生物质炭化还田对稻田温室气体排放及土壤理化性质的影响

通过水稻种植田间试验,研究了水稻秸秆直接还田、水稻秸秆与生活垃圾炭化后还田对稻田温室气体CH4、CO2和N2O排放及土壤理化性质和水稻产量的影响.结果表明:与直接还田相比,秸秆炭化后还田可显著降低稻田CH4和N2O的累积排放量,降幅分别为64.2%～78.5%和16.3%～18.4%.与不添加生物炭相比,无论种植水稻与否,添加秸秆炭和垃圾炭均显著降低了稻田N2O的累积排放量;不种植水稻情况下,添加垃圾炭显著降低了稻田CO2的累积排放量,降幅为25.3%.秸秆炭对提高稻田土壤pH和速效钾含量的作用优于垃圾炭.两种生物炭均能显著提高稻田土壤有机碳含量,但对土壤容重、全氮、有效磷、阳离子交换量及水稻籽粒产量均未产生显著影响.与秸秆直接还田相比,秸秆炭化后还田对水稻增产的效果更佳.     

短期秸秆颗粒还田对小麦-玉米系统作物产量与土壤呼吸的影响

秸秆直接还田易造成土秸混合度差、秸秆腐解慢和幼苗群体质量差等问题,不利于作物稳产和增产.秸秆颗粒具有还田性能好、还田质量高的优点,但还田后对作物生长和土壤碳排放特征的影响仍不清楚.通过田间微区试验,以秸秆不还田和常规粉碎还田为对照,分析了秸秆颗粒还田对冬小麦和夏玉米籽粒产量、还田一年内土壤呼吸速率和土壤碳排放效率的影响,为改进秸秆还田方式提供理论依据.结果表明: 秸秆颗粒还田显著提高了冬小麦和夏玉米籽粒产量,其周年作物产量较秸秆不还田和常规粉碎还田分别显著提高14.0%和5.8%.秸秆颗粒还田促进土壤碳排放,其小麦生长季和玉米生长季土壤呼吸速率和碳累积排放量显著高于秸秆不还田.与常规粉碎还田相比,秸秆颗粒还田显著提高了冬小麦生长季土壤呼吸速率和碳累积排放量15.2%和8.9%,但夏玉米生长季两者无显著差异.此外,秸秆颗粒还田降低了土壤呼吸温度敏感指数(Q₁₀),提高了土壤碳排放效率.与秸秆不还田和常规粉碎还田相比,秸秆颗粒还田土壤呼吸敏感指数显著降低22.6%和10.1%,周年土壤碳排放效率提高2.3%和1.9%.可见,秸秆颗粒还田短期内显著促进土壤碳排放,但由于较高的作物产量,其碳排放效率能维持在较高水平.在黄淮海粮食主产区,秸秆颗粒还田可以作为一种新型的秸秆还田方式,但其土壤碳排放的长期效应仍需进一步研究.     

秸秆不同还田方式对棕壤N_2O排放和土壤理化性质的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究秸秆炭化还田和直接还田对棕壤旱田氧化亚氮(N2O)排放和相关土壤理化性质的影响。试验设单施化肥(对照CK)、化肥+玉米秸秆直接还田(CS)、化肥+玉米秸秆炭化还田(BC)3个处理,各处理均施用等量化肥。结果表明:(1)各处理土壤N2O排放量差异显著,表现为CKCSBC,BC和CS处理分别比CK降低38.9%和24.0%;(2)BC处理N2O排放强度显著降低,分别比CS和CK处理降低35.0%和39.2%,而CS与CK处理N2O排放强度差异不显著;(3)CS和BC处理均可显著降低土壤容重和氨氧化潜势,增加土壤p H、速效钾和有机碳含量;(4)相关分析结果表明,N2O排放量与土壤温度、土壤容重和氨氧化潜势均呈显著正相关,与土壤p H、硝态氮含量和土壤有机碳含量呈负相关。     

玉米和大豆秸秆还田初期对黑土CO2排放的影响

通过恒温培养试验,研究了不同类型秸秆还田后的土壤CO₂排放特征及其与秸秆C、N含量的关系,以明晰黑土区不同类型秸秆还田后的分解特征,探明还田秸秆的C、N含量对固碳效果的影响.结果表明： 在61 d的培养试验中,土壤CO₂排放速率随时间呈现出“下降 稳定 增大(出现‘较高值’) 下降”的过程.不同类型秸秆还田后土壤CO2排放速率随时间变化的特征存在明显差异,主要体现在“较高值”出现和持续的时间不同.秸秆类型对土壤CO₂累积排放量具有显著影响,前21 d和前61 d的土壤CO2累积排放量对秸秆添加的响应不同.在前21 d,玉米根、玉米茎下部、玉米叶、大豆叶的CO₂累积排放量(约160 μmol·g^-1)显著大于其他秸秆;而除大豆叶外,大豆秸秆61 d的CO₂累积排放量均比玉米秸秆大.前21 d CO₂累积排放量与秸秆含碳量的比值(CR)和秸秆的C/N、含氮量之间均呈显著的线性相关;而61 d的CO₂累积排放量与秸秆的C、N含量之间不存在线性关系.综上,在还田条件下,秸秆类型对土壤CO₂的排放有明显影响;大豆秸秆比玉米秸秆容易分解,但与长时间分解不同,大豆秸秆还田最初阶段的分解速率小于玉米秸秆;秸秆的C/N、含氮量只对还田最初阶段的土壤CO₂排放有较大影响.     

玉米和大豆秸秆还田初期对黑土CO2排放的影响

通过恒温培养试验,研究了不同类型秸秆还田后的土壤CO₂排放特征及其与秸秆C、N含量的关系,以明晰黑土区不同类型秸秆还田后的分解特征,探明还田秸秆的C、N含量对固碳效果的影响.结果表明： 在61 d的培养试验中,土壤CO₂排放速率随时间呈现出“下降 稳定 增大(出现‘较高值’) 下降”的过程.不同类型秸秆还田后土壤CO2排放速率随时间变化的特征存在明显差异,主要体现在“较高值”出现和持续的时间不同.秸秆类型对土壤CO₂累积排放量具有显著影响,前21 d和前61 d的土壤CO2累积排放量对秸秆添加的响应不同.在前21 d,玉米根、玉米茎下部、玉米叶、大豆叶的CO₂累积排放量(约160 μmol·g^-1)显著大于其他秸秆;而除大豆叶外,大豆秸秆61 d的CO₂累积排放量均比玉米秸秆大.前21 d CO₂累积排放量与秸秆含碳量的比值(CR)和秸秆的C/N、含氮量之间均呈显著的线性相关;而61 d的CO₂累积排放量与秸秆的C、N含量之间不存在线性关系.综上,在还田条件下,秸秆类型对土壤CO₂的排放有明显影响;大豆秸秆比玉米秸秆容易分解,但与长时间分解不同,大豆秸秆还田最初阶段的分解速率小于玉米秸秆;秸秆的C/N、含氮量只对还田最初阶段的土壤CO₂排放有较大影响.     

有机物料还田对双季稻田土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响

有机物料还田是提升农田土壤有机碳、培肥土壤的重要措施。为探讨不同有机物料的还田效果,采用室外培养方法,研究了在等碳输入条件下,施用水稻秸秆、紫云英、生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭对洞庭湖双季稻区潮土有机碳和活性有机碳组分含量的影响。结果表明: 经过180 d的培养试验,与不施用有机物料相比,施用有机物料提高了土壤活性有机碳含量。生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭处理分别使土壤有机碳含量显著提升了26.1%、9.7%和30.7%,水稻秸秆和紫云英对土壤有机碳含量的提升效应在试验期间并不显著。水稻秸秆和紫云英还田更有利于土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳的积累,猪粪更有利于土壤可溶性有机碳的积累,生物有机肥更有利于土壤微生物生物量碳和易氧化有机碳的积累,水稻秸秆生物炭则更有利于土壤微生物生物量碳和轻组有机碳的积累。与水稻秸秆还田相比,紫云英、生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭还田使土壤碳库管理指数分别提高了31.8%、111.6%、62.2%和50.7%。从土壤固碳和土壤碳库管理指数来看,生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭的还田效果优于水稻秸秆和紫云英还田。     

玉米秸秆还田配施生防放线菌S024对麦田土壤微生物及小麦纹枯病的影响

采用大田人工接种的方法,研究了玉米秸秆不同还田量以及玉米秸秆还田与生防放线菌S024同时施用对麦田土壤微生物、小麦纹枯病和小麦产量的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆还田能够显著增加土壤细菌和放线菌数量;秸秆还田同时施用生防菌,拔节期土壤放线菌数量与不还田(对照)相比,平均增加50%,土壤中小麦纹枯病菌的数量与对照相比减少了20%。秸秆还田处理在拔节期对小麦纹枯病有较好的防病效果,其中生防菌+秸秆加倍还田(9000kg.hm-2)处理的防病效果最好,病情指数减退率达57.4%。玉米秸秆还田对小麦有一定增产作用,其中生防菌+秸秆加倍还田处理增产幅度最大,增产23.1%。     

不同冬季覆盖作物对双季稻田土壤有机碳的影响

以冬闲-双季稻种植模式为对照(CK),分析了黑麦草-双季稻(Ry)、紫云英-双季稻(Mv)、马铃薯-双季稻(Po)和油菜-双季稻(Ra)5种不同种植模式下冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田后对0～5、5～10、10～20 cm土壤有机碳、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数和有机碳储量的影响.结果表明:与CK处理相比,黑麦草、紫云英、马铃薯和油菜秸秆还田处理均提高了稻田0～5、5～10、10～20 cm土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,其中Po处理最高.冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田均提高了稻田不同层次土壤的碳库活度、碳库活度指数、碳库指数和土壤碳库管理指数,其大小顺序均表现为Po>Mv>Ry>Ra>CK.不同冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田处理与CK处理相比均有利于提高稻田不同层次土壤有机碳储量,其中以紫云英秸秆还田的效果最好,黑麦草和马铃薯次之;各处理稻田土壤有机碳储量均随土壤深度的增加而递增.     

关中平原麦玉轮作体系作物秸秆不同还田模式下土壤有机碳和无机碳库变化特征

为探究不同秸秆还田模式对土壤碳库的影响,以陕西关中平原连续11年麦玉秸秆还田定位试验为基础,选择5种还田模式,即秸秆均不还田(CK)、小麦高留茬-玉米秸秆粉碎还田(WH-MC)、小麦玉米秸秆均粉碎还田(WC-MC)、小麦高留茬-玉米秸秆不还田(WH-MN)和小麦秸秆粉碎还田-玉米秸秆不还田(WC-MN),测定不同模式土壤有机碳(SOC)、活性碳组分和无机碳(SIC)在0～40 cm土层的分布。结果表明: 与CK相比,WH-MC和WC-MC的SOC储量分别增加28.1%和22.2%,SIC储量分别增加20.4%和17.3%;与试验初始土壤碳储量相比,各还田模式SOC固持量变化为-0.84～6.55 t·hm^-2,SIC固持量为-0.26～8.61 t·hm^-2;土壤总固碳效率为7.5%,维持土壤初始碳储量水平的最小碳投入量为4.65 t·hm^-2·a^-1;与CK相比,WH-MC和WC-MC显著提升0～20 cm土层活性碳组分含量。主成分分析表明,不同还田模式下土壤碳库变化主要受秸秆投入量的影响。来源于灌溉水和植物残体的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺与SOC矿化产生的CO₂可共沉淀形成CaCO₃,可能是本研究SIC增加的主要机制。从提高土壤碳固持角度来看,小麦高留茬-玉米秸秆粉碎还田模式为最佳还田模式。     

关中平原作物秸秆不同还田方式对土壤有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响

以关中平原持续4年的小麦、玉米（麦玉）秸秆还田中长期定位试验为基础,研究了麦玉秸秆9种不同还田方式对土壤总有机碳（TOC）、活性有机碳（LOC）含量和活性有机碳分配比例（LOC/TOC）、总有机碳储量（SCS）及碳库管理指数（CPMI）的影响.结果表明： 麦玉秸秆还田均可显著提高土壤（0～30 cm）TOC、LOC含量和SCS,且土壤有机碳主要集中于耕层（0～20 cm）;麦玉秸秆双季还田的TOC、LOC含量和SCS显著高于单季还田和双季均不还田,其中,与双季均不还田相比,小麦秸秆粉碎还田 玉米秸秆深松还田的TOC、LOC含量和SCS提高幅度最显著.在0～10和10～20 cm土层中,小麦秸秆粉碎还田 玉米秸秆深松还田的CPMI显著高于其他处理,其中,小麦秸秆粉碎还田较其不还田可使CPMI提高19.1%和67.9%,玉米秸秆深松还田较其不还田可提高22.6%和32.4%.相关性分析显示,CPMI较LOC/TOC更能有效表征0～30 cm土层土壤有机碳的固持和转化关系.从提高本地区土壤有机碳固持量角度来看,小麦秸秆粉碎还田 玉米秸秆深松还田为最佳还田方式.     

植物、土壤及土壤管理对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的研究是近年来土壤生态学研究的热点。本文综述了有关植物、土壤类型以及土壤管理措施对土壤微生物群落结构影响的最新研究结果,指出植物的作用因植物群落结构多样性、植物种类、同种植物不同的基因型,甚至同一植物不同根的区域而异;而土壤的作用与土壤质地和有机质含量等因素有关;植物和土壤类型在对土壤微生物群落结构影响上的作用存在互作关系。不同的土壤管理措施对土壤微生物群落结构影响较大,长期连作、大量的外援化学物质的应用降低了土壤微生物的多样性;而施用有机肥、免耕可以增加土壤微生物群落结构多样性,有利于维持土壤生态系统的功能。     

Estimating respiration of roots in soil: Interactions with soil CO2, soil temperature and soil water content

Little information is available on the variability of the dynamics of the actual and observed root respiration rate in relation to abiotic factors. In this study, we describe I) interactions between soil CO₂ concentration, temperature, soil water content and root respiration, and II) the effect of short-term fluctuations of these three environmental factors on the relation between actual and observed root respiration rates. We designed an automated, open, gas-exchange system that allows continuous measurements on 12 chambers with intact roots in soil. By using three distinct chamber designs with each a different path for the air flow, we were able to measure root respiration over a 50-fold range of soil CO₂ concentrations (400 to 25000 ppm) and to separate the effect of irrigation on observed vs. actual root respiration rate. All respiration measurements were made on one-year-old citrus seedlings in sterilized sandy soil with minimal organic material.Root respiration was strongly affected by diurnal fluctuations in temperature (Q₁₀ = 2), which agrees well with the literature. In contrast to earlier findings for Douglas-fir (Qi et al., 1994), root respiration rates of citrus were not affected by soil CO₂ concentrations (400 to 25000 ppm CO₂; pH around 6). Soil CO₂ was strongly affected by soil water content but not by respiration measurements, unless the air flow for root respiration measurements was directed through the soil. The latter method of measuring root respiration reduced soil CO₂ concentration to that of incoming air. Irrigation caused a temporary reduction in CO₂ diffusion, decreasing the observed respiration rates obtained by techniques that depended on diffusion. This apparent drop in respiration rate did not occur if the air flow was directed through the soil. Our dynamic data are used to indicate the optimal method of measuring root respiration in soil, in relation to the objectives and limitations of the experimental conditions.     

生物质炭对水稻土团聚体微生物多样性的影响

生物质炭施用对土壤微生物群落结构的影响已有报道,但土壤团聚体粒组中微生物群落对生物质炭施用的响应的研究还相对不足。以施用玉米秸秆生物质炭两年后的水稻土为对象,采用团聚体湿筛法,通过高通量测序对土壤团聚体的微生物群落结构与多样性进行分析,结果表明:(1)与对照相比,生物质炭施用显著促进了大团聚体(2000—250μm)的形成,并提高了团聚体的稳定性。(2)不同粒径团聚体间微生物相对丰度存在显著差异。在未施生物质炭的处理(C0)中,随着团聚体粒径增大,变形菌门、子囊菌门、β-变形杆菌目、格孢腔菌目的相对丰度逐渐降低,而酸杆菌门、担子菌门、粘球菌目、类球囊霉目的相对丰度逐渐升高。(3)生物质炭施用显著改变了团聚体间的微生物群落结构。与C0处理相比,生物质炭施用处理的大团聚体中变形菌门、鞭毛菌门和β-变形杆菌目的相对丰度分别显著提高了14.37%、33.28%和33.82%;微团聚体(250—53μm)中酸杆菌门、子囊菌门和粘球菌目的相对丰度分别显著降低了20.15%、19.93%和17.66%;粉、黏粒组分(<53μm)中担子菌门的相对丰度升高90.25%,而子囊菌门和鞭毛菌门的相对丰...     

The porosity of soil aggregates from bulk soil and from soil adhering to roots

Summary Total porosity and pore-size distribution (p.s.d.) were determined in soil aggregates taken in plots planted with maize and treated with farmyard manure and three rates of compost. Soil aggregates were collected from the soil adherent to the maize roots (root soil aggregates) and from bulk soil (bulk soil aggregates). Mercury intrusion porosimetry was used to evaluate the total porosity and the p.s.d. Treatments did not affect the total porosity of the bulk soil aggregates. The same was observed for the root soil aggregates. However the total porosity of the root soil aggregates was always lower than that of the bulk soil aggregates. The loss of total porosity was found to be due to a decrease in the percentage of larger pores with respect to the total.     

Available soil nitrogen in relation to fractions of soil nitrogen and other soil properties

The available N of 27 soils from England and Wales was assessed from the amounts of N taken up over a 6-month period by perennial ryegrass grown in pots under uniform environmental conditions. Relationships between availability and the distribution of soil N amongst various fractions were then examined using multiple regression. The relationship: available soil N (mg kg^–1 dry soil)=(N_min×0.672)+(N_inc×0.840)+(N_mom×0.227)–5.12 was found to account for 91% of the variance in available soil N, where N_min=mineral N, N_inc=N mineralized on incubation and N_mom=N in macro-organic matter. The N mineralized on incubation appeared to be derived largely from sources other than the macro-organic matter because these two fractions were poorly correlated. When availability was expressed in terms of available organic N as % of soil organic N (N_ao) the closest relationship with other soil characteristics was: N_ao=[N_inc×(1.395–0.0347×CN_mom]+[N_mom×0.1416], where CN_mom=CN ratio of the macro-organic matter. This relationship accounted for 81% of the variance in the availability of the soil organic N.The conclusion that the macro-organic matter may contribute substantially to the available N was confirmed by a subsidiary experiment in which the macro-organic fraction was separated from about 20 kg of a grassland soil. The uptake of N by ryegrass was then assessed on two subsamples of this soil, one without the macro-organic matter and the other with this fraction returned: uptake was appreciably increased by the macro-organic matter.     

Linking soil bacterial biodiversity and soil carbon stability

Native soil carbon (C) can be lost in response to fresh C inputs, a phenomenon observed for decades yet still not understood. Using dual-stable isotope probing, we show that changes in the diversity and composition of two functional bacterial groups occur with this ‘priming'' effect. A single-substrate pulse suppressed native soil C loss and reduced bacterial diversity, whereas repeated substrate pulses stimulated native soil C loss and increased diversity. Increased diversity after repeated C amendments contrasts with resource competition theory, and may be explained by increased predation as evidenced by a decrease in bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies. Our results suggest that biodiversity and composition of the soil microbial community change in concert with its functioning, with consequences for native soil C stability.Substrate inputs can stimulate decomposition of native soil organic carbon (SOC; Kuzyakov et al., 2000), a phenomenon known as the ‘priming effect'' (Kuzyakov, 2010), and is considered large enough to influence ecosystem C balance (Wieder et al., 2013). Two functionally distinct groups of microorganisms are postulated to mediate priming: one that grows rapidly utilizing labile C, and one that grows slowly, breaking down recalcitrant SOC (Fontaine et al., 2003; Blagodatskaya et al., 2007). However, distinguishing these groups is technically challenging. Here, we used dual-stable isotope probing with ¹³C-glucose and ¹⁸O-water to identify bacteria in these two groups growing in response to single and repeated pulses of glucose. Organisms that utilize labile C for growth assimilate both ¹³C-glucose and ¹⁸O-water into their DNA, whereas organisms that grow using SOC incorporate only ¹⁸O-water. Differential isotope incorporation leads to a range of DNA densities separable through isopycnic centrifugation, which can then be characterized by sequencing (Radajewski et al., 2000).We sequenced fragments of bacterial 16S rRNA genes following single and repeated glucose pulses. We hypothesized that the single pulse of labile C would stimulate growth of opportunistic organisms, thus immobilizing nutrients and suppressing growth and diversity of the SOC-utilizing community, decreasing SOC decomposition (negative priming), a response analogous to that observed in plant communities in response to chronic N additions (Tilman, 1987; Clark and Tilman, 2008). We hypothesized that multiple glucose additions would stimulate growth of a more diverse bacterial community, including more native SOC-utilizing organisms that possess enzymes to decompose recalcitrant compounds, causing positive priming (Fontaine et al., 2003; Kuzyakov, 2010).Soil from a ponderosa pine ecosystem was amended weekly for 7 weeks with 500 μg C-glucose per gram soil (2.65 atom % ¹³C) in 100 μl deionized water or with 100 μl deionized water (n=5). Measurements of δ¹³C–CO₂ and [CO₂] enabled the partitioning of CO₂ into that derived from added glucose or from native SOC (C_SOC):where C_total is CO₂–C from glucose-amended samples, δ_total is the δ¹³C–CO₂ from glucose-amended samples, δ_glucose is the δ¹³C of the added glucose and δ_SOC is the δ¹³C–CO₂ evolved from the non-amended samples. Priming was calculated as the difference between SOC oxidation of the amended and non-amended samples. With this approach, any evolved CO₂ carrying the ¹³C signature of the added glucose is considered respiration of glucose, including ¹³C-labeled biomass and metabolites derived from prior glucose additions. Thus, this approach quantifies priming as the oxidation of SOC present at the beginning of the experiment, consistent with many other studies of priming (Cheng et al., 2003; De Graaff et al., 2010).In a parallel incubation for dual-stable isotope probing, the repeated-pulse samples received unlabeled glucose (500 μg C-glucose per gram soil) for 6 weeks while the non-amended and single-pulse samples received sterile deionized water. In week 7, samples received one of four isotope treatments (n=3): 97 atom % H₂ ¹⁸O (non-amended soil), 99 atom % ¹³C-glucose and 97 atom % H₂ ¹⁸O (single- and repeated-pulse soil), ¹²C-glucose and 97 atom % H₂ ¹⁸O (repeated-pulse soil) or ¹²C-glucose and H₂ ¹⁶O (repeated-pulse soil). After incubating for 7 days, soil was frozen at −40 °C. DNA was extracted, separated through isopycnic centrifugation, and two density ranges were sequenced for the bacterial 16S rRNA gene (Supplementary Figure 1): 1.731–1.746 g ml⁻¹ (hereafter called the SOC-utilizing community) and 1.759–1.774 g ml⁻¹ (hereafter called the glucose-utilizing community).Amplicons of the V3–V6 16S rRNA region were bar coded with broad-coverage fusion PCR primers and pooled before sequencing on a Genome Sequencer FLX instrument. These sequence data have been submitted to the GenBank database under accession number SRP043371. Data were checked for chimeras (Edgar et al., 2011), demultiplexed and quality checked (Caporaso et al., 2010). Taxonomy was assigned to genus at the ⩾80% bootstrap confidence level (Cole et al., 2009).We used the Shannon''s diversity index (H′), commonly used in microbial systems (Fierer and Jackson, 2006), to assess changes in microbial diversity. Analysis of variance was used to compare the amount of DNA within densities between isotope treatments (Supplementary Figure 2) and to test the effects of the treatments on the Shannon''s diversity (Figure 2) and Pielou''s evenness (Supplementary Figure 3) of the active bacterial communities, with post hoc Student''s t-tests, α=0.05. PRIMER 6 and PERMANOVA were used to create the nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination and to compare bacterial communities between glucose treatments and the two sequenced density ranges.The single pulse of glucose suppressed SOC oxidation, whereas repeated pulses increased SOC oxidation (Figure 1). Few experiments to date have examined priming in response to repeated substrate amendments (Hamer and Marschner, 2005; Qiao et al., 2014), even though in nature soil receives repeated substrate pulses from litterfall and rhizodeposition. Our results demonstrate the dynamic response of SOC decomposition to repeated labile C inputs.Open in a separate windowFigure 1Weekly priming rates calculated as the difference in SOC respired between glucose-amended and non-amended soil (n=5).Dual-stable isotope probing was able to separate the growing bacteria into two groups with distinct DNA densities (P<0.001, PERMANOVA; Figure 3a), indicating differential uptake of ¹³C-glucose and ¹⁸O-water. In response to the initial glucose addition, the diversity of the growing glucose- and SOC-utilizing bacterial communities declined compared with the non-amended community (P<0.001, t-tests; Figure 2), driven by a strong decrease in evenness (Supplementary Figure 3). In the SOC-utilizing community, where DNA was labeled with ¹⁸O only, the relative abundance of Bacillus increased 4.9-fold compared with the non-amended control to constitute 31.6% of the community (Figure 3b). Bacillus survives well under low-nutrient conditions (Panikov, 1995), and is able to synthesize a suite of extracellular enzymes capable of degrading complex substrates (Priest, 1977), traits that are conducive for using SOC for growth. In the glucose-utilizing community, where DNA was labeled with both ¹³C and ¹⁸O, Arthrobacter increased 67.7-fold relative to the non-amended control to constitute 75.5% of the growing bacteria (Figure 3b). In culture experiments, Arthrobacter can rapidly take up and store glucose for later use (Panikov, 1995) and here we find it dominating the high-density DNA fractions, signifying that it is using the labeled glucose to grow. The increased biomass of Arthrobacter may have resulted in greater resource competition, thus reducing the diversity of the growing community, as is frequently found in plant communities (Bakelaar and Odum, 1978; Clark and Tilman, 2008).Open in a separate windowFigure 2Shannon''s diversity index (H′) of the non-amended, single-pulse, and repeated-pulse treatments (n=3) in the SOC- (mid-density) and glucose-utilizing (high-density) communities. Treatments with the same letter are not significantly different from each other (Student''s t, α=0.05).Open in a separate windowFigure 3(a) Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination showing differences in growing bacterial communities at the genus taxonomic level in the SOC-utilizing (mid-density; open symbols) and glucose-utilizing (high-density; closed symbols) groups of non-amended (Δ), single-pulse (○) and repeated-pulse (□) treatments (n=3). (b) Pie charts of genera in the SOC- and glucose-utilizing communities of the single- and repeated-pulse treatments (n=3). Genera with relative abundances >5% are listed in the figure legend.After repeated glucose amendments, the diversity of the growing community recovered to non-amendment levels (Figure 2) without strongly dominant organisms (Figure 3b and Supplementary Figure 3). The higher diversity found after repeated glucose pulses may be explained by trophic interactions where predators graze on prey populations that have been enlarged by resource addition, suppressing competition between prey species and causing secondary mobilization of nutrients (Clarholm, 1985). The decrease in total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies in the repeated-pulse—compared with the single-pulse—treatment (Supplementary Figure 4) supports predation as a potential mechanism explaining the observed diversity increase after repeated glucose pulses.The recovery of diversity after repeated glucose pulses contrasts with resource competition theory (Tilman, 1987). When chronic additions of a limiting resource are applied, species diversity and evenness typically decrease (Bakelaar and Odum, 1978; Clark and Tilman, 2008) because competitive organisms become dominant. We observed this after the single glucose pulse, but not after repeated pulses. This diversity response may be the result of community shifts facilitated by short bacterial life cycles and the tens to hundreds of generations expected during the 7-week incubation (Behera and Wagner, 1974). In contrast, systems on which most ecological theory is based (for example, plants) might achieve perhaps 20 generations in a multi-decadal field experiment (Bakelaar and Odum, 1978; Clark and Tilman, 2008). With more generations, more community dynamics can occur, including increased resource cascades in which extracellular enzymes, metabolites or lysed cells of one functional group increase substrates for another (Blagodatskaya and Kuzyakov, 2008). Our results highlight the opportunity to test ecological theories in microbial ecosystems (Prosser et al., 2007), particularly as the short life cycles of microbes makes them well suited for pursuing ecological questions in an evolutionary framework (Jessup et al., 2004).The priming effect is ubiquitous, yet its drivers remain elusive. Our results suggest that changes in the diversity and composition of the growing bacterial community contribute to priming, and thus that ecosystem properties such as soil C storage may be sensitive to soil microbial biodiversity.     

耕作方式对潮土土壤团聚体微生物群落结构的影响

为探究不同耕作方式对潮土土壤团聚体微生物群落结构和多样性的影响,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法测定了土壤团聚体中微生物群落。试验设置4个耕作处理,分别为旋耕+秸秆还田(RT)、深耕+秸秆还田(DP)、深松+秸秆还田(SS)和免耕+秸秆还田(NT)。结果表明:与RT相比,DP处理显著提高了原状土壤和>5 mm粒级土壤团聚体中真菌PLFAs量和真菌/细菌,为真菌的繁殖提供了有利条件,有助于土壤有机质的贮存,提高了土壤生态系统的缓冲能力;提高了5～2 mm粒级土壤团聚体中细菌PLFAs量,降低了土壤革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌,改善了土壤营养状况;提高了<0.25 mm粒级土壤团聚体中微生物丰富度指数。总的来说,深耕+秸秆还田(DP)对土壤团聚体细菌和真菌生物量有一定的提高作用,并且在一定程度上改善了土壤团聚体微生物群落结构,有利于增加土壤固碳能力和保持土壤微生物多样性。冗余分析结果表明,土壤团聚体总PLFAs量、细菌、革兰氏阴性菌和放线菌PLFAs量与土壤有机碳相关性较强,革兰氏阳性菌PLFAs量与总氮相关性较强。各处理较大粒级土壤团聚体微生物群落主要受碳氮比、含水量、pH值和团聚体质量分数的影响,较小粒级土壤团聚体微生物群落则主要受土壤有机碳和总氮的影响。     

酸性硫酸盐土水改旱后土壤化学性状的变异初报

探讨了酸性硫酸盐水稻土改为旱作后土壤化学性状的变异以及比较不同利用方式之间的经济效益．结果表明,酸性硫酸盐水稻土改种甜玉米和蔬菜后,土壤化学性状发生显著变化．耕层土壤酸度、水溶性硫酸根含量、土壤活性铝和活性铁含量均显著降低．经济效益得到显著提高．建议对水改旱后的环境效应进行深入研究以及进行定位观测,以便合理利用这一特殊的土壤资源