Structural evidence for electromagnetic resonance in plant morphogenesis

How a homogeneous collective of cells consistently and precisely establishes long-range tissue patterns remains a question of active research. This work explores the hypothesis of plant organs as resonators for electromagnetic radiation. Long-range structural patterns in the developing ovaries and male flower buds of cucurbit plants (zucchini, acorn, and butternut squash), in addition to mature cucurbit fruits (acorn, butternut, and zucchini squash; watermelon, and cucumber), were investigated. A finite element analysis (FEA) model was used to determine resonant EM modes for models with similar geometric and electrical parameters to those of developing organs. Main features of the developing ovaries (i.e. shape of placental lines, ovum location, definition of distinct tissue regions), male flower buds (i.e. early pollen tube features), and mature fruits (i.e. septa placement, seed location, endocarp and mesocarp) showed distinct correlations with electric and magnetic field components of electromagnetic resonant modes. On account of shared pattern signatures in developing organs and the EM resonant modes supported by a modelled structure with similar geometric and electrical properties to those of cucurbit organs, experimental investigations are warranted. The concept of a developing organ as an EM dielectric resonator may extend to a variety of morphogenetic phenomena in a number of living systems.     

Resonant Mode Analysis of the Nanoscale Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguide Filter with Rectangle Cavity

The resonant mode characteristics of the nanoscale surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) waveguide filter with rectangle cavity are studied theoretically. By using the finite difference time domain method, both the band-stop- and band-pass-type rectangle SPP filters are analyzed. The results show that the whispering gallery mode (WGM) and the Fabry–Perot (FP) mode can be supported by the rectangle SPP resonator. Furthermore, both traveling-wave mode and standing-wave mode can be realized by the WGM, while only standing-wave mode can be introduced by the FP mode. The traveling-wave mode can only be realized by the square-shaped SPP resonator, and the traveling-wave mode is splitted into two standing-wave modes by transforming the cavity shape from square to rectangle. Also, the effects of the cavity shape, cavity size, and coupling gap size on the transmission spectra of the SPP resonators are analyzed in detail. This simple SPP waveguide filter is very promising for the high-density SPP waveguide integrations.     

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Refractive index (RI) sensing is a powerful noninvasive and label-free sensing technique for the identification, detection and monitoring of microfluidic samples with a wide range of possible sensor designs such as interferometers and resonators ^1,2. Most of the existing RI sensing applications focus on biological materials in aqueous solutions in visible and IR frequencies, such as DNA hybridization and genome sequencing. At terahertz frequencies, applications include quality control, monitoring of industrial processes and sensing and detection applications involving nonpolar materials.Several potential designs for refractive index sensors in the terahertz regime exist, including photonic crystal waveguides ³, asymmetric split-ring resonators ⁴, and photonic band gap structures integrated into parallel-plate waveguides ⁵. Many of these designs are based on optical resonators such as rings or cavities. The resonant frequencies of these structures are dependent on the refractive index of the material in or around the resonator. By monitoring the shifts in resonant frequency the refractive index of a sample can be accurately measured and this in turn can be used to identify a material, monitor contamination or dilution, etc.The sensor design we use here is based on a simple parallel-plate waveguide ^6,7. A rectangular groove machined into one face acts as a resonant cavity (Figures 1 and 2). When terahertz radiation is coupled into the waveguide and propagates in the lowest-order transverse-electric (TE₁) mode, the result is a single strong resonant feature with a tunable resonant frequency that is dependent on the geometry of the groove ^6,8. This groove can be filled with nonpolar liquid microfluidic samples which cause a shift in the observed resonant frequency that depends on the amount of liquid in the groove and its refractive index ⁹.Our technique has an advantage over other terahertz techniques in its simplicity, both in fabrication and implementation, since the procedure can be accomplished with standard laboratory equipment without the need for a clean room or any special fabrication or experimental techniques. It can also be easily expanded to multichannel operation by the incorporation of multiple grooves ¹⁰. In this video we will describe our complete experimental procedure, from the design of the sensor to the data analysis and determination of the sample refractive index.     

Multi-Band Ultra-Sharp Transmission Response in All-Dielectric Resonant Structures Containing Kerr Nonlinear Media

All-dielectric resonant structure (ADRS) consisting of high-index nonlinear dielectrics has been theoretically and numerically demonstrated with multi-band ultra-sharp transmission response in this work. Bandwidth down to sub-nanometer and spectral Q-factor up to 920 are achieved in this ADRS-based metamaterial-like platform. Strong resonant electric field distributions by the high-index dielectric resonators and efficient coupling between the layered dielectric particles and the cavity mainly contribute to the multiple narrowband light transmission filtering. By using a Kerr nonlinear medium as the resonant dielectric, the positions of the transmission dips in the spectrum can be actively tuned by the incident light intensity. Due to the ultra-narrow spectral feature and the strong electric field distribution by the resonators, an efficient all-optical switching behavior with high spectral difference intensity and contrast ratio is obtained. Further study presents the observed multi-band transmission with high scalability by tuning the structural parameters. These optical features hold the predicted ADRS be potentially applied to constructing dielectric metamaterial-based all-optical switching or active subtractive transmission filtering with low power threshold at sub-diffraction scale.     

Morphology and infraciliature of a new marine ciliate Euplotidium smalli n. sp. with description of a new genus,Paraeuplotidium n. g. (Ciliophora,Euplotida)

The morphology and infraciliature of a new hypotrichous ciliate, Euplotidium smalli n. sp., isolated from eutrophic coastal water in Korea, were observed in living cells and investigated using the protargol impregnation technique. This new ciliate bears 13-14 frontoventral cirri, 7 transverse cirri, and 5-6 dorsal kineties. Neither left marginal cirrus nor caudal cirrus is present. The new species differs from the related species, Euplotidium agitatum Noland, 1937 in the different number of frontoventral and transverse cirri and different body shape. With the exception of Euplotidium agitatum, the known species of the genus Euplotidium Noland, 1937 with the presence of left marginal cirrus are assigned to a new genus, Paraeuplotidium n. g. Diagnosis of Paraeuplotidium is: Gastrocirrhidae with funnel-shaped buccal cavity; with frontoventral and transverse cirri; left marginal cirrus present. Paraeuplotidium itoi (Ito, 1958) n. comb. is designated here the type species. Four additional species are included: Paraeuplotidium psammophilus (Vacelet, 1961) n. comb., Paraeuplotidium arenarium (Magagnini & Nobili, 1964) n. comb., Paraeuplotidium helgae (Hartwig, 1980) n. comb., and Paraeuplotidium prosaltans (Tuffrau, 1985) n. comb. An improved generic diagnosis of Euplotidium is suggested based on morphology and infraciliature characters: marine hypotrichs with a funnel-shaped buccal cavity; with frontoventral and transverse cirri; neither left marginal cirrus nor caudal cirri present.     

Resonant frequencies of arms and legs identify different walking patterns

The present study is aimed at investigating changes in the coordination of arm and leg movements in young healthy subjects. It was hypothesized that with changes in walking velocity there is a change in frequency and phase coupling between the arms and the legs. In addition, it was hypothesized that the preferred frequencies of the different coordination patterns can be predicted on the basis of the resonant frequencies of arms and legs with a simple pendulum model. The kinematics of arms and legs during treadmill walking in seven healthy subjects were recorded with accelerometers in the sagittal plane at a wide range of different velocities (i.e., 0.3-1. 3m/s). Power spectral analyses revealed a statistically significant change in the frequency relation between arms and legs, i.e., within the velocity range 0.3-0.7m/s arm movement frequencies were dominantly synchronized with the step frequency, whereas from 0.8m/s onwards arm frequencies were locked onto stride frequency. Significant effects of walking speed on mean relative phase between leg and arm movements were found. All limb pairs showed a significantly more stable coordination pattern from 0.8 to 1.0m/s onwards. Results from the pendulum modelling demonstrated that for most subjects at low-velocity preferred movement frequencies of the arms are predicted by the resonant frequencies of individual arms (about 0.98Hz), whereas at higher velocities these are predicted on the basis of the resonant frequencies of the individual legs (about 0.85Hz). The results support the above-mentioned hypotheses, and suggest that different patterns of coordination, as shown by changes in frequency coupling and phase relations, can exist within the human walking mode.     

A two-layer outer hair cell model with orthotropic piezoelectric properties: correlation of cell resonant frequencies with tuning in the cochlea

The frequency response of outer hair cells (OHCs) of different lengths is studied using a mathematical model of a two-layer cylindrical shell with orthotropic properties. Material properties in the model are determined from experimental measurements reported in the literature, and the variation of material properties with the cell length is studied. The cortical lattice's Poisson ratios are found to remain fairly constant with cell length, while its stiffness changes significantly with cell length. The natural frequencies corresponding to several modes of deformation of an OHC with intracellular and extracellular fluids are calculated from this model. Our results suggest that the best frequency in the cochlea at the position where the OHC is located corresponds to different modes of deformation of the OHC, depending on the OHC length. For short OHCs, the best frequency is close to the natural frequency of the axisymmetric mode; for long OHCs, it is close to the natural frequencies of the beam-like bending and pinched modes. Such a difference in resonant modes for short and long OHCs at the best frequency suggests that different modes of OHC elongation motility may be present in amplifying the basilar membrane motion in the high and low frequency regions of the cochlea.     

Photoinduced transformations in bacteriorhodopsin membrane monitored with optical microcavities

Photoinduced molecular transformations in a self-assembled bacteriorhodopsin (bR) monolayer are monitored by observing shifts in the near-infrared resonant wavelengths of linearly polarized modes circulating in a microsphere cavity. We quantify the molecular polarizability change upon all-trans to 13-cis isomerization and deprotonation of the chromophore retinal ( approximately -57 A(3)) and determine its orientation relative to the bR membrane ( approximately 61 degrees ). Our observations establish optical microcavities as a sensitive off-resonant spectroscopic tool for probing conformations and orientations of molecular self-assemblies and for measuring changes of molecular polarizability at optical frequencies. We provide a general estimate of the sensitivity of the technique and discuss possible applications.     

Cellular spin resonance of aging yeast and mouse sarcoma cells

The way in which individual cells may be made to spin by the application of alternating electric fields is examined. The spinning of a given living cell is observed to respond rather sharply and in a resonant manner at several frequencies, hence the term "cellular spin resonance" (CSR). The frequencies of the applied field can be orders of magnitude higher than the actual spin rate. The CSR varies with the conductivity of the medium, with the square of the applied field, with the cell type and with the phase of the yeast cell life cycle. Living cells respond readily and individually are sharply resonant. Dead cells show little such response.From the behavior of the CRS in sinusoidal AC, as compared to pulsed DC, it appears likely that one cause of CSR, at least that in high frequency electric fields, is the presence of natural rf oscillations arising from the cells, and modulated by their high polarizability.     

SERS Properties of Gold Nanorods at Resonance with Molecular,Transverse, and Longitudinal Plasmon Excitations

The amplification of Raman signals of the heteroaromatic cation 1-(N-methylpyrid-4-yl)-2-(N-methylpyrrol-2-yl)ethylene (PEP+)) bound to Au nanorods (NRs) was investigated at different excitation wavelengths to study the effect of the laser resonance with the absorption band of the PEP+ moiety and with the two plasmon oscillation modes of the NR. Two different PEP+ derivatives, differing in the length of the alkyl chain bearing the anchoring group, were used as target molecules. Raman spectra obtained exciting at 514 or at 785 nm (i.e., exciting the transverse or the longitudinal plasmon band) present a higher intensity than that at 488 nm suggesting a higher Raman amplification when the laser excitation wavelength is resonant with one of the two plasmon modes. Moreover, considering results of Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) calculations of the local field generated at the NR surface when either the transverse or the longitudinal plasmon modes are excited, we deduced that the resonance condition of the 514-nm laser excitation with the absorption band of the dye strongly contributes to the amplification of the Raman signal.     

On the dispersion properties of waveguides filled with a magnetized plasma

A study is made of the dispersion properties of waveguides filled with a magnetized plasma. It is shown that the eigenmodes of the waveguides filled with a low-density magnetized plasma fall into two families, which are weakly coupled to one another at all frequencies, in particular, in the cyclotron resonance frequency range. These families differ in transverse wavenumbers and the modes in them have hybrid polarization. Attention is focused on the study of the modes that have predominantly TE polarization at frequencies close to the cutoff frequency. The dependence of the critical frequencies of the TE modes on the plasma frequency, as well as the influence of the plasma on the energy flux and energy density of these modes, is investigated. The effect of mode crowding (the existence of an arbitrarily large number of dispersion curves in a finite frequency range between the cyclotron frequency and the upper hybrid frequency) is examined in detail. The results obtained are used to analyze how the plasma affects the electromagnetic properties of the cavity of the 1-MW 140-GHz continuous-wave gyrotron developed at the Institute of Pulsed and Microwave Technology of the Research Center in Karlsruhe, Germany (Institut für Hochleistungsimpuls-und Mikrowellentechnik Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe) for plasma heating in the W7-X stellarator, which is being constructed in Greifswald, Germany.     

Frequency tuning in animal locomotion

In locomotion that involves repetitive motion of propulsive structures (arms, legs, fins, wings) there are resonant frequencies f(*) at which the energy consumption is a minimum. As animals need to change their speed, they can maintain this energy minimum by tuning their body resonances. We discuss the physical principles of frequency tuning, and how it relates to forces, damping, and oscillation amplitude. The resonant frequency of pendulum-type oscillators (e.g. swinging arms and legs) may be changed by varying the mass moment of inertia, or the vertical acceleration of the pendulum pivot. The frequency of elastic vibrations (e.g. the bell of a jellyfish) can be tuned with a non-linear modulus of elasticity: soft for low deflection amplitudes (low resonant frequency), and stiff for large displacements (high resonant frequency). Tuning of elastic oscillations can also be achieved by changing the effective length or cross-sectional area of the elastic members, or by allowing springs in parallel or in series to become active. We propose that swimming and flying animals generate oscillating propulsive forces from precisely placed shed vortices and that these tuned motions can only occur when vortex shedding and the simple harmonic motion of the elastic elements of the propulsive structures are in resonance.     

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.^1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date^1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.^3-7The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q>100 million).^1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.

Introduction

An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. ^1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (τ_o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator''s optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/τ_o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.¹⁰A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.^9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. ^3-7,12Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.^13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.^1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.¹⁸ Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.² Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.^2,8In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q>100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.¹The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.¹ As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.     

Resonant TE Transmission Through a Continuous Metal Film: Perspectives for Low-Loss Plasmonic Elements

Whereas resonant transverse magnetic transmission across an undulated continuous metal film is achieved with the mediation of plasmon modes excited by the undulation, it is shown here that transverse electric (TE) resonant transmission through a continuous metal film can also be achieved with the mediation of the second-order TE₁ mode of a dielectric slab waveguide having the metal film sandwiched at its middle. The demonstration is made by using the materials currently used in the domain of optical security and counterfeit deterrence: ZnS is shown to possibly be a lossless interface/adhesion layer between a polymer and a noble metal for plasmonic resonant elements.     

Biodiversity change under adaptive community dynamics

Compositional change is a ubiquitous response of ecological communities to environmental drivers of global change, but is often regarded as evidence of declining “biotic integrity” relative to historical baselines. Adaptive compositional change, however, is a foundational idea in evolutionary biology, whereby changes in gene frequencies within species boost population-level fitness, allowing populations to persist as the environment changes. Here, we present an analogous idea for ecological communities based on core concepts of fitness and selection. Changes in community composition (i.e., frequencies of genetic differences among species) in response to environmental change should normally increase the average fitnessof community members. We refer to compositional changes that improve the functional match, or “fit,” between organisms' traits and their environment as adaptive community dynamics. Environmental change (e.g., land-use change) commonly reduces the fit between antecedent communities and new environments. Subsequent change in community composition in response to environmental changes, however, should normally increase community-level fit, as the success of at least some constituent species increases. We argue that adaptive community dynamics are likely to improve or maintain ecosystem function (e.g., by maintaining productivity). Adaptive community responses may simultaneously produce some changes that are considered societally desirable (e.g., increased carbon storage) and others that are undesirable (e.g., declines of certain species), just as evolutionary responses within species may be deemed desirable (e.g., evolutionary rescue of an endangered species) or undesirable (e.g., enhanced virulence of an agricultural pest). When assessing possible management interventions, it is important to distinguish between drivers of environmental change (e.g., undesired climate warming) and adaptive community responses, which may generate some desirable outcomes. Efforts to facilitate, accept, or resist ecological change require separate consideration of drivers and responses, and may highlight the need to reconsider preferences for historical baseline communities over communities that are better adapted to the new conditions.     

Time-dependent deformations in bone cells exposed to fluid flow in vitro: investigating the role of cellular deformation in fluid flow-induced signaling

Numerous experiments have shown fluid flow to be a potent stimulator of bone cells in vitro, suggesting that fluid flow is an important physical signal in bone mechanotransduction. In fluid flow experiments, bone cells are exposed to both time-dependent (e.g., oscillating or pulsing) and time-independent (e.g., steady) flow profiles. Interestingly, the signaling response of bone cells shows dependence on loading frequency and/or rate that has been postulated to be due to viscoelastic behavior. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the time-dependent deformations of bone cells exposed to fluid flow in vitro. Specifically, our goal was to characterize the mechanical response of bone cells exposed to oscillatory flow from 0.5 to 2.0 Hz and steady flow, since these flow profiles have previously been shown to induce different morphological and biochemical responses in vitro. By tracking cell-bound sulfate and collagen coated fluorescent beads of varying sizes, we quantified the normalized peak deformation (peak displacement normalized by the maximum peak displacement observed for all frequencies) and phase lag in bone cells exposed to 1.0 Pa oscillating flow at frequencies of 0.5-2.0 Hz. The phase lag was small (3-10 degrees ) and frequency dependent, while the normalized peak displacements decreased as a weak power law of frequency ( approximately f(-0.2)). During steady flow, the cells exhibited a nearly instantaneous deformation, followed by creep. Our results suggest that while substantial viscous deformation may occur during steady flow (compared to oscillating flow at approximately 1 Hz), bone cells behave primarily as elastic bodies when exposed to flow at frequencies associated with habitual loading.     

Saturation transfer EPR spectroscopy on spin-labeled muscle fibers using a loop-gap resonator.

Previously, saturation transfer (ST-EPR) studies of biomolecular dynamics have involved the use of a resonant cavity and the V'2 display (absorption, second harmonic, out of phase). In the present study, we replaced the resonant cavity with a loop-gap resonator and used the U'1 display (dispersion, first harmonic, out of phase) to study spin-labeled muscle fibers. The new resonator and display showed several advantages over those previously used. It produced virtually noiseless U'1 spectra on a 0.4 microliter sample using a 4 min scan; previous U'1 experiments on spin-labeled muscle, using a conventional rectangular cavity, resulted in an unacceptably low signal-to-noise ratio. The high filling factor of the resonator facilitated the study of these extremely small fiber bundles and permitted high microwave field intensities to be achieved at much lower incident microwave power levels, thus greatly enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio in U'1 experiments. This reduction in the noise level made it possible to benefit from the other advantages of U'1 over V'2, such as stronger signals, simpler line shapes, and simpler data analysis. For these muscle fiber samples, the resulting sensitivity (signal/noise/sample volume) of the U'1 signals was greater than 100 times that of V'2 signals obtained in a conventional cavity. Another advantage of the U'1 display is that signals from weakly immobilized probes, i.e., probes that have nanosecond rotational mobility relative to the labeled protein (myosin), are greatly suppressed relative to strongly immobilized probes. This reduces the ambiguity of spectral analysis, and eliminates the need for chemical treatments [e.g., using K3Fe(CN)6] that were previously required in muscle fibers and other systems. Further suppression of this weakly immobilized component was achieved in U'1 spectra by increasing the microwave power and decreasing the field modulation frequency.     

Tuning,coupling and matching of a resonant cavity in microwave exposure system for biological objects

A new microwave exposure system for biological experiments with well-defined exposure conditions and improved control of the exposure parameters consisting of variable frequency power source, coaxial to waveguide transition, matching network and single-mode resonant cavity with movable shorting plunger was fabricated and characterized. The introduction of a biological sample into a resonant cavity has a large impact on its field configuration and port impedance. As such, the properties, geometry and position of the biological sample become a part of the electrical properties of the microwave circuit. With that change, the electrical properties of the resonant cavity, such as impedance, quality factor and resonant frequency, also change. In this study, an appropriate coupling system with effective power transfer and an algorithm to tuning and coupling of resonant cavity in resonance before and after the introduction of biological sample have been proposed. This procedure will lead to a known dose distribution within the biological sample and allow a better comparison with other studies. Coupling of the electromagnetic energy into a resonant cavity was experimentally investigated. Graphical representation of cavity impedance in case of undercoupled, critically coupled and overcoupled cavity has been presented. Critical coupling of an empty resonant cavity has been accomplished at voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) 1.01, at resonance frequencies 900 and 947.5 MHz. Critical coupling with the introduction of a biological sample has been accomplished at VSWR ≤ 1.07 for frequency bandwidth 1 MHz and VSWR ≤ 1.5 for frequency bandwidth up to 5 MHz with central frequency 947.5 MHz.     

Laser vibrometric studies of sound-induced motion of the body walls and lungs of salamanders and lizards: implications for lung-based hearing

A laser Doppler vibrometer was used to measure the acoustic responses of different body surfaces of several species of salamanders and lizards. The lateral body wall over the lung displayed sound-induced motion up to 30 dB greater than the lateral head surface from 300-1,000 Hz in salamanders and from 200-2,500 Hz in lizards. The lateral body wall of lungless plethodontid salamanders showed no such enhanced motion to sound. The lateral body wall of lizards was more responsive than their tympanum to sound frequencies below about 1,250-2,000 Hz. The frequency of the peak response of lizard body walls matched the resonant frequency of a Helmholtz resonator with the volume and dimensions of their lungs. In contrast, the frequency of peak response of salamander body walls was well below the resonant frequencies calculated for both Helmholtz resonators and closed tubes with the dimensions and volumes of their lungs. Nonetheless, filling the lungs with saline dramatically reduced the responsiveness of the lateral body walls of both the lunged salamanders and the lizards. As previously demonstrated in anuran amphibians, the lateral body wall and lungs of salamanders and lizards may function in sound reception, especially at relatively low frequencies.     

Excitation of Multiple Fano-Like Resonances Induced by Higher Order Plasmon modes in Three-Layered Bimetallic Nanoshell Dimer

The presence of plasmonic Fano-like resonances in the optical response of isolated and dimer metal-dielectric-metal nanostructures are investigated theoretically. The nanostructures are engineered in such a way to support multiple Fano-like resonances that are induced by the interference of bright and dark plasmon modes. It is found that the dimer resonators exhibit different types of Fano resonances for both the transverse and longitudinal polarizations unlike conventional nanodimers. Several configurations of the dimer Fano resonator are analyzed with special emphasis on the Fano spectral line shape. Breaking the symmetry of the dimer nanostructure in various directions control the asymmetric line shape and provides different kinds of unique Fano resonances. In certain cases, the Fano resonators exhibit multiple Fano resonances that are particularly significant for plasmon line shaping and can serve as platforms for multi-wavelength sensing applications.