AUDIO COMPUTERS—THEORY OF OPERATION AND GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS

ABSTRACT

Computers are available that can store, synthesize and replay sounds using digital technology. I describe the major components of audio computers, the principles of digital sound acquisition and playback, and information and caveats for scientists interested in acquiring an audio computer system for their own use. A tutorial on analog filter application is also included as well as a diagnostic procedure and a buyer's check list.     

ON SOME SPECIES OF GLOBULAROSCHONGASTIA AND TROMBICULA

1. Globularoschongastia rattihaikonga sp. nov. (Figs. 1-13). When alive, both body and eyes are red in color. Well-fed specimensmeasure 493 μlong and 273 μwide. Gnathosoma measures 91 μlong and85 μ wide. Gnathosoma or capitulum. Gnathosoma large. Chelicera punctate dorso-proximally and with a tricuspid cap distally. Galeal setae nude but veryoccasionally with one tiny branch. Palpal segments: setae on femur andgenu plumose; those on dorsal and ventral side of tibia plumose, while thelateral ones nude but occasionally with 1-2 branches; on tarsus are one     

EDITORIAL BOARD OF“CHINESE JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY”

Advisor　 L i Zhaote(Beijing Medical U niversity,Beijing)Xue Shepu (Chinese Academ y of Medical Science,Beijing)Editor　 Xiong Xikai (Tongji Medical University,Wuhan)Associate Editors　 L u Jinhuo (Tongji Medical University,Wuhan)L i Zhaochun (Tongji Medical University,Wuhan)Members of the Editorial BoardBen Changen　　 (Beijing U niversity of Traditionl Chinese Medicine,Beijing)Cai Wenqin (The Third Military Medical University,Chongqing)Chen Kequan (Chinese Academ y of M…     

QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHY AND MAMMAL FOSSILS OF YIHE AND SHUHE RIVER DRAINAGES

PartlissubdividedintotWollthofaed,Whichcomrisefluvial-lacustrinandfissure-cavemlahons'Fluvial-laCUStrinetritSdopoaitalinthelowerpartoftheriverchannels,basinsorplain;fissare-cavendbotSexPondonlyinthemountaintriin,wherePartIisabout5-8mmickandharsmammalfotalsSUchasbooridaefeen'etrp.indot.),MbonasP.,lycbotessineasis,cfMthechtai,FelissP-,Archhaplandna,Cervche,andColubdee'ItmaybeconsideredtobeearlyPleistocene'Partnismorethan2OInmick'ThefadesofPartIIcomrisealluvial-laCUStrineandfise-caved…     

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF ALEYRODIDAE FROM CHINA AND MALAYA(HOMOPTERA)

Pupa case: Pale in colour, but with a large dark brown patch at eachthoracic tracheal pore, on each side of abdomen laterad of the median segmen-ted area,and also at the hind end of body (5 patches in all), the patch laterad     

NEW MATERIAL OF AZYGOGRAPTIDAE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

Among the graptolites collected by Unit 734 from the Lower Ordovician Qiaotingzi Formation (corresponding to the Ningkou Formation) at Xiayanzhai of Jishou, Hunan, more than ten specimens particularly chosen from the collection were handed over to the writer for. study. These spe cimens preserved as mere carbonaceous films in grey green slate belong to one new genus and the same new species named by the writer Jishougraptus mui gen. et sp. nov. in association with Didymograptus cf. praenuntius     

SYNTHESIS AND PURIFICATION OF FLUORINATED BENZIMIDAZOLE AND BENZENE NUCLEOSIDE-5′-TRIPHOSPHATES

The expression “universal base” is very often used to express hybridization properties and recognition patterns of nucleosides. Their behaviour in biological applications, however, is of great interest regarding, e.g., their incorporation by polymerases. The 4,6-difluorobenzimidazole and the 2,4-difluorobenzene nucleoside analogues have proven to be universal bases that do not discriminate between the four natural nucleobases in RNA duplexes. Therefore, we synthesized the corresponding triphosphates to evaluate their behavior in polymerase catalyzed reactions and to investigate their ability to serve as substrates for the T7 RNA polymerase.     

SULFHYDRYL AND DISULFIDE GROUPS OF PROTEINS : III. SULFHYDRYL GROUPS OF NATIVE PROTEINS—HEMOGLOBIN AND THE PROTEINS OF THE CRYSTALLINE LENS

Hemoglobin and the proteins of the crystalline lens contain active SH groups while in the native state, the number of active groups increasing as the pH rises. All the SH groups of denatured globin and of the denatured lens proteins are active at a pH so low that practically none of the SH groups of native hemoglobin and of native lens protein are active. The effect of denaturation on the SH groups of a protein is to extend towards the acid side the pH range of their activity. It is possible to oxidize the iron-porphyrin and the SH groups of hemoglobin independently of each other.     

CHEMICAL AND ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF 4′-THIO-β-D-ARABINOFURANOSYLCYTOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE AND TRIPHOSPHATE

N⁴-Acetyl-1-(2, 3-di-O-acetyl-4-thio-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (2) was synthesized in three steps from 1-(4-thio-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (1). The reaction of this partially blocked 4′-thio-ara-C derivative 2 with 2-chloro-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one gave the 5′-phosphitylate derivative 3, which on reaction with pyrophosphate gave the 5′-nucleosidylcyclotriphosphite 4. Product 4 was then oxidized with iodine/pyridine/water and deblocked with concentrated ammonium hydroxide to provide the desired 4′-thio-ara-C-5′-triphosphate 5. This triphosphate 5 was converted to 4′-thio-ara-C -5′-monophosphate 6 by treatment with snake venom phosphodiesterase I. The details of the synthesis, purification, and characterization of both nucleotides are described.     

TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE GENERA PAREUCHILOGLANIS AND EUCHILOGLANIS

By examining the type specimens, it is certain that the upper tooth band of Euchiloglanis davidi (Sauvage) is produced backwards on each side instead of being misconceived hitherto as not produced backwardly. Of course this character must be the attribute of the genus Euchiloglanis at the same time.Because CoragIanis shares the same diagnostic character with Euchiloglanis, it is evident that Coraglanis is, in fact, a synonym of Euchiloglanis. So far as     

EFFECTS OF POPULATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION ON THE DEGRADATION OF BIOMASS AND ITS REGENERATION BY AFFORESTATION: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL

The bio-mass(Food, Fodder and Forestry, etc. ) in a habitat has beencontinuously depleting due to rapid industrialization and over-population leadingto various kinds of undesirable effects on our environment and on land masscausing deep concern to planners and management experts. In this paper, therefore, a mathematical model for degradation of bio-massis presented to study the effects of industrialization and associated growth ofpopulation, It is shown that with the increase in the levels of these factors,the bio-mass resource may not last long. It has also been pointed out mathematicallythat the level of the biomass can be maintained at desired equilibrium level bya suitable afforestation programme.     

IS THE PREDOMINANT PERIOD OF CELL ARREST AND PRESENCE OF ENDOREDUPLICATED CELLS COINCIDENT WITH PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY VASCULAR TISSUES IN INTACT AND CULTURED ROOTS OF RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.?

Experimental results show that predominant cell arrest in G2 and the presence of endoreduplicated cells are coincident with presence of secondary vascular tissues while preponderant cell arrest in G1 and absence of polyploid cells are coincident with an absence of secondary vascular tissues in mature root tissues of intact and cultured roots of Raphanus sativus L. In mature tissues of intact seedling roots, most cells arrest in G2, and both polyploid cells and secondary vascular tissues are present. If excised roots are grown on simple medium, most mature cells arrest in G1, none undergo endoreduplication, and only primary vascular tissues are present. When bases of these excised roots are later placed in a medium with auxin, cytokinin, and myo-inositol that produces secondary vascular tissues in vitro, preponderant cell arrest occurred in G2 with some polyploid cells. The general relationship of predominant period of cell arrest, presence of polyploid cells, and presence of secondary vascular tissues in mature roots among plants of various taxa is surveyed.     

WAVE LENGTH OF LIGHT AND PHOTIC INHIBITION OF STEREOTROPISM IN TENEBRIO LARV?

A definite intensity of white light is required (about 136 m.c.) to produce negative phototropic orientation of creeping Tenebrio larvæ away from contact with a vertical glass surface. This gives a measure of stereotropism in terms of phototropism, or reciprocally. The effectiveness of light for the suppression of stereotropism varies with wave length. It is therefore simple to obtain a measure of the relation between wave length and stimulating efficiency in this case of phototropic orientation. By determinations of the minimal energy required to inhibit stereotropism with different regions of the spectrum, it is found that the maximum effectiveness is sharply localized in the neighborhood of 535µµ. The curve connecting stimulating efficiency with wave length, while giving a picture of the effective absorption by the photosensory receptors, probably does not permit accurate characterization of the essential photosensitive material.     

OSCILLATIONS AND GLOBAL ATTRACTIVITY OF PERIODIC SOLUTION IN A MODEL OF RESPIRATORY DYNAMICS

61．IntroductionIn〔2〕and〔5〕，MackeyandGlasshaveproposedamodelforresplratorydynamlcswhichIsbasedonthelevelofconcentrationofCOzInthe．arterialbloodofamammal．Let一（t）b6th68ft6fls！COflC6lltfstlottofCOZ，th6flH［sgOV6tfl6dbyth66qU8tlofiwherer，p，0，narepositiveparameters，rlsanonnegatlvedelayandvmdenotesthemaxi－—uffi‘V6tttllst1Ofl’rateOfCOZ．Iflsf6Celltpsp6f〔3），GOpslS8ffiy6tslObtslllEdSUfflCIElltconditionsforallpositivesolutionsof（1．1）tooscillateaboutthePositiveequl…     

SEGREGATION AND RECOMBINATION OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN A HYBRID SWARM OF BAPTISIA LAEVICAULIS × B. VIRIDIS AND THEIR TAXONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

Turner , B. L. (U. Texas, Austin), and Ralph Alston . Segregation and recombination of chemical constituents in a hybrid swarm of Baptisia laevicaulis × B. viridis and their taxonomic implications. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(9): 678–686. lllus. 1959.—Selected plants from a hybrid population of Baptisia laevicaulis × B. viridis and individuals from “pure” populations of the parental species were examined chromatographically. The resulting patterns were then compared with the respective phenotypes by the use of hybrid indices. Although the parental type individuals yielded nearly uniform patterns, hybrid-type plants showed a striking recombination of chemical components and there was an excellent correlation between chromatographic patterns and hybrid expression. Of particular interest was the detection of a new and distinctive compound in 2 of the hybrid-type plants which was not observed in either parent. Chromatograms of 3 other Baptisia species also showed distinctive patterns, and their relationship to each other, as indicated by morphological features, was accompanied by similarities in the biochemical pattern. The segregation and recombination of biochemical constituents are discussed with respect to their evolutionary and taxonomic implications. It is suggested that an extension of the techniques utilized might provide for the establishment of “biochemical profiles” which should prove of considerable value to the systematist.     

THE DISTRIBUTION AND ACCUMULATION OF SELENIUM IN ROOTS AND SHOOTS OF PLANTS NATURALLY GROWN IN THE SOILS OF KEBAN’S PB-ZN-F MINING AREA,TURKEY

The objective of this study is to determine the distribution factors and enrichment coefficients between soil and plant parts by studying the accumulation and distribution of selenium (Se) in the roots and shoots of different plants. The plants (9 samples of Euphorbia macroclada, 5 samples of Verbascum cheiranthifolium, 8 samples of Astragalus gummifer) and their associated soil samples were collected from the Keban mining area. The roots and the shoots of these plants, together with the associated soils, were analyzed by ICP-MS. The mean Se value of the contaminated surface soils was found to be two to five times higher than those of previously studied uncontaminated surface soils. Se concentrations of the plant parts were lower than those in their associated alkaline soils, where the plants were grown, except for in the shoots of A. gummifer. Mean Se concentrations in the roots of E. macroclada, V. cheiranthifolium, and A. gummifer were 0.82, 0.22, and 0.47 mg kg^?1 on a dry weight basis, respectively, while Se concentrations were 0.29, 0.26, and 2.66 mg kg^?1 in the shoots on a dry weight basis, respectively. The enrichment coefficients and the distribution factors of those plants were lower than 1, except for the distribution factors of V. cheiranthifolium and A. gummifer plants. Thus, it appeared that the shoots of these plants could make them efficient bioaccumulator plants for Se because of high distribution factors and enrichment coefficients. Due to such factors, they can also be used to clean or rehabilitate soils and areas contaminated with Se.