer davidii）+岷江冷杉次生针阔混交林（针阔混交林）和青榨槭+红桦+陕甘花楸（Sorbus koehneana Schneid）次生阔叶林（阔叶林）的土壤呼吸及土壤温湿度因子（对照、去除凋落物和加倍凋落物）进行观测。结果显示：去除和加倍凋落物对土壤温湿度的影响不显著,且3种林型之间的土壤呼吸速率差异不显著。与对照相比,去除凋落物使针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林的土壤呼吸速率分别降低了17.65%、21.01%和19.83%（P<0.05）;加倍凋落物则分别增加6.76%、7.28%、8.16%（P>0.05）。3种林分土壤呼吸速率均与土壤温度极显著指数相关,与土壤湿度不相关。对照Q₁₀值变幅为2.01-3.29,去除凋落物降低了3种林型的Q₁₀值;加倍凋落物分别提高了针叶林和降低了针阔混交林和阔叶林的Q₁₀值。土壤呼吸速率仅表现在天然次生林对照处理中受到土壤pH、有机质、可溶性有机氮和草本Pielou均匀度指数的显著影响。研究结果表明,天然次生阔叶林和针阔混交林凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献及Q₁₀值高于天然次生针叶林,说明在未来CO₂浓度及温度升高背景下,地表凋落物增加并未引起天然次生林土壤呼吸速率成倍增加,更有利于该区域天然次生林尤其是针叶林的土壤碳吸存。     

A quantitative study of the forest floor biomass,litter fall and nutrient return in a Pinus roxburghii forest in Kumaun Himalaya

The present paper reports on the forest floor biomass, litter fall, nutrient return and turnover of organic matter in a Pinus roxburghii forest in Kumaun Himalaya. Peak values of fresh leaf litter, partially decomposed litter and wood litter on the forest floor occurred in April, May and September, respectively. The relative contribution of partially decomposed material to total forest floor biomass remained greatest throughout the annual cycle. The biomass of herbaceous vegetation was maximal in September with a total annual net production of 151 g m^-2. The total annual litter fall was 895 g m^-2, of which tree, shrub and herb litters accounted for 82.4%, 0.6%, and 16.8%, respectively. Annual nutrient return in kg ha^-1 through litter fall amounted to 278.6 ash, 73.9 N, 5.5 P, 79.7 Ca, 15.1Mg, 20.7 K and 3.6Na. The turnover rate for tree litter was 48% and that for various nutrients on the forest floor ranged between 40–79%.     

高山森林林窗对凋落叶分解的影响

林窗对降水和光照等环境条件的再分配以及分解者群落的影响可能深刻作用于森林凋落物分解过程,但有关高山森林林窗大小对凋落物分解的影响尚无研究报道。采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了川西高山森林不同大小林窗对非生长季节和生长季节红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)凋落叶质量损失的影响。结果显示,经过1a的分解,不同生境下红桦和岷江冷杉凋落叶分别分解了27.25%—30.12%和27.04%—27.96%,其中非生长季节占53.83%—60.18%和50.23%—59.09%。林窗对红桦和岷江冷杉凋落叶质量损失的影响因物种不同而呈现季节差异。总体上,林窗加快了岷江冷杉凋落叶的分解而延缓了红桦凋落叶的分解。与郁闭林下相比,林窗显著增加了2种凋落叶非生长季节的质量损失速率,显著降低了生长季节2种凋落叶的质量损失速率;2种凋落叶质量损失速率在非生长季节随林窗面积增大而加快,在生长季节随林窗面积增大而减慢。林窗显著影响了初冻期、深冻期和融化期岷江冷杉凋落叶的质量损失率,但对红桦凋落叶质量损失率影响不显著。可见,高山森林凋落物分解过程受到林窗的显著影响,并且阔叶和针叶凋落叶在非生长季节和生长季节对林窗的响应具有明显差异。     

高山森林凋落物分解过程中的微生物生物量动态

凋落物分解过程中的微生物生物量动态对于深入了解森林凋落物分解机理具有重要意义。为了解高山森林典型树种凋落物分解过程中的微生物生物量特征,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了土壤冻结期(3月)、融冻期(4月-5月)、生长季节(5-10月)和冻结初期(11月)红桦(Betula albosinensi)、岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)和粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)凋落物分解过程的微生物生物量C(MBC)、微生物生物量N(MBN)和微生物生物量P(MBP)动态。四个关键时期,凋落物的MBC、MBN以生长季节最高,但非生长季节的三个关键时期也检测出较高的MBC、MBN。在融冻期结束后,三类凋落物分解过程中MBC和MBN均出现爆发性增长。然而,MBP在生长季节中期(8月)、完全冻结期(3月)和冻结初期(11月)均相对较低,但在融冻期和生长季节后期(9月)相对较高。另外,红桦凋落物的MBC、MBN和MBP含量均高于岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉凋落物(除4月粗枝云杉凋落物MBP异常升高外)。这些结果为更加清晰地认识高寒森林凋落物分解过程及机理,以及进一步理解陆地生态系统结构和功能提供了一定基础数据。     

冬季雪被对青藏高原东缘高海拔森林凋落叶P元素释放的影响

雪被是影响高海拔森林凋落物分解的重要生态因子,其是否影响到生长季节与非生长季节凋落物中的P元素释放,尚未量化。为了量化季节性雪被对高海拔森林凋落物分解过程中P元素释放的影响,于2010年10月至2012年10月间,在青藏高原东缘川西高海拔森林不同厚度冬季雪被斑块下,设置凋落物分解袋实验。检测该地区代表性树种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)、红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)、四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)和方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)凋落叶在雪被覆盖不同关键时期(雪被形成前期、完全覆盖期和消融期)以及生长季节的P元素动态。结果表明,凋落物质量与雪被厚度均显著影响了P元素的释放过程。雪被覆盖时期凋落物P元素释放率表现为有雪被覆盖大于无雪被覆盖,而生长季节中除岷江冷杉外的其他3种凋落物P元素释放率均为无雪被覆盖下最大。相对于无雪被覆盖斑块,冬季雪被的存在提供了保护绝缘层,促进凋落物P元素释放,提高了各物种冬季P元素释放贡献率。这些结果表明,全球变化情景下的雪被减少可能减缓高海拔森林凋落物P元素的释放过程,改变森林土壤P元素水平。所以在研究高寒、高海拔地区全球气候变化下生态系统功能的工作中,应注重雪被这一异质性环境因子对生态系统功能的影响。     

长白山北坡主要森林群落凋落物现存量月动态

以长白山北坡4种主要森林群落类型为研究对象,于2006年群落生长季节(5-10月)每月初采用直接收获法对森林凋落物现存量进行连续定位调查研究。结果表明:各群落内凋落物现存量大小依次为阔叶红松林(6.43 t/hm²)>白桦林(6.02 t/hm²)>云冷杉林(5.51 t/hm²)>山杨林(5.50 t/hm²);凋落叶和枝现存量占现存凋落物总量的比例最大,达50%以上,其次为半分解物(>35%),花果皮等所占比例较少,各占总量的10%和5%以下。凋落物现存量月动态阔叶红松林、白桦林和山杨林呈双峰型变化,峰值出现在5月和7月;云冷杉林则呈单峰型变化,峰值仅出现在7月。位于相近海拔高度的阔叶红松林、白桦林和山杨林,凋落物各组分现存量月动态变化趋势相似,其中白桦林和山杨林变化趋势基本相同,凋落枝、皮及半分解物现存量5月和7月较高,凋落叶则呈现下降趋势,而阔叶红松林凋落叶和枝现存量5月和7月较高,而位于较高海拔的云冷杉林,则与前者呈现不同变化趋势,8月前波动较大,从5月开始明显上升,7月达到峰值,8月后曲线渐趋平缓或略有下降。进一步对阔叶红松林和云冷杉林内凋落叶现存量月动态进行比较得出,阔叶红松林7月份凋落叶现存量高不完全取决于红松叶现存量,主要由色木槭、紫椴和水曲柳等阔叶树种叶凋落物现存量变化决定,而云冷杉林则取决于红松和云冷落叶的凋落物的量。     

季节性冻融期间亚高山森林凋落物的质量变化

凋落物质量是影响凋落物分解的重要生物因子,其在季节性冻融期间的变化可能对亚高山森林生态系统过程产生显著的影响。因此,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)和白桦(Betula platyphylla)凋落物质量在一个季节性冻融期间(2006年10月至2007年4月)的变化。季节性冻融期间,岷江冷杉和白桦凋落物的木质素(L)和纤维素的降解率为全年降解的70%-75%,岷江冷杉和白桦凋落物的C/N、L/N和纤维素/N均显著增加,而纤维素/P均有所降低。岷江冷杉凋落物的C/P和L/P有所增加,但白桦凋落物的C/P和L/P有所降低。可见,季节性冻融期间,亚高山森林凋落物的质量发生了较为显著的变化,其显著影响了亚高山凋落物分解过程。     

枯落物输入改变对森林生态系统土壤理化性质的影响

枯落物输入改变是影响森林生态系统土壤理化性质的一个重要因素,探究其对土壤理化性质的影响对了解和保护森林生态系统的稳定性至关重要。为探究森林生态系统土壤理化性质对枯落物输入改变的响应,对国内外已发表的研究论文中筛选出712组有效数据通过Meta分析,从枯落物输入改变、气候、海拔、林分类型、处理年限等因素揭示枯落物输入对土壤理化性质的影响程度。研究结果表明：枯落物添加使土壤pH降低2.22%;土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、铵态氮分别提高3.99%、15.9%、9.82%和16.52%;枯落物去除使土壤含水量、pH、有机碳、全氮、C/N、铵态氮分别降低8.16%、4.02%、6.47%、5.09%、10.55%和8.86%。枯落物输入改变对土壤理化性质的影响还受到气候、海拔、林分类型、处理年限等因素的调控。在枯落物输入改变条件下,气候、海拔、林分类型、处理年限等因素对土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、铵态氮均有显著的促进作用;海拔对土壤pH产生了显著的促进作用,而林分类型对土壤pH产生了抑制作用。同时得出枯落物输入改变条件下,年均温是土壤pH的主要调控因子,年均降水量是土壤含水量的主要调控因子;海拔是土...     

鼎湖山演替系列中代表性森林凋落物研究

研究鼎湖山演替毓中代表性森林－－季风常绿阔叶林（简称阔叶林）、针地混交林（简称混交林）和针叶林（或马尾松林）的调落物产量、组成特征和季节动态变化及其分解速率,结果表明：其年均调落物量（ｔ／ｈｍ＾２）分别为８．２８（７．５７～９．１２）、８．５０（７．８５～９．２６）和３．３１（２．４５～３．７４）;叶、枝和花果杂物的比例（％）分别为６１：１７：２２、６７：１６：１７和７８：４：１８;调落物的调落高     

甘肃小陇山不同针叶林凋落物量、养分储量及持水特性

通过野外实地观测和室内分析相结合的方法对甘肃小陇山地区6种主要针叶林凋落物层的蓄积量、持水特性及养分储量进行了调查,结果表明:云杉林凋落物层的蓄积量最大,松林次之,落叶松林最小。同一林分林下半分解层凋落物的持水能力比分解层强;在不同林分类型中,凋落物层的最大持水率、最大拦蓄率和有效拦蓄率的大小顺序为:落叶松林>松林>云杉林,而最大拦蓄量和有效拦蓄量的大小顺序为:云杉林>松林>落叶松林。同一林分类型中,分解层凋落物中养分储量最多,未分解层最少;不同林分类型中各个营养元素的储量均表现出:云杉林>松林>落叶松林。凋落物蓄积量与营养元素储量密切相关,最大持水量与凋落物储量和凋落物层各元素储量之间呈显著的正相关性。     

东北地区森林凋落叶分解速率与气候、林型、林分光照的关系

在东北长白山、张广才岭、小兴安岭、大兴安岭的主要森林类型中设置26块样地,进行为期3a(2004—2006年)凋落叶分解实验,以研究气候、林型、林冠透光率对凋落叶分解速率的相对影响大小。结果表明,不同林型凋落叶分解速率依次为:落叶阔叶林针阔叶混交林落叶针叶林常绿针叶林岳桦林。对分解速率影响因素的分析表明,气候因子(热量和水分)对分解速率有较强的解释力,分别解释了分解常数k和分解95%所需时间(t95%)的55.5%和65.0%的变异。但是,气候对分解速率的影响在很大程度上是通过与林型、林冠透光率的协同作用而实现的,其独立解释力并不大(9%)。气候的变化导致林型(物种组成)的变化、进而影响分解速率,这一因素解释了分解参数变异的46.8%(k)和56.8%(t95%)。与此同时,气候和林型的变化还导致林冠透光率的变化,随着热量水平的上升林冠透光率下降、间接提高分解速率。这一因素分别解释了k值和t95%变异的23.9%和22.3%。研究结果表明,气候对凋落叶分解的影响主要是通过对物种组成、林冠结构(影响透光率)等生物因素的间接作用实现的。忽视这些生物因素、简单研究气候和分解速率的关系可能难以正确预测未来气候变化对凋落物分解的影响。