适合大量培养的红球藻藻种的筛选

研究了 4个雨生红球藻 (Haematococcuspluvialis)品系在 10℃、15℃、2 0℃、2 5℃和 2 8℃时的生长速率 (μ)、生物量、虾青素含量和产量 ,从中选出适合于大量培养的品系H .pluvialis2 6和H .pluvialisWZ。 2个品系的虾青素含量和产量分别达到 2 .4 1%— 3.16 % ,4 6 5 1— 5 4 35mg/L和 2 4 0 %— 2 5 9% ,39 84— 4 0 15mg/L。 2个品系的温度适应具有互补性 :H .pluvalisWZ适应于较低温度 (10℃— 2 0℃ ) ,H .pluvialis2 6适应于较高温度 (2 0℃— 2 8℃ ) ,在低温季节使用H .pluvialisWZ ,在高温季节使用H .pluvialis 2 6进行生产 ,可以延长生产期 ,提高产量     

低能离子束辐照植物样品质量损失研究

采用50 keV的N+对100 滋m厚的芸豆切片和75 滋m厚的Mylar(聚乙烯对苯二酸酯)高分子膜辐照,辐照剂量从1×1015 ions/cm2到1×1017 ions/cm2。利用高灵敏度的天平测量样品辐照前后的质量,得到了辐照后样品的质量变化。结果表明,当离子剂量大于3×1016 ions/cm2时,切片样品的质量明显减少,并且质量损失随辐照剂量增加而增加;但Mylar膜样品在辐照剂量达到7×1016 ions/cm2时仍没有测量出明显的质量变化。由测量的质量损失计算出50 keV的N离子轰击切片样品时溅射产额约为560 atoms/ion。结合植物样品的结构和分子组成特性对这种辐照引起的高溅射产额现象作了分析。     

生物复苏——大绝灭后生物演化历史的第一幕

生命史是一部生物界短期,快速剧变与长期,慢速稳定相互交替的历史。大绝灭（即集群绝灭）事件反映了全球环境的大突变,点断了地质历史中的生命记录及其发展历程,预示着生物界的演化出现了最有意义的飞跃,近年来尝试研究大绝灭后全球生物界的残存－复苏及其基本型式,并探索复苏的控制因素,标志着地质科学中一个重心的转移（即从大绝灭转向其后的生物残存与复苏的研究）。生物复苏揭示了大绝灭后生物演化历史的第一幕,其研究的     

定量电子束显微分析中生物薄样品的质量损失

对多种生物薄样品和标样进行电子探针X射线能谱显微定量分析,分别以电子束轰击后样品的O Kα峰计数和介于4.2-6.2keV区间的连续X－射线计数变化监测质量损失,结果显示样品O Kα峰计数减少幅度大于连续X－射线计数减少幅度,在相同的分析条件下,各样品质量损失程度不相同（P＜0.05）。培养肝癌细胞冷冻干燥超薄切片、明胶冷冻干燥超薄切片、BSA薄膜、氨基塑料超薄切片、红细胞冷冻干燥超薄切片和卵黄高磷蛋白薄膜样品的质量损失分别为33％、28％、26％、18％、13％和13％,以上结果提示：以O Kα峰计数的减少监测样品的质量损失较敏感,在进行生物薄试样定量EPMA时应对各样品的质量损失进行相应校正。     

MALDI-TOF质谱技术研究铁蛋白蛋白壳表层的电荷分布

采用Sephacryl S-300排阻层析和DEAE－纤维素层析技术分离纯化Hong鱼肝铁蛋白（Liver ferritin of Dasyatis Akajei,DALF）。纯化后的DALF经梯度聚丙烯酰胺凝胶再次分离后,显示出两条凝胶事,即单分子DALF和双聚态DALF。选用基质辅助激光解吸离子化飞行时间质谱技术（MALDI－TOF MS）研究DALF的电荷分布时,发现DALF蛋白壳表层上显示出三种不同质荷比的分子离子峰,其质荷比为10369.41m/z、20710.33m/z和41809.43m/z。当DALF亚基被解离后,这三个分子离子峰随之消失,因而推测DALF蛋白壳表层存在着高密度正电荷区域,并与该蛋白形成非电惰性有着密切联系。通过拟出DALF蛋白壳表面电荷分布模型,进一步阐明DALF从铂电极上接受电子的机理。     

柑桔实生苗大量增殖研究

将枳和酸橙的实生试管苗上、下胚轴和子叶切割成若干段分别进行离体培养,结果表明,枳的各个切段在添加10^-4或5×10^-5摩尔BA的MS培养基中,不定芽形成率最高,平均每个外植体不定芽发生总量分别达41个和33.5个,其中以上胚轴发生的不定芽最多,占全部不定芽总量的66.6%。在上、下胚轴中,则以第一切段发生的不定芽最多。添加KT的所有处理,不定芽均较少,形成不定芽最多的处理也仅及N₀B₁处理的四分之一。发根量则以添加10^-5摩尔NAA的培养基最多。将枳的不定芽扦插于添加5×10^-6或10^-6摩尔NAA的MS培养基中,15-20天即可发根成苗。在完全相同的各个处理中,酸橙的不芽定形成量明显少于枳。     

MASS MORTALITY OF MARINE AND ESTUARINE FISH IN THE SWARTVLEI AND WILDERNESS LAKE SYSTEMS,SOUTHERN CAPE.

Summary

Two incidences of mass mortality of fish were recorded in two saline waterbodies (Swartvlei estuary and Rondevlei) in the Wilderness National Park. Species affected were the Knysna seahorse (Hippocampus capensis) and longsnout pipefish (Syngnathus acus) in the Swartvlei estuary, and Cape stumpnose (Rhabdosargus holubi) and white steenbras (Lithognathus lithognathus) in Rondevlei. Comparison of water quality parameters during fish mortalities to past ranges and reported species tolerances indicated that the probable causes for the mortalities were high water temperature in the Swartvlei estuary, and low dissolved oxygen concentration in Rondevlei.     

淡水硅藻的大量培养

淡水硅藻是水生动物的营养丰富的食料。经过一年的筛选培养,我们获得了四种适于大量培养的种类,即:泉生偏缝硅藻（Nitzschia fonticola Grun.）,椿状偏缝硅藻（Nitzschia palea Smith.）,双尖菱板硅藻（Hantzschia amphioxys Grun.）和梅尼小环硅藻（Cyclotella meneghini-ana Kütz.）。我们选择泉生偏缝硅藻进行较为系统的培养试验,对其营养成分进行了分析,并对其所含的15种氨基酸进行了定量。同时配制了两个新的适于硅藻生长繁殖的培养基“水生硅1”和“水生硅2”。泉生偏缝硅藻最适生长温度为20—30℃,光强为2,000—5,000米烛光。观察了泉生偏缝硅藻在中型培养和大量培养中氮、磷、硅的吸收消耗规律,发现在培养条件下,硅是主要限制因子。在中型培养中,连续培养15天,适时补充营养元素,硅藻细胞数可高达23×106个/毫升,产量为2.7克干藻/升。在30升大量培养中获得每两天收获一次,每次收获1/6（相当于硅藻干重7克）的连续生产性培养的结果。根据实验结果推算,若两天半收获一次,每次收获1/6,可获得持续稳定高产。       

体重温度及温度驯化对中华绒螯蟹呼吸率的影响

本文用流水式呼吸仪研究了体重,温度及温度驯化对中华绒螯蟹（又名河蟹）的呼吸率的影响。作者首次运用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程描述了呼吸率与体重和温度的关系。对于河蟹,这种关系可归纳为：Ｒ＝１２８０Ｍ－０．５０／［１＋ｅｘｐ（２．３５１－０．１３８Ｔ）］μｇＯ／（ｇ·ｈ）。温度驯化能导致速率补偿,表现为２５℃驯化河蟹的呼吸率明显低于１０℃驯化河蟹的呼吸率。因温度驯化所导致的速率补偿与眼柄内分泌因子有关。在急性升温的条件下,河蟹呼吸率对温度的反应并不完全遵循ｖａｎ＇ｔＨｏｆｆ－Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ定律。在低温区（１０－１６℃）,两种驯化河蟹的呼吸率对温度较为敏感,Ｑ１０值大于２;在高温区（１６－３０℃）,两者均不敏感,Ｑ１０值小于２。这说明速率补偿不仅可通过长时间温度驯化达到,而且在温度急剧变化时能够在很短的时间内发生。这种速率补偿可能涉及一种新的机制。     

Precision enhancement of MALDI-TOF MS using high resolution peak detection and label-free alignment

We have developed an automated procedure for aligning peaks in multiple TOF spectra that eliminates common timing errors and small variations in spectrometer output. Our method incorporates high-resolution peak detection, re-binning, and robust linear data fitting in the time domain. This procedure aligns label-free (uncalibrated) peaks to minimize the variation in each peak's location from one spectrum to the next, while maintaining a high number of degrees of freedom. We apply our method to replicate pooled-serum spectra from multiple laboratories and increase peak precision (t/sigma(t)) to values limited only by small random errors (with sigma(t) less than one time count in 89 out of 91 instances, 13 peaks in seven datasets). The resulting high precision allowed for an order of magnitude improvement in peak m/z reproducibility. We show that the CV for m/z is 0.01% (100 ppm) for 12 out of the 13 peaks that were observed in all datasets between 2995 and 9297 Da.     

MASS CULTURE OF MICROCYSTIS UNDER STERILE CONDITIONS

SUMMARY

The design and use of a 601 all-glass culture system for the mass production of Microcystis (or other unicellular algae) under sterile conditions, are described. Bleaching and lysis of the cells could be prevented by controlling the pH and CO₂ concentration of the cell suspension. The cell yield obtained within a week was 8,5 g l^?1 fresh mass (total yield: 507,9 g) and 1,02 g l^?1 dry mass (total yield: 60,9 g). Fe-free medium was sterilized by filtration before addition of autoclaved FeSO₄.     

Development of a coupled-column liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric method for the direct determination of betamethasone in urine

Different hyphenated liquid chromatographic (LC) and mass spectrometric (MS) techniques were investigated in order to set-up a method for the fast, direct analysis of betamethasone in hydrolysed and non-hydrolysed urine using large-volume sample injection. After the optimisation of the LC parameters using a traditional UV detector and of the thermospray and mass spectrometric parameters by flow injection, urine samples (0.5 ml) were submitted to analysis by either LC combined with tandem mass spectrometry (MS–MS), coupled-column LC (LC–LC) combined with single quadrupole MS, and LC–LC–MS–MS. Both the three-step configurations (LC–MS–MS and LC–LC–MS) did not provide satisfactory results: loss of sensitivity was noted in the case of LC–MS–MS (likely due to reduced efficiency in the ionisation of betamethasone in the thermospray owing to the presence of large amounts of matrix interference), while in the case of LC–LC–MS a high chemical noise resulting in insufficient selectivity of detection was observed. On the contrary, LC–LC–MS–MS analysis proved to meet the demand of high speed of analysis (sample throughput, 4.5 h⁻¹), selectivity, and sensitivity (LOQ, 1 ng/ml; LOD, 0.2 ng/ml). Notwithstanding the complex analytical system adopted, the developed procedure was manageable and very robust, provided that at the beginning of each analytical session the performance of the system was controlled by checking the retention time of the analytes on the first analytical column with UV detection and by optimising vaporiser temperature of the thermospray by flow injection.     

质谱和核磁共振成为研究生物大分子的重要方法 ———简介2002年诺贝尔化学奖得主的贡献

2002年诺贝尔化学奖授予了在质谱和核磁共振领域有杰出贡献的三位科学家。Jonh B. Fenn和Koichi Tanaka发展了质谱鉴定生物大分子质量的方法,Kurt Wuethrich建立了核磁共振测定蛋白质分子溶液三维结构的方法。他们的研究成果是质谱和核磁共振方法发展的里程碑,极大地推动了这两种研究方法的进一步发展。如今,质谱和核磁共振已发展成为认识生物大分子的强劲的研究手段。     

MONO‐ AND DIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL COMPOSITION OF RAPHIDOPHYTES (RAPHIDOPHYCEAE): A MODERN INTERPRETATION USING POSITIVE‐ION ELECTROSPRAY/MASS SPECTROMETRY/MASS SPECTROMETRY1

Raphidophyte algae (Raphidophyceae) can be divided according to pigment composition and plastid ancestry into two categories, brown‐ and green‐pigmented taxa. We sought to examine if there are any biochemical differences in plastid lipid composition between the two groups. To this end, the composition and positional distribution of fatty acids of the chloroplast lipids, mono‐ and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively), were examined using positive‐ion electrospray/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) and electrospray/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS). Brown‐pigmented strains from the genera Chattonella, Fibrocapsa, and Heterosigma primarily consisted of 20:5/18:4 (sn‐1/sn‐2) MGDG and 20:5/18:4 DGDG, while isolates of the green‐pigmented raphidophyte Gonyostomum semen (Ehrenb.) Diesing contained these as well as 18:3/18:4 MGDG and DGDG, thus underscoring its green algal plastid lineage. Although previously unseen without the regiochemical information provided by ESI/MS/MS, Chattonella subsalsa Biecheler possessed 20:5/18:3 DGDG as a major form, a potential biosynthetic intermediate in the production of 20:5/18:4 DGDG. These results provide a modern interpretation of the fatty acid regiochemistry of MGDG and DGDG.     

MASS ESTIMATES USING BODY MORPHOLOGY IN STELLER SEA LIONS

Abstract: Analytical procedures developed from studies on phocids for relating body morphometrics (length and girth) to mass were applied to 390 Steller sea lions from the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea. The equations relating body volume to mass were significant and had very high correlation coefficients for animals from about 60 to over 900 kg with a standard error of ±0.6% in fitted mass. There was a significant difference in these relationships for female sea lions studied in the 1970s and those examined in the 1980s. The latter sea lions were smaller and/or leaner than those collected in the 1970s.     

种子重量的生态学研究进展

作为植物生活史中的一个关键性特征,种子重量与其它许多植物性状和生态因子有关,种子重量的分异与其它一些植物性状及环境的变化关系在进化生物学上已经成为一个非常有意义的研究内容,且具有一定的实践意义。种子重量被发现与下列的一些植物学和群落学性状有关:植物的生活型、种子的散布能力、种子的散布方式、植物的高度、植物的冠幅、植物的比叶面积、植物的寿命、动物的捕食、植被中植物的数量或多度、土壤中种子的数量或多度、种子的休眠、种子在土壤中的持久性和植物的净初级生产力等,另外生态因子如降雨、温度、坡向、海拔、经度、纬度、光强和干扰等都影响种子的重量。种子的重量被认为是在大量小种子和少量大种子之间的进化折衷,在一定的能量限度内,较大重量的种子一般具有较少的数量,而较小重量的种子一般数量较多,这是种子重量和数量方面具有的一种反向关系。与其它性状相比,很多研究都表明种子重量和植物的生活型的关系密切。没有散布结构或风散布的种子比以动物和水作为散布媒介的种子重量要小。种子重量与捕食的关系现发现有3种格局。种子重量和形状与种子在土壤中的持久性的关系有4种格局。在干旱和阴暗的环境条件下,种子有变大的趋势。大重量种子比小种子赋予幼苗较优势的竞争地位,其原理尚有争论,尚不清楚是否是幼苗阶段的竞争决定了世界上大部分植被类型的物种组成。未来的研究方向主要有以下几个方面:1) 种子重量与植物系统学相结合,探索种子重量的变化规律;2)调查群落三向(纬度、经度和海拔)性的种子重量谱变化规律;3) 群落演替与群落种子重量谱的变化;4) 种子重量与群落中植物个体和种子的数量的关系及机理研究;5) 微生境、微地形如坡向、坡位和林间隙等对种子重量的影响;6) 全球气候变化和种子重量变化的关系。     

THE ORIGIN OF LOW MASS STARS

Recent evidence indicates that most low mass stars in the Galaxy (<5 Msolar) form alongside massive stars in clusters embedded in giant molecular clouds. Once their parental gas is removed, the fate of these clusters is to disperse and blend into the field population of the galactic disk. The distribution of stellar masses in the solar neighborhood, called the Initial Mass Function, is discussed in the context of the origin of low mass stars. Arguments based on the production rate of field stars are presented that point to giant molecular clouds as the primary birth sites for low mass stars. The role of observations of molecular clouds at millimeter and infrared wavelengths in confirming this picture is reviewed. Millimeter-wave observations have revealed that molecular clouds consist of low-density gas interspersed with high-density cores. Near-infrared images of these clouds indicate that stars form preferentially in these cores, with the number of young stars roughly scaling with the mass of the core. Molecular-line and near-infrared observations which characterize star formation in the nearest giant molecular cloud complex in Orion are presented. The implications for the Sun forming in a cluster environment are briefly discussed.     

Spatial Distribution of Endogenous Tissue Protease Activity in Gastric Carcinoma Mapped by MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging

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Highlights

• •New MALDI MS imaging sample preparation workflow reveals tissue protease activity.
• •Differential time- and inhibitor concentration-dependence confirm active proteases.
• •Mouse gastric tumor displays high protease activity compared to surrounding tissue.
• •Proteomic data and biochemical protease activity assay support MALDI MSI results.

     

Exploring Regulation of Protein O-Glycosylation in Isogenic Human HEK293 Cells by Differential O-Glycoproteomics

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Highlights

• •A panel of HEK293 isogenic cell lines with knockout of GALNT genes.
• •Identification of nonredundant O-glycosylation sites regulated by specific GalNAc-T isoforms.
• •GalNAc-T7 and T10 contribute to follow-up activity in regions of high density O-glycosylation.
• •GalNAc-T11 specifically controls O-glycosylation of specific linker regions in the low-density lipoprotein receptor related proteins.