Encapsulation of Enrofloxacin in Liposomes I: Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of LUV

Liposomes are effectively used in the treatment of microbial infections. Higher cellular uptake has been reported when antibiotics are encapsulated in liposomes. In this study, enrofloxacin (ENF) was encapsulated in large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) and the effects of formulation variables on the liposome characteristics were investigated. Liposomes were prepared using dry lipid film method. A number of variables such as molar ratios of phospholipid (DPPC; DL‐α‐phosphatidylcholine dipalmitoyl), cholesterol, ENF and amount of α‐tocopherol and the volumes of internal (chloroform) and external phases [phosphate buffered saline PBS (pH 7.4)] were studied. In vitro characterization of the liposomes including the encapsulation capacity, size and drug release properties were carried out. Using of this method, spherical LUV liposomes with high drug content could be produced. Particle size of liposomes changed between 3.12 and 4.95 µm. The molar ratios of DPPC, cholesterol and ENF affected the size of the liposome (p < 0.05). The drug encapsulation capacities were high and changed between 37.1% and 79.5%. The highest ENF encapsulation was obtained with the highest cholesterol content. An increase in the drug encapsulation capacity of the liposome was found with increasing molar ratios of DPPC, cholesterol and ENF (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the release of ENF from the liposomes decreased as the molar ratios of DPPC, cholesterol and ENF increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a convenient colloidal carrier for the controlled release of ENF can be prepared by changing the formulation parameters of LUVs.     

CHOP在三氧化二砷诱导SMMC-7721 凋亡中的作用

目的:探讨CHOP在三氧化二砷(Arsenic Trioxide,As_2O_3)诱导肝癌细胞系SMMC-7721凋亡中的作用。方法:通过MTT法观察不同浓度的As_2O_3对肝癌细胞系SMMC-7721增殖活性的影响;通过流式细胞术检测不同浓度的As_2O_3作用后,SMMC-7721细胞的凋亡率;以Western-blot方法检测As_2O_3处理SMMC-7721细胞后,内质网应激相关蛋白GRP78,CHOP的变化。通过CHOP siRNA沉默CHOP后,观察As_2O_3对SMMC-7721细胞凋亡的影响。结果:As_2O_3能显著抑制SMMC-7721细胞的增殖活性,并呈剂量依赖性诱导SMMC-7721细胞的凋亡;Western blot结果显示三氧化二砷诱导内质网应激相关蛋白的表达。CHOP siRNA沉默CHOP后能够显著抑制As_2O_3对SMMC-7721细胞凋亡的诱导。结论:As_2O_3诱导SMMC-7721细胞凋亡可能与其诱导CHOP表达有关。     

三氧化二砷联合氨氯地平对肝癌HepG2细胞体外作用的实验研究

目的:探讨三氧化二砷与氨氯地平单独用药及联合用药对肝癌Hep G2细胞增殖和凋亡的作用。方法:用不同浓度的三氧化二砷(4.0、2.0、1.0μmol/L)和氨氯地平(27×103、18×103、12×103 mg/m L)处理体外培养的人肝癌Hep G-2细胞,观察细胞形态的变化,采用CCK-8法检测两种药物单独及联合应用对Hep G-2细胞生长增殖的影响,并通过流式细胞术观察其对细胞凋亡及细胞周期的影响。结果:三氧化二砷和氨氯地平均可以浓度依赖性方式显著增加Hep G2细胞的生长抑制率及其凋亡率,以联合用药的作用较单独用药更显著(P0.05)。与三氧化二砷和氨氯地平单独用药相比,联合用药可显著阻滞Hep G2细胞于G2期及S期。结论:三氧化二砷和氨氯地平均可显著抑制人肝癌Hep G2细胞的生长和增殖,并促进其凋亡,且二者联合应用时具有协同作用。     

探讨As2O3诱导人胃癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡过程中AKT相关 抗凋亡通路表达情况

目的:探讨三氧化二砷诱导胃癌细胞凋亡过程中,对AKT相关抗凋亡通路表达的影响。方法:分别用不同浓度(0μmol/L、7.5μmol/L、10μmol/L、12.5μmol/L和15μmol/L)三氧化二砷(As_2O_3)溶液处理胃癌细胞48 h,倒置显微镜观察细胞凋亡情况,并用Western blot方法检测p70S6kα、p-p70S6kα、p70S6kβ(S6蛋白激酶β,Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinaseβ)、p-p70S6kβ、rpS6、p-rpS6、p-BAD、BAD、p-GSK3β、GSK3β及NF-κB2等蛋白的表达情况与As_2O_3作用浓度之间的关系。结果:随As_2O_3作用细胞的浓度增大,p70S6kα、p-p70S6kα、p70s6kβ、p-p70S6kβ、p-BAD、p-GSK3β、NF-κB2蛋白的表达减少,rpS6、p-rpS6、GSK3β蛋白表达增多,各组间数据经统计学分析,P值均0.05,具有统计学意义。BAD蛋白的表达无明显改变,P0.05。结论:As_2O_3诱导人胃癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡机制中包括AKT相关的多个抗凋亡途径的激活,AKT在其中发挥重要作用。     

三氧化二砷栓塞联合肝动脉介入治疗转移性肝癌的疗效并33例临床观察

目的：观察并探讨三氧化二砷碘油栓塞联合置管介入化疗治疗转移性肝癌的临床效果。方法：选取辽宁省肿瘤医院介入治疗科2008-2010年收治的转移性肝癌患者33例,进行肝动脉造影及间接门脉造影,根据肝动脉造影或门脉造影结果,根据肝动脉供血情况分别采取肝动脉化疗栓塞及肝动脉灌注化疗方法治疗,3．4周为1治疗周期,共完成4个治疗周期,治疗结束后评价患者,陆床有效率,随访半年、1年、2年患者生存率。结果：①介入治疗后,患者,临床症状均改善,KPS得分明显高于化疗前（P〈0．05）,临床总有效率81．82％。②随访半年、1年、2年生存率分别为90．9l％、66．67％、33.33％,肝动脉化疗栓塞组患者中远期生存率明显高于肝动脉灌注化疗的患者。结论：三氧化二砷可从多角度抑制癌细胞,临床应用安全有效;对于不能手术和不适宜手术的转移性肝癌患者,根据肝动脉供血情况和特点选择合适的介入治疗,可获得满意疗效。     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病合并弥散性血管内凝血亚砷酸诱导治疗疗效分析

目的:探索急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)合并弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)患者亚砷酸(ATO)诱导治疗的疗效及治疗过程中凝血相关临床特征及实验室指标的变化情况。方法:前瞻性收集我院血液内科2014年7月-2016年12月期间收治的初诊和复发APL合并DIC患者24例,于给予ATO诱导治疗前(第0周)及治疗第1、2、3周,血液学完全缓解(HCR)时完善相关检查。每例患者设立正常对照1名。结果:24名患者中初发21例,复发3例,所有患者均有出血症状。最常见出血为皮肤粘膜出血。经过ATO诱导治疗后,21例患者(87.5%)达HCR,2例患者死于脑出血,1例患者达部分缓解。患者第0周(治疗前)凝血酶原时间(PT)显著延长,D-二聚体(DD),纤维蛋白原(FIB)显著降低,纤维蛋白原降解产物(FDP)明显增高(P0.001),ATO治疗1周时出血症状、PT、FIB基本纠正,DD、FDP改善明显,但DD、FDP直到HCR时仍高于正常。结论:ATO单药治疗APL合并DIC的HCR率高,并能在1周内迅速减轻凝血紊乱,但患者达HCR时凝血紊乱仍不能完全纠正。PT、FIB、DD、FDP可作为判断ATO治疗APL合并DIC疗效的重要参数。     

三氧化二砷对急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞微粒数量及促凝活性的影响

目的:观察急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)细胞来源微粒(APL-MP)的促凝活性、表面组织因子(TF)表达情况、TF在其促凝活性中发挥的作用及分化治疗药物三氧化二砷(ATO)对上述指标有何影响。方法:选取3例初发APL患者,提取骨髓APL细胞,3名缺铁性贫血患者提取骨髓单个核细胞作为对照。分别用不同浓度ATO处理APL细胞24 h、48 h、72 h,收集细胞培养液提取微粒。采用流式细胞术对微粒进行定量分析并进行微粒表面TF表达情况检测;利用凝血实验比较不同组细胞释放微粒的促凝血活性;应用抗TF抗体抑制微粒促凝血活性实验检测TF在APL-MP的促凝血活性中发挥多大作用。结果:1.0μM及2.0μM ATO能显著促进APL细胞释放微粒。与正常骨髓来源单个核细胞释放的微粒相比,骨髓APL-MP的TF表达及促凝活性均显著增高,0.5μM及1.0μM ATO处理可以有效降低APL-MP的TF表达及促凝活性,且这一作用呈时间依赖性。各组APL-MP经抗TF抗体孵育后凝血时间显著延长。结论:APL-MP的TF表达和促凝学活性均显著增高,并且TF在APL-MP的促凝血活性中发挥着重要作用。ATO能显著促进APL细胞释放微粒,低浓度ATO可以有效降低APL-MP的TF表达及促凝血活性。     

三氧化二砷栓塞联合肝动脉介入治疗转移性肝癌的疗效并33 例 临床观察*

摘要目的：观察并探讨三氧化二砷碘油栓塞联合置管介入化疗治疗转移性肝癌的临床效果。方法：选取辽宁省肿瘤医院介入治 疗科2008-2010 年收治的转移性肝癌患者33 例,进行肝动脉造影及间接门脉造影,根据肝动脉造影或门脉造影结果,根据肝动脉 供血情况分别采取肝动脉化疗栓塞及肝动脉灌注化疗方法治疗,3-4 周为1 治疗周期,共完成4 个治疗周期,治疗结束后评价患 者临床有效率,随访半年、1 年、2 年患者生存率。结果：①介入治疗后,患者临床症状均改善,KPS得分明显高于化疗前（P＜ 0.05）,临床总有效率81.82%。②随访半年、1 年、2 年生存率分别为90.91%、66.67%、33.33%,肝动脉化疗栓塞组患者中远期生存 率明显高于肝动脉灌注化疗的患者。结论：三氧化二砷可从多角度抑制癌细胞,临床应用安全有效;对于不能手术和不适宜手术 的转移性肝癌患者,根据肝动脉供血情况和特点选择合适的介入治疗,可获得满意疗效。     

三氧化二砷对K562/A02 细胞的凋亡及细胞周期的影响

目的:研究三氧化二砷对多药耐药急性白血病细胞株K562/A02凋亡与细胞周期的影响及可能机制。方法:取阿霉素(Adr)的耐药白血病细胞株分为未加药的对照组及加入不同浓度的三氧化二砷(其终浓度为4.0μmol/L、5.0μmol/L)组,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡及细胞周期分布,Western blot方法检测不同浓度三氧化二砷对K562/A02细胞核NF-κBp65蛋白水平。结果:与对照组比较,三氧化二砷可显著增加Adr对K562/A02细胞凋亡率,阻滞细胞于G0/G1期,降低K562/A02细胞胞核中NF-kB p65的表达(P均<0.05)。结论:三氧化二砷可能是通过抑制NF-kB的胞内活化转位,从而促进K562/A02细胞凋亡及抑制细胞增殖。     

持续缓慢静脉输注三氧化二砷治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病的临床护理效应

目的:观察持续缓慢输注三氧化二砷(As_2O_3)治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)病人的临床护理效应。方法:对196例急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者(APL)给予持续缓慢静脉输注As_2O_3治疗,每例患者As_2O_3日治疗总量按0.16mg/kg计算,As_2O_3注射液10毫克(10 mg/支),加入5%葡萄糖500毫升(或生理盐水500毫升)静脉滴注,8-10滴/分钟,每次滴注约18-21小时,连续用药28-50天,至完全缓解(CR)。同时,注重心理护理,加强输液管理,在用药过程中严密观察药物的毒副作用和对不良反应的及时对症护理等措施。结果:177例病人完全缓解(CR),完全缓解率达90.3%。结论:应用持续缓慢静脉输注As_2O_3治疗APL,实施积极有效的护理措施是取得显著疗效的重要环节。     

三氧化二砷对肝癌细胞系SMMC-7721凋亡及 Smac caspase-9、caspase-3 蛋白表达的影响

目的：研究三氧化二砷（As203）对人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721的促凋亡作用及对Smac、caspase-9、caspase-3表达的影响。方法：人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721经As20,处理,共分为四组,分别为空白对照组、低剂量组、中等剂量组、高剂量组。分别采用MTT、Hoechst33258染色法、Annexin V-FITC／PI双染法观察其对SMMC．7721细胞增殖的抑制,凋亡细胞核的形态学变化,以及诱导凋亡作用;采用Westemblot法检测凋亡相关蛋白Smac、caspase-9、caspase-3表达的变化。结果：MTT显示：As203在体外能明显抑制SMMC-7721的生长,具有时间剂量依赖关系,与空白对照组相比,其余三组细胞生存率明显下降,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;Hoechst33258显示细胞呈明显的凋亡细胞形态学特征,具有剂量依赖性;AnnexinV-FITC／PI双染法显示：As203作用24小时可诱导SMMC-7721细胞凋亡,且呈剂量依赖性,与空白对照组相比（2．69±0．58）,其余三组（4．01±0．58）、（5．99±1．69）、（9．26±2．34）差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;Westernblot显示：As2O3作用SMMC-7721细胞24小时,Smac、caspase-9、caspase-3表达上升,呈剂量依赖性,与空白对照组相比,其余三组蛋白表达量明显增加,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：-定量的As203能抑制SMMC-7721细胞增殖,促进其凋亡,其机制可能与调控Smac、caspase-9、caspase-3表达有关。     

Arsenic trioxide and neuroblastoma cytotoxicity

The majority of aggressive forms of the childhood tumor neuroblastoma can with current treatment protocols not be cured and possess a major challenge in pediatric oncology. After initial rounds of chemotherapy, surgery and irradiation, which in most cases result in tumor regression, these aggressive neuroblastomas relapse and frequently develop drug resistance. As approximately 50% of the children with neuroblastoma have an aggressive form, there is a compelling demand for new treatment strategies. Arsenic trioxide has the capacity to kill multidrug-resistant neuro-blastoma cells in vitro and in vivo and the drug is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this report we discuss the background to the use of arsenic trioxide in cancer therapy and the currently known mechanisms by which arsenic trioxide kills human neuroblastoma cells.     

凋亡和周期基因芯片研究As2O3对NB4细胞凋亡相关基因表达谱的影响

目的:利用细胞凋亡和周期基因芯片研究As₂O₃作用前后NB4细胞基因表达谱的差异性,寻找As₂O₃诱导NB4细胞凋亡的相关基因并分析其可能机制。方法:流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,抽提对照及诱导组细胞的mRNA,通过逆转录将As₂O₃处理前后的NB4细胞cDNA进行生物素标记,用含269个目的基因的细胞凋亡和周期基因芯片进行杂交,GEArray软件分析,筛选出As₂O₃诱导前后表达有差异的基因。芯片结果用荧光定量聚合酶链反应(realtimepolymerasechainreaction)进行验证。结果:筛选出As₂O₃作用前后表达有差异的基因共100条(占芯片基因总数的37.2%),其中97条(97/100,97%)基因表达上调,3条(3/100,3%)基因表达下调。表达上调的基因主要包括肿瘤坏死因子配体和受体家族、bcl2家族、半胱氨酸家族、DNA损伤检测和P53途径以及细胞分裂周期蛋白和激酶等基因。结论:As₂O₃主要通过上调促凋亡基因表达来诱导NB4细胞凋亡,其中TNFSF15、Apaf1、Caspase3和p16等基因可能参与As₂O₃诱导的NB4细胞凋亡,As₂O₃诱导NB4细胞凋亡的可能机制主要涉及TNF途径、线粒体途径、Caspase途径、细胞周期抑制途径和P53途径等。     

三氧化二砷对人脐静脉内皮细胞凋亡及VCAM-1/ICAM-1 表达的影响

目的:观察三氧化二砷(As2O3)对血管内皮细胞增殖、凋亡及VCAM-1/ICAM-1表达的影响,探讨As2O3对血管内皮细胞增殖生长以及炎症反应的影响。方法:人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)体外培养,以不同As2O3浓度及时间对其进行干预。采用CCK-8测定细胞增殖活性,流式细胞仪AnnexinⅤ/PI双染法检测细胞的凋亡率,实时荧光定量PCR检测VCAM-1mRNA表达,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测细胞间黏附分子(VCAM-1)及血管细胞黏附分子(ICAM-1)的表达情况。结果:当As2O3浓度在3μmol.L-1时HUVEC培养24 h的的凋亡率为(0.134±0.03)%,48 h为(3.305±0.53)%,72 h为(3.748±0.84)%(P<0.05),凋亡率均在一较低水平。当As2O3浓度>3μmol.L-1时HUVEC凋亡率明显增加(P<0.01)。不同浓度As2O3作用HUVEC48 h后检测上清液中ICAM-1与VCAM-1浓度时发现1μmol.L-1时VCAM-1表达即开始增加(123.32±3.78 mmol.L-1,P<0.01),而HUVEC表达ICAM-1含量与对照组相比差异并不明显(38.94±2.59 mmol.L-1,P>0.05),随着As2O3浓度的增加,HUVEC表达ICAM-1/VCAM-1的量均增加但敏感性不同。对照组及(1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0)μmol.L-1As2O3作用于HUVEC 48 h实时荧光定量PCR法检测VCAM-1mRNA表达量明显增加,与对照组相比实验组的表达量分别为(1.657±0.287,1.858±0.241,2.321±0.280,3.012±0.235,3.508±0.342)(P<0.01)。结论:As2O3可直接降低细胞活性,诱导细胞凋亡,并且呈一定的时间-浓度依赖性。在较低浓度时VCAM-1/ICAM-1的表达在一个相对较低的水平,随着As2O3浓度的逐渐升高,内皮细胞凋亡率增高,VCAM-1/ICAM-1表达增加,并且VCAM-1/ICAM-1对As2O3的敏感性呈现一定的差异性。     

Arsenic trioxide uptake by human and rat aquaglyceroporins

Aquaglyceroporins are channels that allow downhill movement of uncharged solutes such as glycerol and urea. Arsenic trioxide has recently been shown to be translocated by mouse mAQP7 and rat rAQP9. In this study we examined the ability of the four known human members of the aquaglyceroporin family, hAQP3, hAQP7, hAQP9, and hAQP10, to facilitate As(OH)(3) movement in Xenopus oocytes. The order of effectiveness as an As(III) transporter was found to be hAQP9 > hAQP7, with little or no transport by hAQP3 or hAQP10. From comparison with the crystal structure of the bacterial homologue GlpF and the bovine erythrocyte water channel bAQP1, AQP9 residues Phe-64 and Arg-219 are predicted to serve as part of the selectivity filter. The requirement for Phe-64 and Arg-219 in arsenic trioxide translocation was examined by site-directed mutagenesis of rAQP9, taking advantage of the fact that rat AQP9 catalyzes (73)As(OH)(3) uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in oocytes. R219A, R219K, F64A, F64T, and F64W were expressed in both yeast and oocytes, and permeability of arsenic trioxide and glycerol was measured. A lysine but not an alanine residue could substitute for the highly conserved Arg-219, indicating that a positive charge is required at the entry to the channel. In contrast, the phenylalanine residue, which is believed to position substrates near the conserved arginine, was not required for either arsenic trioxide or glycerol uptake. The results support the hypothesis that arsenic trioxide and glycerol use the same translocation pathway in AQP9.     

Ketorolac Tromethamine Liposomes: Encapsulation and Release Studies

Liposomes loaded with ketorolac tromethamine salt were prepared by using a thin layer evaporation method. The physical properties of liposomes were studied by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The relationship between lipid composition, encapsulation efficiency, vesicle size, and the release of ketorolac tromethamine-loaded liposomes was studied. The drug content was found to be dependent on the lipidic composition used in the preparations and, in particular, vesicles containing both cationic lipids (dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide and N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride), and phosphatidylcholine had a higher entrapped efficiency than liposomes with phosphatidylcholine alone or in the presence of cholesterol. Finally, the cationic liposomes appear to be useful as carriers for ketorolac tromethamine to control its in vitro release.     

Incorporation of PEG-lipids in arsonoliposomes results in formation of highly stable arsenic-containing vesicles

We investigated the effect of pegylation on the physical stability, morphology and membrane integrity of arsonoliposomes. Arsonoliposomes composed of distearoylglycerophosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol (Chol) and the palmitoyl side chain arsonolipid (with concentrations ranging from 0 mol% [DSPC/Chol vesicles] to 53 mol% of total lipid) containing either 4 or 8 mol% DPPE-PEG2000 or DSPE-PEG2000, were prepared by sonication. Arsonoliposome membrane integrity was evaluated by measuring the retention of encapsulated calcein in vesicles (during incubation in buffer or fetal calf serum [FCS]) while physical stability was evaluated by measuring vesicle dispersion turbidity (during incubation in water or CaCl(2)). Vesicle morphology was studied by cryo-electron microscopy. Experimental results show that: (i) PEG-lipids are incorporated in arsonoliposomes (as confirmed by the vesicle zeta potential modulation), (ii) pegylation of arsonoliposomes prevents their aggregation and fusion in the presence of calcium ions and (iii) when 8 mol% of PEG-DSPE is incorporated in arsonoliposomes based on their arsonolipid content, two groups of pegylated vesicles are formed: low content arsonoliposomes (<20 mol% arsonolipid) which are highly leaky and high content arsonoliposomes (>27 mol% arsonolipid) which are highly stable (70% calcein retention after 24h incubation in fetal calf serum [FCS]). In addition to high membrane integrity, the high content pegylated arsonoliposomes are morphologically perfect round-shaped vesicles without the sharp edges typically observed with non-pegylated DSPC-containing arsonoliposomes.     

Entrapment of Peptidoglycans and Adamantyltripeptides into Liposomes: An HPLC Assay for Determination of Encapsulation Efficiency

Abstract

The encapsulation of different immunomodulating peptides, the peptidoglycan monomer, its semisynthetic derivatives (Adamant-1-yl)-acetyl-peptidoglycan monomer and Boc-Tyr-peptidoglycan monomer, respectively, and of two diastereoisomers of adamantyltripeptides into the large negatively charged multilamellar liposomes was investigated. The reproducible quantitative method using HPLC was established for the determination of the entrapped compounds. It was shown that the tested compounds could be efficiently incorporated into liposomes using either the film or modified film method. The results confirmed that the peptidoglycans with lipophilic substituents and particularly the adamantyltripeptides were incorporated into liposomes with higher efficiency than the peptidoglycan monomer using either of the described methods. Liposome preparations were stable at 4°C up to seven days as shown by minimal leaking of the entrapped material.     

Nano-Encapsulation of Arsenic Trioxide Enhances Efficacy against Murine Lymphoma Model while Minimizing Its Impact on Ovarian Reserve In Vitro and In Vivo

Advances in cancer therapy have increased the rate of survival of young cancer patients; however, female lymphoma patients frequently face a temporary or permanent loss of fertility when treated with traditional cytotoxic agents. The potential loss of fertility is an important concern that can influence treatment decisions for many premenopausal cancer patients. The negative effect of chemotherapeutic agents and treatment protocols to patients’ fertility–referred to as fertotoxicity–are thus an increasingly important cancer survivorship issue. We have developed a novel nanoscale formulation of arsenic trioxide, a potent drug for treatment of hematological malignancies, and demonstrate that it has significantly better activity in a murine lymphoma model than the free drug. In parallel, we have developed a novel in vitro assay of ovarian follicle function that predicts in vivo ovarian toxicity of therapeutic agents. Our results reveal that the nanotherapeutic agent is not only more active against lymphoma, but is fertoprotective, i.e., it is much less deleterious to ovarian function than the parent drug. Thus, our in vitro assay allows rapid evaluation of both established and experimental anticancer drugs on ovarian reserve and can inform the selection of efficacious and fertility-sparing treatment regimens for reproductive-age women diagnosed with cancer.     

Reciprocal Regulation of Cyclooxygenase 2 and Heme Oxygenase 1 upon Arsenic Trioxide Exposure in Normal Human Lung Fibroblast

Detoxification enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) and proinflammation enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox‐2) are key response proteins that function to promote the survival of cells exposed to arsenic trioxide (ATO). However, whether there is a cross‐regulation between them in ATO‐treated cells remains poorly investigated. In this study, concomitant upregulation of Cox‐2 and HO‐1 induced by ATO was observed in normal human lung fibroblasts. Cox‐2 inhibitor NS398 suppressed the upregulation of HO‐1, whereas HO‐1 inhibitor protoporphyrin IX zinc (II) stimulated the expression of Cox‐2. Both proteins were regulated by p38, and the feedback regulation of HO‐1 on Cox‐2 was mediated through p38. Our results confirmed the reciprocal regulations between Cox‐2 and HO‐1 in ATO‐treated normal cells and shed light on the understanding of protecting cells from injury caused by ATO while simultaneously decreasing the inflammation responses, which may be related to the carcinogenicity of ATO. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J BiochemMol Toxicol 27:323‐329, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com . DOI 10.1002/jbt.21491