北极海洋链霉菌604F的卤化酶基因克隆及特征

【目的】本研究旨在克隆来自北极海洋、具有合成卤化物潜力的链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)604F中的一个卤化酶基因,为后续克隆卤化物合成基因簇、分离鉴定卤化物提供指导。【方法】利用琼脂块法初步测试抗菌活性,借助液相色谱-飞行时间串联质谱技术(LC-Tof MS)初步寻找Streptomyces sp.604F发酵粗提液中的卤化物,并以简并PCR扩增合成次级代谢产物的指示基因(I型、II型聚酮合酶及非核糖体多肽合成酶编码基因);根据依赖黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸的卤化酶基因保守区设计的简并引物,扩增基因片段并测序分析;采用高效热不对称交错PCR(hiTAIL-PCR)技术扩增卤化酶基因全长。【结果】Streptomyces sp.604F具有较强的抗白色念珠菌活性,其基因组同时含有编码I型聚酮合酶、II型聚酮合酶和非核糖体多肽合成酶基因,以及卤化酶基因;通过染色体步移克隆该卤化酶基因全长,共1443 bp,编码一个新的非色氨酸卤化酶,在合成已知卤化物的卤化酶数据库中,与其同源关系最近的为一类参与合成糖肽类次级代谢产物的卤化酶。【结论】Streptomyces sp.604F具有新的非色氨酸卤化酶,且推测参与糖肽类化合物的卤化修饰,为后续寻找目的卤化物提供了指导,也为研究该合成基因簇奠定基础。     

黄素依赖型卤化酶及其应用研究进展

卤化物是农业、制药业和化学工业的重要原料,主要以化学法合成,该法具有环境不友好和合成条件苛刻等劣势。天然卤化物生物合成途径的关键酶为卤化酶,包括卤过氧化物酶(haloperoxidase,HPO)、α-酮戊二酸依赖型卤化酶(α-ketoglutarate dependent halogenase,KG-Hal)、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸依赖型卤化酶(S-adenosylmethionine-dependenthalogenase)和黄素依赖型卤化酶(flavin-dependent halogenase,FDH)。其中,黄素依赖型卤化酶因其分布广泛、具有底物特异性和卤化位点选择性,是最具开发潜力的卤化酶。因此,本文对黄素依赖型卤化酶的结构、类型、催化机制及其应用研究进展进行综述,对利用基因分析和基因筛选方法寻找新型黄素依赖型卤化酶进行了展望。本综述有助于拓展黄素依赖型卤化酶的类型及其催化机制的知识,推动黄素依赖型卤化酶及其酶工程的研究,为新型卤化物的合成提供技术思路。     

新型生物催化剂——卤醇脱卤酶

卤醇脱卤酶( halohydrin dehalogenase),也叫卤醇-卤化氢裂解酶,通过分子内亲核取代机制催化芳香族或者脂肪族邻卤醇转化为环氧化物和卤化氢,是微生物降解有机卤化合物的关键酶之一.有机卤化合物已成为当今重要环境污染物之一,主要是由于工业排废以及人工合成卤化物的广泛应用造成的.在自然界中,大部分异生质卤化物自降解能力很差,同时许多化合物被疑是致癌或高诱变物质.因此,应用微生物和脱卤酶降解有机卤化物己引起人们广泛的关注,在环境污染治理,特别是手性环氧化物合成方面等都具有十分重要的作用.     

海洋链霉菌Streptomyces sp.B-17卤化酶基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

海洋放线菌是生理活性物质重要的产生菌,而海洋放线菌产生的卤化酶可催化生理活性物质的卤化,极大提高了其抑菌和抗癌活性。从大连海域分离出1株链霉菌Streptomyces sp.B-17,从其基因组DNA中扩增一524 bp的基因片段,经与pMD-19T载体连接,转化大肠埃希菌JM109感受态细胞,重组质粒经鉴定证明正向插入到pMD-19T载体。生物信息学分析表明该序列与Actinocorallia herbida DSM 44252的2个依赖FADH2卤化酶基因的同源性为88%,拟编码氨基酸与色氨酸卤化酶(CP001848)的相似性也达到74%,证明所克隆的基因片段为卤化酶基因片段,为后续的基因功能分析及表达奠定了基础。     

黄素依赖型卤化酶的结构特点及工程改造*

卤化物是通过卤化酶催化卤族元素在有机化合物上特定位置发生取代形成的一类化合物,具有独特的生理生化作用。黄素依赖型卤化酶具有良好的区域选择性,虽然有相似的黄素分子的结合位点,但在底物结合方面略有不同,对其结构和合成途径及结合蛋白质工程的随机诱变和定向改造的研究在工业应用中至关重要。讨论了具有高区域选择性的黄素依赖型卤化酶的结构特点及工程改造,以及经过工程改造后黄素依赖型卤化酶在工业生产中的应用。     

蜚蠊肠道放线菌的卤化酶基因检测及初步分析

[目的]对159株蜚蠊肠道内生放线菌的卤化酶等相关基因进行检测和初步分析。[方法]活化蜚蠊肠道内生放线菌,制备各菌株基因组DNA,根据依赖黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸FADH2的卤化酶基因保守区设计简并引物,通过PCR扩增卤化酶基因片段,TA克隆后进行测序鉴定。在此基础上,对卤化酶阳性菌株进行聚酮合酶PKSⅠ和非核糖体多肽合成酶NRPS等2个次级代谢产物生物合成主要基因进行检测。[结果]159株蜚蠊肠道放线菌有84株含有卤化酶基因,占比52.83%;卤化酶基因阳性放线菌中71株含有PKSⅠ基因,70株含有NRPS,占比分别为84.52%、83.33%。[结论]蜚蠊肠道含有较丰富的卤化酶基因阳性放线菌,可作为未来分离卤化活性物质的微生物资源。     

不同生境放线菌的卤化酶基因分析及其对卤代产物筛选的意义

摘要：【目的】在基因水平上分析并比较陆地来源与海洋来源的放线菌产生卤化代谢产物的潜力。【方法】基于依赖黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸的卤化酶基因筛选,从经过表型去重复的70株陆地来源和71株海洋来源的放线菌中,通过PCR筛选获得卤化酶基因片段,并进行测序鉴定;通过卤化酶氨基酸序列的系统发育分析,比较不同来源放线菌的卤化酶序列,以及海洋链霉菌和小单孢菌的卤化酶序列。另外,对卤化酶阳性菌株进行了聚酮合酶和非核糖体多肽合成酶基因的检测。【结果】本研究中36.6%的海洋放线菌具有卤化酶基因,其阳性率远高于本研究所涉及的陆地放     

色氨酸卤化酶研究进展

能催化卤代反应的卤化酶,因其具有高效、选择性好、反应条件温和的特点受到广泛关注。其中色氨酸卤化酶是研究最多的一类酶,它的特点是可以有选择性地卤化色氨酸,主要包括氯化和溴化。而卤代化合物具有多种生物活性,在医药、化工等领域有着广泛的应用。本文主要介绍了色氨酸卤化酶的来源和种类,酶学性质及其异源表达的研究现状;重点阐述了其结构和功能之间的相互关系及催化机理;并对色氨酸卤化酶的应用以及未来发展方向进行了展望,以期为色氨酸卤化酶的开发应用提供参考。     

卤代酶与生物卤化反应进展

卤化物在生物圈内广泛存在,许多天然卤化物广泛应用在药理学领域。根据催化机理,催化形成C-X键的卤代酶（halogenases）主要分为两大类型：卤代过氧化物酶（haloperoxidases）和黄素依赖型卤代酶（flavin—dependent halogenases）,另外还有非血红素Fe（Ⅱ）／α-酮戊二酸盐依赖型卤代酶（non—heme Fe^3／α-ketoglutarate（aKG）-dependentha logenases）、甲基卤代转移酶（methyl halide transferases）和氟化酶（fluorinases）等。本文综述了目前已知的卤代酶的发现、分子作用机制和生物催化潜力。近年来,卤代酶在生物卤化过程中的重要生物学功能已经引起了广泛关注。利用组合生物合成、定向进化等现代生物技术合成有价值的天然卤代衍生物将有广阔的应用前景。     

腾冲嗜热杆菌热稳定海藻糖磷酸化酶的基因表达与酶的分子生物学性质研究

分离克隆了腾冲嗜热杆菌(Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis)海藻糖磷酸化酶(TreP)的编码基因(treP), 该酶可催化以葡萄糖和α-1-磷酸葡萄糖为底物的海藻糖合成反应及其逆向的分解反应. 反向mRNA点杂交实验表明, 腾冲嗜热杆菌中treP基因在高盐胁迫条件下表达量增加, 而在海藻糖诱导条件下表达量降低. 将该基因导入不含TreP的大肠杆菌中进行诱导表达, SDS-PAGE表明, 异源表达的TreP分子量约为90 kD, 与预期值相同. 通过葡萄糖氧化酶法测定分解产物葡萄糖的产率表明: TreP催化海藻糖分解反应的最适温度是70℃, 最适pH值为7.0; 通过HPLC检测合成产物海藻糖的产率表明: TreP催化合成反应的最适温度为70℃, 最适pH值为6.0. 在最适反应条件下, 50 μg的TreP粗酶可催化25 mmol/L α-1-磷酸葡萄糖与葡萄糖在30 min合成11.6 mmol/L海藻糖; 而同量的酶在同样时间内仅能将250 mmol/L海藻糖分解生成1.5 mmol/L葡萄糖. 以上体内胁迫和诱导表达分析及体外酶学性质分析均证明该酶的主要功能是催化海藻糖的合成反应. 热稳定性实验表明, 该酶性质比较稳定, 在50℃下温育7 h还能保持77%以上的活性, 是一个有潜在工业用途的新的热稳定海藻糖合成酶.     

Genomic Mining for Novel FADH2-Dependent Halogenases in Marine Sponge-Associated Microbial Consortia

Many marine sponges (Porifera) are known to contain large amounts of phylogenetically diverse microorganisms. Sponges are also known for their large arsenal of natural products, many of which are halogenated. In this study, 36 different FADH₂-dependent halogenase gene fragments were amplified from various Caribbean and Mediterranean sponges using newly designed degenerate PCR primers. Four unique halogenase-positive fosmid clones, all containing the highly conserved amino acid motif “GxGxxG”, were identified in the microbial metagenome of Aplysina aerophoba. Sequence analysis of one halogenase-bearing fosmid revealed notably two open reading frames with high homologies to efflux and multidrug resistance proteins. Single cell genomic analysis allowed for a taxonomic assignment of the halogenase genes to specific symbiotic lineages. Specifically, the halogenase cluster S1 is predicted to be produced by a deltaproteobacterial symbiont and halogenase cluster S2 by a poribacterial sponge symbiont. An additional halogenase gene is possibly produced by an actinobacterial symbiont of marine sponges. The identification of three novel, phylogenetically, and possibly also functionally distinct halogenase gene clusters indicates that the microbial consortia of sponges are a valuable resource for novel enzymes involved in halogenation reactions.     

Chloramphenicol Biosynthesis: The Structure of CmlS, a Flavin-Dependent Halogenase Showing a Covalent Flavin-Aspartate Bond

Chloramphenicol is a halogenated natural product bearing an unusual dichloroacetyl moiety that is critical for its antibiotic activity. The operon for chloramphenicol biosynthesis in Streptomyces venezuelae encodes the chloramphenicol halogenase CmlS, which belongs to the large and diverse family of flavin-dependent halogenases (FDH’s). CmlS was previously shown to be essential for the formation of the dichloroacetyl group. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of CmlS determined at 2.2 Å resolution, revealing a flavin monooxygenase domain shared by all FDHs, but also a unique ‘winged-helix’ C-terminal domain that creates a T-shaped tunnel leading to the halogenation active site. Intriguingly, the C-terminal tail of this domain blocks access to the halogenation active site, suggesting a structurally dynamic role during catalysis. The halogenation active site is notably nonpolar and shares nearly identical residues with Chondromyces crocatus tyrosyl halogenase (CndH), including the conserved Lys (K71) that forms the reactive chloramine intermediate. The exception is Y350, which could be used to stabilize enolate formation during substrate halogenation. The strictly conserved residue E44, located near the isoalloxazine ring of the bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor, is optimally positioned to function as a remote general acid, through a water-mediated proton relay, which could accelerate the reaction of the chloramine intermediate during substrate halogenation, or the oxidation of chloride by the FAD(C4α)-OOH intermediate. Strikingly, the 8α carbon of the FAD cofactor is observed to be covalently attached to D277 of CmlS, a residue that is highly conserved in the FDH family. In addition to representing a new type of flavin modification, this has intriguing implications for the mechanism of FDHs. Based on the crystal structure and in analogy to known halogenases, we propose a reaction mechanism for CmlS.     

棉花GhVHA A基因的原核表达及其重组大肠杆菌的抗逆性分析

为进一步验证棉花GhVHA-A基因的功能,该研究将棉花GhVHA-A基因构建到原核表达载体pET28a上,利用IPTG诱导其在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中高效表达,同时对重组大肠杆菌BL21(pET28a-GhVHA-A)进行抗逆性分析。结果表明:(1)半定量RT-PCR分析发现,棉花幼苗液泡膜H+-ATPase基因(GhVHA-A)表达水平受脱水和高盐胁迫诱导。(2)将1 872bp长的编码区序列连接至原核表达载体pET28a上,成功构建了原核表达载体pET28a-GhVHA-A;SDS-PAGE电泳检测结果表明,在70kD左右处有1条特异表达的蛋白质条带,与预期的目的产物大小一致。(3)重组菌BL21(pET28a-GhVHA-A)的抗逆性分析发现,重组菌对PEG6000(20%)和NaCl(0.5mol/L)的抗性明显高于对照菌株BL21(pET28a),表明GhVHA-A基因在大肠杆菌中表达后能够增强菌株的抗性。本研究结果为GhVHA-A基因在植物抗逆基因工程中的应用提供了理论依据。     

Halogenase genes in nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene clusters of Microcystis (cyanobacteria): sporadic distribution and evolution

Cyanobacteria of the genus Microcystis are known to produce secondary metabolites of large structural diversity by nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) pathways. For a number of such compounds, halogenated congeners have been reported along with nonhalogenated ones. In the present study, chlorinated cyanopeptolin- and/or aeruginosin-type peptides were detected by mass spectrometry in 17 out of 28 axenic strains of Microcystis. In these strains, a halogenase gene was identified between 2 genes coding for NRPS modules in respective gene clusters, whereas it was consistently absent when the strains produced only nonchlorinated corresponding congeners. Nucleotide sequences were obtained for 12 complete halogenase genes and 14 intermodule regions of gene clusters lacking a halogenase gene or containing only fragments of it. When a halogenase gene was found absent, a specific, identical excision pattern was observed for both synthetase gene clusters in most strains. A phylogenetic analysis including other bacterial halogenases showed that the NRPS-related halogenases of Microcystis form a monophyletic group divided into 2 subgroups, corresponding to either the cyanopeptolin or the aeruginosin peptide synthetases. The distribution of these peptide synthetase gene clusters, among the tested Microcystis strains, was found in relative agreement with their phylogeny reconstructed from 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer sequences, whereas the distribution of the associated halogenase genes appears to be sporadic. The presented data suggest that in cyanobacteria these prevalent halogenase genes originated from an ancient horizontal gene transfer followed by duplication in the cyanobacterial lineage. We propose an evolutionary scenario implying repeated gene losses to explain the distribution of halogenase genes in 2 NRPS gene clusters that subsequently defines the seemingly erratic production of halogenated and nonhalogenated aeruginosins and cyanopeptolins among Microcystis strains.     

鼠肝炎冠状病毒非结构蛋白1及其突变体的原核表达

目的:构建鼠肝炎冠状病毒(MHV)非结构蛋白1(NSP1)及其突变体(NSP1 mu)的原核重组表达质粒,在大肠杆菌中分别融合表达重组NSP1及NSP1 mu。方法:以现有质粒载体为模板,扩增编码NSP1及NSP1 mu的基因片段,并克隆至pMD18-T克隆载体;菌落PCR鉴定阳性克隆并测序分析;将阳性克隆的目的片段亚克隆至表达载体pET-28a,并转化大肠杆菌TOP10感受态细胞,PCR和双酶切鉴定转化菌落;将阳性质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞并加入IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹分析目的蛋白的表达。结果:PCR扩增得到表达NSP1及NSP1 mu的特异片段,并克隆到pMD18-T载体,测序结果正确无误;构建了NSP1和NSP1 mu的重组表达质粒,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中分别融合表达了重组NSP1及NSP1 mu,表达的目的蛋白均能与His单克隆抗体特异结合;用Ni-NTA琼脂糖试剂盒纯化重组蛋白,获得可溶性的NSP1及NSP1 mu,相对分子质量分别为27×103和28×103。结论:在大肠杆菌中分别表达并纯化获得了大量可溶性重组NSP1及NSP1 mu。     

GAS41蛋白的表达、抗体制备及其亚细胞定位

GAS41是新发现的与神经胶质瘤密切相关的基因。为了对该基因进行深入的功能研究,成功地将GAS41基因构建于原核表达载体pQE—N3,转化BL21（DE3）获得融合表达产物。对含融合蛋白的包含体进行溶解和复性,通过免疫新西兰大白兔获得兔抗GAS41多克隆抗体。采用Western印迹技术,用该抗体检测GAS41基因的原核和真核表达产物,证明该抗体有较好的针对GAS41蛋白的专一性,可用于对GAS41的结构和功能研究。同时,用该抗体通过荧光免疫细胞进行定位分析发现,GAS41蛋白均匀分布于COS7细胞的细胞核中,提示GAS41可能是一个重要的转录因子。     

T4多聚核苷酸激酶的原核表达、纯化及初步应用

原核表达、纯化T4多聚核苷酸激酶,并尝试将纯化的T4 PNK用于短探针序列的连接。本研究以合成的pseT基因为模板,PCR扩增出带有NdeⅠ和Bam HⅠ位点的目的片段,构建pseT-pET-15b原核表达载体,并转入E. coli ER2566中诱导表达。Ni-Agarose亲和层析柱纯化重组蛋白后,再进行Western blot鉴定。用纯化后再浓缩的T4 PNK参与探针连接反应,并设置商品T4 PNK和阴性对照。PCR扩增成功获得大于900 bp的目的基因片段,原核表达载体pseT-pET-15b构建成功,经诱导表达的重组蛋白分子量大小约为35 kD,Western blotting确认蛋白表达正确,浓缩后的蛋白浓度达到826μg/m L。电泳结果显示,重组T4 PNK在探针连接中效果较好。本研究成功表达并纯化了可溶性的T4多聚核苷酸激酶,且具有较好的活性,该蛋白可进一步用于后续大批量探针连接反应或其他相关研究,具有一定实际应用价值。     

Specific chlorination of isoquinolines by a fungal flavin-dependent halogenase

Rdc2 is the first flavin-dependent halogenase identified from fungi. Based on the reported structure of the bacterial halogenase CmlS, we have built a homology model for Rdc2. The model suggests an open substrate binding site that is capable of binding the natural substrate, monocillin II, and possibly other molecules such as 4-hydroxyisoquinoline (1) and 6-hydroxyisoquinoline (2). In vitro and in vivo halogenation experiments confirmed that 1 and 2 can be halogenated at the position ortho to the hydroxyl group, leading to the synthesis of the chlorinated isoquinolines 1a and 2a, respectively, which further expands the spectrum of identified substrates of Rdc2. This work revealed that Rdc2 is a useful biocatalyst for the synthesis of various halogenated compounds.     

牛脑液泡型质子泵70kD和33kD亚基基因的表达

已分离了编码牛脑液泡型质子泵的70kD亚基的cDNA,利用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增了70kD亚基的编码片段,同时直接从牛脑cDNA库中得到了33kD亚基的编码片段.分别将相应片段连接到PET载体上完成70kD和33kD亚基基因在大肠杆菌中的表达.SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和蛋白质印迹分析表明70kD和33kD亚基基因均得到明显表达.