Recent highlights on photolithic oligonucleotide array in situ synthesis

Light directed synthesis of high-density oligonucleotide microarrays is currently performed using either ortho-nitro-benzyl-type [MeNPOC] (Pease, A.C.; Solas, D.; Sullivan, E.J.; Cronin, T.M.; Holmes, C.P.; Fodor, S.P.A. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci U.SA. 1994, 91, 6333.) or ortho-nitrophenylethyl-type [NPPOC] (Hasan, A.; Stengele, K.P.; Giegrich, H.; Cornwell, P.; Isham, K.R.; Sachleben, R.A.; Pfleiderer, W.; Foote, R.S. Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 424Z) protecting groups as the 5'-O-carbonate ester of the phosphoramidite building block. The synthesis cycle uses a combinatorial approach attaching one specific base per cycle, thus as many as 100 cycles need to be run to make an array of 25-mers. Time needed for deprotection/activation of the growing oligo chain determines overall manufacturing time and consequently also cost. In this report we demonstrate the development of photoprotected posphoramidite monomers for light directed array synthesis with increasing sensitivity to the UV light used. If combined with maskless array synthesis, this technology allows for synthesis of arrays with >780,000 different 25-mer oligonucleotides in about one hour and allows for high flexibility in array design and reiterative redesign. The arrays synthesized show high quality and reproducibility in our standard hybridization based assay.     

Synthesis of 2′,3′-Dideoxy-2′-fluoro-3′-thioarabinothymidine and Its 3′-Phosphoramidite Derivative

Abstract

An efficient method for the synthesis of 5′-O-monomethoxytrityl-2′,3′-dideoxy-2′-fluoro-3′-thioarabinothymidine [^5′-MMTaraF-T_3′SH, (5)] and its 3′-phosphoramidite derivative (6) suitable for automated incorporation into oligonucleotides, is demonstrated. A key step in the synthesis involves reaction of 5′-O-MMT-2,3′-O-anhydrothymidine (4) (Eleuteri, A.; Reese, C.B.; Song, Q., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1996, 2237 pp.) with sodium thioacetate to give ^5′-MMTaraF-T_3′SAc (5) (Elzagheid, M.I.; Mattila, K.; Oivanen, M.; Jones, B.C.N.M.; Cosstick, Lönnberg, H. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 1987–1991). This nucleoside was then converted to its corresponding phosphoramidite derivative, 6, as described previously ((a) Sun, S.; Yoshida, A.; Piccirilli, J.A. RNA, 1997, 3, 1352–1363; (b) Matulic-Adamic, J.; Beigelman, L. Helvetica Chemica Acta 1999, 82, 2141–2150; (c) Fettes, K.J.; O’Neil, I.; Roberts, S.M.; Cosstick, R. Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucl. Acids 2001, 20, 1351–1354).     

Improved methods for determination of guanylyl cyclase activity and synthesis of [α-32P]GTP

A modification of the adenylyl cyclase assay method of Y. Salomon, C. Londos, and M. Rodbell (1974, Anal. Biochem. 48, 541–548) is described. It makes the method applicable to the determination of guanylyl cyclase in subcellular tissue fractions. The modification consists of performing the Dowex 50 chromatography at acid pH in a column that has bed volume that is three times as large. This modification results in low blanks and allows for reuse of both Dowex 50 and aluminum oxide columns. A modification of the method of Symons [1974, Methods in Enzymology (Grossman, L., and Moldave, K., eds.), Vol. 29, pp. 105–115, Academic Press, New York] for synthesis of [α-³²P]nucleoside triphosphates is also presented. It allows all steps to be carried out within 5 h in a single reaction vessel. Synthesized NTPs are then purified by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 (HCO₃^?form) using a linear ammonium bicarbonate gradient. Its applicability to synthesis of [α-³²P]GTP, [α-³²P]dGTP, and [α-³²P]ATP having specific activities of up to 75 Ci/mmol is shown.     

Picomole Syntheses of High Quality Oligonucleotide Primers in Combination with the Preparation of Oligonucleotide Arrays

Abstract

The establishment of a new synthesis procedure for the preparation of oligonucleotide arrays is described. A modified phosphoramidite chemistry allowed the in situ synthesis of oligomer arrays on specially derivatized polypropylene membranes which can be used both for hybridisation experiments and for the isolation of the individual oligonucleotides.     

Durch Phytochrom kontrollierte Enzyme der Flavonoidsynthese in Zellsuspensionskulturen von Petersilie (Petroselinum hortense Hoffm.)

Summary Enzymes involved in flavonoid synthesis in parsley (Petroselinum nortense Hoffm.) cell suspension cultures are induced by light. It has been suggested that the regulation of the enzymes of phenylpropanoid metabolism (group 1) is independent of that of the enzymes of flavonoid synthesis proper (group 2) [Hahl-brock, K., Ebel, J., Ortmann, R., Sutter, A., Wellmann, E., Grisebach, H.: Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 244, 7–15 (1971)]. Phytochrome was demonstrated to be involved in the light effect controlling flavonoid synthesis. Phytochrome is only effective after a preceding irradiation with ultraviolet light (_max<300 nm) [Wellmann, E.: Planta (Berl.) 101, 283–286 (1971)]. — In order to determine whether phytochrome affects phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5), a group 1 enzyme, or exerts a general effect of all enzymes of the flavonoid pathway. PAL and two enzymes from group 2, chalcone-flavanone isomerase and UDP-apiose synthetase, were investigated. Under appropriate conditions of irradiation (low UV-dose with subsequent red/far-red pulses) both group 2 enzymes were shown to be controlled by phytochrome to the same extent as PAL. The UV-induced increase in activity of all three enzymes is reduced to about 70% by an irradiation for 10 min with far-red light. This far-red effect is fully reversible by a subsequent irradiation with 10 mith red light. There is no evidence for a rate limiting enzyme (or group of enzymes) involved in flavonoid formation with respect to phytochrome control.

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Abkürzungen PAL Phenylalaninammoniumlyasc - CFI Chalkonflavanonisomerase     

Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection

Abstract

Horsfall, J. G. (Ed): Annual Review of Phytopathology. Vol. 5, 1967, VII + 470 S., Leinen, 9,00 $, Palo Alto, Calif., Annual Reviews, Inc. Reviewed by K. Naumann.

Clifton, C. E. (Ed.): Annual Review of Microbiology. Vol. 21, 1907, VII + 729 S., mit Abb. u. Tab., Leinen, 9,00 $, Palo Alto (Ca.), Annual Reviews Inc. Reviewed by K. Naumann.

Machlis, L.; Briggs, W. R.; Park, R.B. (Ed.): Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 19. Bd., Palo Alto, Annual Reviews, Inc., 1908, 555 S., 20 Abb., 22 Tab., Lw. Reviewed by H. Wolffgang.

Gale, E. F.: Promotion and prevention of synthesis in bacteria. 1968, 99 S., 29 Abb., 6 Tab., Leinen, $ 5,75, Syracuse, Syracuse University Press Reviewed by L. Behr.

O. V.: Review of Applied Mycology, Plant Host — Pathogen Index to Vol. 1–40 (1922–1901). Kew, (Surrey), Commonwealth Mycologic. Inst., 1908, 820 S., brosch., 10 £ 10 s. Reviewed by M. Klinkowski.

Backhausz, R. (Ed.): Proceedings of the fourth Congress of the Hungarian Association of Microbiologists (Budapest 1964). 1966, XVIII + 405 S., mit Abb. u. Tab., Leinen, 250 Ft., Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó Reviewed by P. Wolf.

Pepfler, H. J.: Microbial technology. 1907, 454 S., 45 Abb., 78 Tab., Leinen, S 15.50, Amsterdam, Reinhold Europe Reviewed by Erika Griesbach.     

Relative Desiccation Survival Potential of Two Root-Knot Nematode Species,Meloidogyne Incognita and M. Triticoryzae and Relationship With Their Habitat and Cuticle Characteristics*

Abstract

Horsfall, J. G. (Ed.): Annual Review of Phytopathology. Vol. 4. VII + 423 S. Palo Alto, 1966: Annual Reviews, Inc. Leinen, 9,00 $. Reviewed by K. Naumann.

Gregory, P. H. und Monteith, J. L. (Ed.): Airborne microbes. Seventeenth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology held at the Imperial College, London April 1967. XII + 385 S., mit Abb. u. Tab. London, 1967: Cambridge University Press, Leinenrücken, 75 s. Reviewed by H. J. Müller.

Raper, J. R.: Genetics of sexuality in higher fungi. VIII + 283 S., mit Abb. u. Tab., New York, 1966: The Ronald Press Company, Leinen, 12,00 $. Reviewed by M. Schmiedeknecht.

Albrecht, F. O.: Polymorphisme phasaire et biologie des acridiens migrateurs. X + 194 S., 52 Abb. Paris, 1967: Masson et Cie, Éditeurs, karton., 50 F. Reviewed by R. Fritzsche.

Wigglesworth, V. B.: Insect physiology. VII + 134 S., 12 Abb., London, 1966: Methuen &; Co Ltd., brosch., 10 s 6 d. Reviewed by G. Schäller.

Machlis, L. (Ed.): Annual Review of Plant Physiology. Vol. 18. VIII + 480 S., mit Abb. u. Tab., Palo Alto, Ca., 1967: Annual Reviews, Inc., Leinen, 9,00 $. Reviewed by H. Wolffgang.

Newton, B. A. und Reynolds, P. E. (Ed.): Biochemical studie of antimicrobial drugs. (Sixteenth symposium of the Society for General Microbiology held at the Royal Institution, London, April 1966). X + 349 S., mit Abb. u. Tab., London, 1966: Cambridge University Press, Halbleinen, 60 s. Reviewed by H. J. Müller.

Pilet, P.-É.: La cellule, structure et fonctions. 406 S., 310 Abb.; 32 ganzs. Abb., Paris 1966: Schwarz-Weiß-Tafeln. Masson et Cie, Editeurs, brosch. 38 F. Reviewed by K. Schmelzer.

Ciba (Ed.): Dimecron 257 S. Basle, Switzerland, 1967: P.O. Box — CIBA — Kunststoff Reviewed by Horst Beitz.

Bellamy, L. J.: Ultrarot-Spektrum und chemische Konstitution. 2. Auflage, 325 S., 11 Abb., 23 Tab. Darmstadt, 1966: Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag, kart., 28,— DM Reviewed by Volker Müller.

Bahr, G. F.; Zeitler, E. H. (Ed.): Quantitative electron microscopy. 1965, VIII + 605 (1340) S., mit Abb. u. Tab., Leinen, 16,00 $, Baltimore (Md.), The Williams &; Wilkins Company. Reviewed by H. B. Schmidt.     

Synthesis and DNA Binding Properties of a New Benzo[f]Imidazo[1,5b]-Isoquinoline-Butan-1,2-Diol Derivative

A benzo[f]imidazo[1,5b]-isoquinoline derivative 4 with a 1,2-butandiol linker was prepared by reaction of a trimethylsilylated 5-naphthylidenehydantoin 3 with a 2,3-dideoxy-D-glycero-pentafuranoside 2 in 22% yield. After deprotection, the resulting compound 5 was converted to a DMT protected phosphoramidite building block 7 for standard DNA synthesis. DNA/DNA, DNA/RNA duplexes with 5 inserted as bulges were destabilized, except when the new amidite was used for the synthesis of a zipping duplex.     

New Developments in Oligomer Array Technologies

Abstract

Modified phosphoramidite chemistry allows the generation of oligonucleotide arrays containing molecules of high purity. Such arrays are being used for experiments on the determination of expression levels in yeast and for investigations of the hybridization behaviour of modified oligonucleotides such as phosphorothioate derivatives.     

Elektronenmikroskopischer Nachweis des Virus der Milden Rübenvergilbung (beet mild yellowing virus) in der Wirtspflanze Sinapis alba L

Abstract

Thomasius, H. (Herausg.) Wald, Landeskultur und Gesellschaft 2. überarb. Auflage., 466 S., 122 Abb., Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag 1978. Reviewed by S. Prien.

W. W. Djoshkin: Leben und Umwelt 1. Auflage, 205 S. 21 Abb. Moskau/Leipzig/Jena/Berlin: Mir/Urania 1978. Reviewed by W. Tarnow.

Ahrens, G. Giftgesetz und Giftverkehr 386 S., Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1979. Reviewed by H. Kleinhempel.

Schliephake, G.; Klimt, K.: Die Tierwelt Deutschlands — Thysanoptera, Fransenflügler 1. Aufl., 477 S. 66. Teil, 528 Abb,. Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag 1979. Reviewed by Th. Wetzel.

Fröhlich, G. (Herausg.): Phytopatologie und Pflanzenschutz 295 S., 62 Abb., Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag 1979. Reviewed by R. Fritzsche.

Lyr, H.; Polter, C. (Hrsg.): Systemfungizide 371 S., zahlr. Abb., Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1979. Reviewed by K. Naumann.

Mohamed Ali Mohamed Ali: Ecological and Physiological Studies on the Alfalfa Ladybird 200 S., zahlr. Abb., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiado 1979. Reviewed by R. Fritzsche.

Piffl, E. (Ed.): Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Acarology 752 S., zahlr. Abb., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiado 1979. Reviewed by R. Fritzsche.

Godan, D.: Schadschnecken und ihre Bekämpfung 467 S., 203 Abb. Stuttgart: Eugen Ulmer Verlag 1979. Reviewed by R. Fritzsche.     

Interaction of the heavy chain of gizzard myosin heads with skeletal F-actin

To probe the molecular properties of the actin recognition site on the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, the rigor complexes between skeletal F-actin and chicken gizzard myosin subfragments 1 (S1) were investigated by limited proteolysis and by chemical cross-linking with 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethyl-amino)propyl]carbodiimide. Earlier, these approaches were used to analyze the actin site on the skeletal muscle myosin heads [Mornet, D., Bertrand, R., Pantel, P., Audemard, E., & Kassab, R. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 2110-2120; Labbé, J.P., Mornet, D., Roseau, G., & Kassab, R. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 6897-6902]. In contrast to the case of the skeletal S1, the cleavage with trypsin or papain of the sensitive COOH-terminal 50K-26K junction of the head heavy chain had no effect on the actin-stimulated Mg2+-ATPase activity of the smooth S1. Moreover, actin binding had no significant influence on the proteolysis at this site whereas it abolished the scission of the skeletal S1 heavy chain. The COOH-terminal 26K segment of the smooth papain S1 heavy chain was converted by trypsin into a 25K peptide derivative, but it remained intact in the actin-S1 complex. A single actin monomer was cross-linked with the carbodiimide reagent to the intact 97K heavy chain of the smooth papain S1. Experiments performed on the complexes between F-actin and the fragmented S1 indicated that the site of cross-linking resides within the COOH-terminal 25K fragment of the S1 heavy chain. Thus, for both the striated and smooth muscle myosins, this region appears to be in contact with F-actin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Analysis of long-chain bases in sphingolipids by positive ion fast atom bombardment or matrix-assisted secondary ion mass spectrometry

The structures of long-chain bases are expressed as [CH2C(NH2) = CHR]+ (Z+) in the positive ion mode spectra obtained on fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry or liquid-matrix-assisted secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) [Benninghoven, A., Ed. (1983) Ion Formation from Organic Solids, Springer, Berlin]. This phenomenon is common to sphingolipids in general: glycosphingolipids [see reviews by Sweeley and Nunez [Sweeley, C. C., & Nunez, H. A. (1985) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54, 765] and Kanfer and Hakomori [Kanfer, J. N., & Hakomori, S. (1983) Handb. Lipid Res. 3]] and phosphonosphingolipids [Hayashi, A., & Matsubara, T. (1982) in New Vistas in Glycolipid Research (Makita, A., Handa, S., Taketomi, T., & Nagai, Y., Eds.) p 103, Plenum, New York], inclusive. Phytosphingosine compounds show the same type of fragmentation without additional dehydration if a neutral matrix is used. A Z+ ion is easily detected in the lower mass region (m/z 200-400) as an even mass number fragment ion, and confirmation is made by means of B/E constant and B2/E constant linked scan techniques [Boyd, R. K., & Beynon, J. H. (1977) Org. Mass Spectrom. 12, 163; Boyd, R. K., & Shushan, B. (1981) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 37, 355; Macdonald, C. G., & Lacey, M. J. (1984) Org. Mass Spectrom. 19, 55]. [Principles of linked scannings are explicitly summarized by Jennings and Mason [Jennings, K. R., & Mason, R. S. (1983) in Tandem Mass Spectrometry (McLafferty, F. W., Ed.) p 197, Wiley, New York] besides the cited literature.]     

Buchbesprechungen

Morris, C. J. O. R.; Morris, P.: Separation methods in biochemistry. London, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd., 1964, 887 S., 155 Abb., Leinen, £ 5, 15 s. Reviewed by H. Wolffgang.

Neuman, M.: Vade-mecum des antibiotiques et agents chimiothérapiques anti-infectieun. Paris, Librairie Maloine G. Doin et Cie Editeurs, 1962, 410 S., 8 Abb.; 15 Tab., Karton. 40,00 NF. Reviewed by Thren.

Umbreit, W. W.: Modern microbiology. San Francisco und London, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1962, 507 S., 307 Abb., Leinen, 48 s. Reviewed by H. J. Müller.

Gold, V.: pH-Measurements. Their theory and practice. London, Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1963, 125 S., 11 Abb., Leinen, 10 s 6 d. Reviewed by H. Wolffgang.

Horsfall, J. G. (Ed.): Annual review of phytopathology. Vol. 1, Palo Alto, Annual Reviews, Inc., 1963, 469 S., 6 Abb., Leinen, 9,00 $. Reviewed by M. Schmiedeknecht.

Rubin, B. A.; Artsikhovskaya, Ye. V.: Biochemistry and physiology of plant immunity. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1963, IX und 358 S., 68 Abb., Leinen, £ 5. Reviewed by H. Wolffgang.

Nord, F. F. (Ed.): Advances in Enzymology. Vol. 24, New York und London, Interscience Publishers a division of John Wiley & Sons, 1962, 572 S., 23 Abb., Leinen, 120 s. Reviewed by H. Wolffgang.

Nord, F. F. (Ed.): Advances in Enzymology. Vol. 25, New York und London, Interscience Publishers a division of John Wiley & Sons, 1963, 565 S., 56 Abb., Leinen, 115 s. Reviewed by H. Wolffgang.

Forbes, J.: A laboratory manual for histology. 2. Aufl., New York, Fordham University Press, 1961, 132 S., 3 Abb., brosch., 3,00 $. Reviewed by J. H. Scharf.

Guaoliumi, P.: Las Plagas de la Caña de Azucar en Venezuela. Bd. 1 und 2, Maracay/Yenezuela, Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria Centro de Investigaciones Agronoinicas, 1962, 850 S., 212 Abb., 14 ganzs. Farbtafeln, brosch., 8,00 $. Reviewed by G. Fröhlich.

Clifton, C. E. (Ed.): Annual review of microbiology. Vol. 17, Palo Alto, Annual Reviews, Inc., 1963, 628 S., 19 Abb., Leinen, 9,00 $. Reviewed by K. Naumann.

Ramschandran, G. N. (Ed.): Aspects of protein structure. Proceedings of a symposium held in Madras 14–18 January 1963 and organized by the University of Madras. London und New York, Academic Press, 1963, 380 S., 130 Abb., Leinen, 84 s. Reviewed by P. Hermann.     

Light-directed 5'-->3' synthesis of complex oligonucleotide microarrays

Light-directed synthesis of high-density microarrays is currently performed in the 3'-->5' direction due to constraints in existing synthesis chemistry. This results in the probes being unavailable for many common types of enzymatic modification. Arrays that are synthesized in the 5'-->3' direction could be utilized to perform parallel genotyping and resequencing directly on the array surface, dramatically increasing the throughput and reducing the cost relative to existing techniques. In this report we demonstrate the use of photoprotected phosphoramidite monomers for light-directed array synthesis in the 5'-->3' direction, using maskless array synthesis technology. These arrays have a dynamic range of >2.5 orders of magnitude, sensitivity below 1 pM and a coefficient of variance of <10% across the array surface. Arrays containing >150,000 probe sequences were hybridized to labeled mouse cRNA producing highly concordant data (average R(2) = 0.998). We have also shown that the 3' ends of array probes are available for sequence-specific primer extension and ligation reactions.     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Lehrbuch der speziellen Zoology. Begründet von A lfred K aestner .
D e S ilva , S. S. (Ed.): Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia.
J oseph , M. M. (Ed.): The first Indian Fisheries Forum, Proceedings.
K eshavanath , P.; R adhakrishnan , K. V. (Eds.): Carp Seed Production Technology.
H olcík , J. (Ed.): The Freshwater Fishes of Europe.
H oechstand , H. (Ed.): The Freshwater Fishes of Europe.
H alen , H., R osado C ouoh , J.-L., M icha , J.-C., M eyer , J.: Caractéristiques et fonctionnement d'un écosystème agro-piscicole aménagé dans les marais du Tabasco (Mexique).
S chlotfeldt , H.-J., P fortmüller , K., H erbst , J., K leingeld , D. W., S chwister , J.: Was tun wenn …?     

Kinetic mechanism of DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment): identification of a second conformational change and evaluation of the internal equilibrium constant.

In a previously determined minimal kinetic scheme for DNA polymerization catalyzed by the Klenow fragment (KF) of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, a nonchemical step that interconverted the KF'.DNAn+1.PPi and KF.DNAn+1PPi complexes was not observed in correct incorporation [Kuchta, R. D., Mizrahi, V., Benkovic, P.A., Johnson, K.A., & Benkovic, S.J. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 8410-8417] but was detected in misincorporation [Kuchta, R. D., Benkovic, P.A., & Benkovic, S.J. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 6716-6725]. In a pulse-chase experiment in this study, a burst amplitude of 100% of the enzyme concentration is observed; under pulse-quench conditions, the burst amplitude is 80%, indicative of the accumulation of the KF'.DNA.dNTP species owing to a slow step subsequent to chemical bond formation. This latter step was unequivocally identified by single-turnover pyrophosphorolysis and pyrophosphate-exchange experiments as one interconverting KF'.DNAn+1.PPi and KF.DNAn+1.PPi. The rate constants for this step in both directions were established through the rate constants for processive synthesis and pyrophosphorolysis. Pyrophosphorolysis of a 3'-phosphorothioate DNA duplex confirmed that the large elemental effect observed previously [Mizrahi, V., Henrie, R. N., Marlier, J.F., Johnson, K.A., & Benkovic, S.J. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 4010-4018] in this direction but not in polymerization is due to a marked decrease in the affinity of KF for the phosphorothioate-substituted duplex and not to the chemical step. The combination of the experimentally measured equilibrium constant for the bound KF.DNA species with the collective kinetic measurements further extends previous insights into the dynamics of the polymerization process catalyzed by KF.     

Recent ornithological publications

UK Raptor Wording Group Armstrong , P. The English Country Parson: A companionship between Science and Religion. Berry , R. J. Orkney Nature. Bibby , C. J., Burgess , N.D., Hill , D.A. & Mustoe , S.H. Bird Census Techniques Böhm , C. Die Wasserpieper: Vom Meeresstrand zum Gletscherrand. Brewer , D., Diamond , A., Woodsworth , E.J., Collins , B.T. & Dunn , E.H. Canadian Atlas of Bird Banding. Volume 1: Doves, Cuckoos, and Hummingbirds through Passerines Chapman , A, The Hobby. Chiappe , L.M., Sh'uan , J., Qiang , J. & Norell , M.A. Anatomy and Systematics of the Confucius‐ornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the Late Mesozoic of Northeastern China. Coro Arizmendi , M. & Marquez Valdelamar , L. (eds) Areas de importancia para la Conservación de las Aves en MéAxico. Dean , W.R.J. The Birds of Angola. dolling , R.J., Fay , R.R. & Popper , A.N. (eds) Comparative Hearing: Birds and Reptiles. Elias , G. L., Reino , L. M., Silva , T., Tome , R. & Geraldes , P. Atlas das Aves Invernantes do Baixo Alentejo. Fry , C.H., Keith , S. & Urban , E.K. (eds) Birds of Africa Volume 6. Harris , T. & Franklin , K. Shrikes and Bush‐shrikes; including wood‐shrikes, helmet‐shrikes, flycatchershrikes, philentomas, batises and wattle‐eyes. Johnsgard , P.A. Trogons and Quetzals of the World. Lenz , N. Evolutionary Ecology of the Regent Bowerbird Sericulus chrysocephalus (Lewin, 1808). Olney , P.J.S., & Fisken , F.A. (eds) International Zoo Yearbook, Vol.37. Petersen , Islenskir Fuglar (Icelandic Birds) (in Icelandic). Robb, M.S. Introcuction to Vocalizations of Crossbills in North‐western Europe. Rodner , C., Lentino , M., & Restall , R. Checklist of the Birds of Nortehrn South America: an annotated checklist of the species and subspecies of Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. Sayre , R., Roca , E., Sedaghatkish , G., Young , B., Keel , S., Roca , R. & Shepparo , S. Nture n Focus: Rapid Ecological Assessment. Schulze ‐Hagen , K. & Geus , A. Joseph Wolf. Shawyer , C., Clarke , R. & Dixon , N. A Study into the Raptor Predation of Domestic Pigeons. Sibley , D. The North American Bird Guide. Siokhin , V.D. (ed.) Chislennost' i razmeshchenie gneziashchikhia okolovodnykh ptits v vodno‐bolotnykh ugodiakh Azovo‐Chernomorskogo poberezhia Ukrainy [Numbers and Distribution of Breeding Waterbirds in the Wetlands of the Azov‐Black Sea Region of Ukraine] (in Russian, with English summaries and captions). Skutch , A.F. Harmony and Conflict in the Living World. Snyder , N., Mc Gowan , P., Gilardi , J., & Grajal , A. (eds) Parrots. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2000–2004. Storch , I. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2000–2004: Grouse. Tamisier , A. & Dehorter , O. Camargue, Canards et Foulques. Tickell , W.L.N. Albatrosses. Vickery , P.D. & Herkert , R. (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Grassland Birds in the Western Hemisphere. Wilcove , D.S. The Condor's Shadow. The Loss and Recovery of Wildlife in America. Chamberlain , D.E., Fuller , R.J., Shrubb , M. Bunce , R.G.H., Duckworth , J.C, Garthwaite , D.G., Impey , A.J. & Hart , A.D.M. The Effects of Agricultural Management on Farmland Birds. Datskevich , V.A. Istoricheskii ocherk i nekotorye itogi ornitologicheskikh issledovanii v Belovezhskoi pushche (1945–1985 gg.) [Historical Survey and some Results of Ornithological Studies in the Belovezhskaya Pushcha (1945–1985)]. Fesenko , G.V. & Bokotey , A.A. Anotovanii spisok ukraînskikh naukovikh nazv ptakhiv fauni Ukraîni [The Annotated List of the Ukrainian Scientific Names of the Bird Species belonging to the Fauna of Ukraine] (in Ukrainian). Oddie , B. Bill Oddie's Birding Map of Britain & Ireland, 2nd edn. Pemberton , J.E. (ed.) The Birdwatcher's Yearbook and Diary 2001. Rusev , I.T. (ed.) Ptitsy Azovo‐Chernomorskogo regiona na rubezhe tysiacheletil: materialy iubileinoi mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii, posviashchennoi 20‐letiu Azovo Chernomorskoi ornitologicheskoi rabochei gruppy, Odessa 10–14 febralia 2000g [Birds of Black Sea Region on Border of Millenium] Serebryakov , V.V. & Alekseyenko , V.R. Vodno‐bolotnye ugod'ia Azovo‐Chernomorskogo poberezh'ia Ukrainy, bibliograficheskii ukazatel' 1970–1999 [Wetlands of the Azov‐Black Sea Region of Ukraine: Bibliography 1970–19991 (in Russian and English). Symanski , R. Blackhearts: Ecology in Outback Australia. World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Checklist of CITES Species: a Reference to the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Chappuis , C. Oiseaux d'Afrique. African Bird Sounds.     

Potential ligands to the [2Fe-2S] Rieske cluster of the cytochrome bc1 complex of Rhodobacter capsulatus probed by site-directed mutagenesis.

The Rieske protein of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (bc1 complex or b6f complex) contains a [2Fe-2S] cluster which is thought to be bound to the protein via two nitrogen and two sulfur ligands [Britt, R. D., Sauer, K., Klein, M. P., Knaff, D. B., Kriauciunas, A., Yu, C.-A., Yu, L., & Malkin, R. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 1892-1901; Gurbiel, R. J., Ohnishi, T., Robertson, D. E., Daldal, F., & Hoffman, B. M. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 11579-11584]. All available Rieske amino acid sequences have carboxyl termini featuring two conserved regions containing four cysteine (Cys) and two or three histidine (His) residues. Site-directed mutagenesis was applied to the Rieske protein of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus, and the mutants obtained were studied biochemically in order to identify which of these conserved residues are the ligands of the [2Fe-2S] cluster. It was found that His159 (in the R. capsulatus numbering) is not a ligand and that the presence of the Rieske protein in the intracytoplasmic membrane is greatly decreased by alteration of any of the remaining six His or Cys residues. Among these mutations, only the substitution Cys155 to Ser resulted in the synthesis of Rieske protein (in a small amount) which contained a [2Fe-2S] cluster with altered biophysical properties. This finding suggested that Cys155 is not a ligand to the cluster. A comparison of the conserved regions of the Rieske proteins with bacterial aromatic dioxygenases (which contain a spectrally and electrochemically similar [2Fe-2S] cluster) indicated that Cys133, His135, Cys153, and His156 are conserved in both groups of enzymes, possibly as ligands to their [2Fe-2S] clusters. These findings led to the proposal that Cys138 and Cys155, which are not conserved in bacterial dioxygenases, may form an internal disulfide bond which is important for the structure of the Rieske protein and the conformation of the quinol oxidation (Qo) site of the bc1 complex.