β-1,6葡聚糖酶前体编码基因Ssa4p对甘蔗黑穗病菌分泌蛋白组的影响

甘蔗(Saccharum spp.)是世界也是中国主要的糖料作物。由甘蔗黑穗病菌(Sporisorium scitamineum)引起的甘蔗黑穗病是中国甘蔗生产上最主要的病害,每年造成重大损失。分泌蛋白在真菌侵染寄主植物与获取营养及病理过程起重要作用。本实验室在分析甘蔗黑穗病菌基因组与转录组数据时,发现1个与真菌细胞壁降解有关的β-1,6葡聚糖酶前体的基因Ssa4p。为了揭示Ssa4p对甘蔗黑穗病菌致病性和分泌蛋白组的影响,本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9和T-DNA双元载体所构建的甘蔗黑穗菌基因敲除系统,成功获得了Ssa4p基因的失活突变株。ΔSsa4p突变株(Δ35-Ssa4p)与野生型菌株JG36的配合能力降低且致病性减弱。用i TRAQ方法对Δ35-Ssa4p和野生型菌株的分泌蛋白组进行比较分析,共鉴定到蛋白质1 430个,其中上调差异表达蛋白质685个,下调差异表达蛋白质745个。GO功能富集分析及KEGG分析表明,差异蛋白主要定位于无膜细胞器和核糖体,其功能包括参与核糖体、氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢等生物学过程。本研究发现β-1,6葡聚糖前体影响植物病原真菌的分泌蛋白,加深了对真菌致病性调控机制的认识。     

β-1,6葡聚糖酶前体编码基因Ss4p对甘蔗黑穗病菌分泌蛋白组的影响

甘蔗(Saccharum spp.)是世界也是中国主要的糖料作物.由甘蔗黑穗病菌(Sporisorium scitamineum)引起的甘蔗黑穗病是中国甘蔗生产上最主要的病害,每年造成重大损失.分泌蛋白在真菌侵染寄主植物与获取营养及病理过程起重要作用.本实验室在分析甘蔗黑穗病菌基因组与转录组数据时,发现1个与真菌细胞壁降解有关的β-1,6葡聚糖酶前体的基因Ssa4p.为了揭示Ssa4p对甘蔗黑穗病菌致病性和分泌蛋白组的影响,本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9和T-DNA双元载体所构建的甘蔗黑穗菌基因敲除系统,成功获得了Ssa4p基因的失活突变株.ΔSsa4p突变株(Δ35-Ssa4p)与野生型菌株JG36的配合能力降低且致病性减弱.用iTRAQ方法对Δ35-Ssa4p和野生型菌株的分泌蛋白组进行比较分析,共鉴定到蛋白质1430个,其中上调差异表达蛋白质685个,下调差异表达蛋白质745个.GO功能富集分析及KEGG分析表明,差异蛋白主要定位于无膜细胞器和核糖体,其功能包括参与核糖体、氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢等生物学过程.本研究发现β-1,6葡聚糖前体影响植物病原真菌的分泌蛋白,加深了对真菌致病性调控机制的认识.     

香蕉枯萎病菌中Hog1 MAPK同源基因FoHog1敲除突变体的生物学特性

【目的】研究香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种中促分裂原活化蛋白激酶基因FoHog1的结构特点及其功能【方法】通过PCR和RT-PCR的方法获得了FoHog1基因序列并进行生物信息学分析,利用PEG介导的原生质体转化法得到了FoHog1基因缺失突变体,分析敲除突变体与野生型的生物学特性差异【结果】FoHog1基因编码一个含有357个氨基酸的蛋白,该蛋白在不同种镰刀菌中高度保守。通过对敲除突变体的研究发现,该基因缺失后菌丝密度下降,产孢量与菌丝干重明显降低,对乙酸钠和氯化铵的利用率下降,对温度、pH及渗透压等外源胁迫更为敏感。通过致病力实验发现,基因敲除突变体的定殖能力有所降低【结论】尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种中FoHog1基因参与调控菌丝生长、分生孢子生成、乙酸钠和氯化铵代谢、渗透压胁迫反应及致病相关过程。     

稻瘟菌MgORP1基因敲除突变株的构建及其表型分析

[目的]了解稻瘟病菌中氧固醇结合蛋白(oxysterol-binding proteins related proteins,缩写为ORPs)家族成员组成情况,构建MgORP1基因缺失突变株和互补株,对MgORP1基因功能进行初步研究.[方法]以ORPs家族的典型结构域"ORD"为靶标,对稻瘟病菌基因组数据库进行BlastP搜索.通过同源重组的策略,构建MgORP1基因缺失突变体,再通过重新导入该基因全长片段获得互补株.然后对野生型、突变体和互补株进行菌落、分生孢子和附着胞形态或形成情况、以及致病力进行比较分析.[结果]稻瘟病菌基因组中含有6个可能的ORPs族蛋白,其中MgORP1基因的破坏降低了稻瘟菌在完全培养基上的菌落生长速率和产孢量.但对菌丝、分生孢子和附着胞的形态,以及在水稻上的致病力没有明显影响.[结论]MgORP1基因可能与稻瘟病菌的菌落生长和产孢量相关.     

人凋亡相关基因TFAR19缺失突变体的原核表达、产物纯化及鉴定

构建TF 1细胞凋亡相关基因 19(TF 1cellapoptosisrelatedgene 19,TFAR19)缺失突变体的原核表达载体 ,获取缺失突变体蛋白 ,用于TFAR19促凋亡分子机理的研究 .从真核表达载体pcDI TFAR19扩增出野生型TFAR19和 4个缺失突变体 ,重组到原核表达载体pGEX 4T 2 .经亲和层析方法对缺失体蛋白进行纯化后 ,再利用凝胶过滤的方法进一步纯化 .利用抗GST和抗TFAR19的单克隆抗体对蛋白进行免疫学鉴定 .用白血病细胞株HL 6 0检测蛋白活性 .成功地克隆并重组了野生型TFAR19及缺失突变体 pGEX 4T 2表达载体 ,对融合蛋白的表达条件进行了优化 .SDS PAGE结果显示 ,各个缺失突变体融合蛋白均有较高水平的表达 .免疫学检测证实获得了正确的表达产物 .活性检测证实 ,野生型TFAR19和缺失突变体 4可以明显促进去血清诱导的HL 6 0细胞凋亡 ,第 6外显子可能是一个与TFAR19促凋亡活性密切相关的功能结构域     

丝状真菌中的RNA干扰及其应用技术

RNA干扰是真核生物中相对保守的一种基因特录后表达调控机制,它通过双链RNA介导细胞内mRNA发生特异性降解或翻译抑制,从而调控靶基因的表达.对丝状真菌中RNA压制和减数分裂沉默等现象的研究表明,与动、植物一样,丝状真菌中也存在RNA干扰现象.通过对RNA压制缺失突变株和减教分裂沉默缺失突变株的一系列分子生物学研究,获得了与之密切相关的一系列蛋白,而这些蛋白在结构和功能上与动、植物RNA干扰途径的蛋白高度相似,这些结果证明了丝状真菌中的RNA存在干扰现象.RNA干扰技术作为丝状真菌分子生物学研究或遗传改造的工具具有特殊的意义,因为丝状真菌具有多核和发生非同源重组频率高的特点,难以用基因敲除手段进行改造.系统地介绍丝状真菌中的RNA干扰途径以及使用RNA干扰对真菌进行遗传改造的方法.     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌的体外抗菌活性

【背景】甘蔗黑穗病是一种主要的甘蔗病害,易造成甘蔗严重减产;鼠李糖脂是一种生物表面活性剂,可作为多种植物真菌病害的抑菌剂。【目的】研究生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌的体外抗菌活性及初步的抗菌机理。【方法】采用甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子萌发试验研究鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子的抗菌作用。采用菌丝生长速率法和菌丝干重法对鼠李糖脂的体外抑菌试验进行检测;通过菌丝电导率的变化研究鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌细胞膜通透性的影响。【结果】鼠李糖脂能显著抑制甘蔗黑穗病菌孢子萌发,其中2.0 g/L鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子萌发的抑制效果最好,抑制率达45.03%。鼠李糖脂能显著抑制甘蔗黑穗病菌双核菌丝体、单胞菌a和单胞菌b的生长。鼠李糖脂能使甘蔗黑穗病单胞菌细胞膜透性增加,与对照相比,2.0 g/L鼠李糖脂处理甘蔗黑穗病双核菌丝体0.5min后电导率升高了约9倍,处理单胞菌a30min后电导率提高了94.23%;0.1g/L鼠李糖脂处理甘蔗黑穗病单胞菌b30min后电导率升高了54.49%,随着浓度的增加,各处理电导率升高显著。【结论】鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌有良好的抗菌作用,有望为甘蔗黑穗病的防治提供新方法。     

抗病毒固有免疫分子TRIM22 C端SPRY结构域对其转录、翻译及亚细胞定位的影响

本文旨在探讨TRIM22 C端SRPY结构域对其转录、翻译及亚细胞定位的影响。以野生型TRIM22真核表达质粒为模板,扩增出C端SPRY结构域缺失的TRIM22基因片段,并将其克隆入真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1。将野生型和突变型TRIM22真核表达载体分别转染高分化人肝癌细胞株HepG2。通过反转录-聚合酶链反应检测其mRNA表达水平,蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测其蛋白表达水平,并通过间接免疫荧光法检测其亚细胞内定位。结果成功构建了C端SPRY结构域缺失的TRIM22真核表达质粒。转染HepG2细胞后,TRIM22 SPRY结构域缺失突变体在转录和翻译水平上均与野生型TRIM22无明显差异,但TRIM22 SPRY结构域缺失突变体完全丧失了核定位能力,这为进一步研究SPRY结构域在TRIM22抗病毒过程中所发挥的作用及机制提供了有益的启示。     

黄瓜花叶病毒2b蛋白C末端无抑制局部RNA沉默的活性

目的:黄瓜花叶病毒 (Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV) 编码的2b蛋白具有RNA沉默抑制子的功能,其C末端氨基酸序列非常保守。为了明确2b蛋白C末端保守序列在RNA沉默抑制中的作用,构建了CMV Q株系野生型2b及其C末端缺失突变体2b^delC的植物瞬时表达载体。通过农杆菌共渗滤法对野生型2b及其C末端突变体的沉默抑制子活性进行了分析。结果与结论:烟草接种叶片中野生型2b及其C末端突变体的Western blot检测表明,野生型2b蛋白与其C末端突变体在植物中积累水平变化不大,说明2b蛋白C末端氨基酸残基在维持2b蛋白在植物细胞中的稳定性方面无作用。在整株、细胞和分子水平上分别比较了野生型2b及其突变体2b^delC对共表达GFP的表达量影响,结果表明在所有的测定结果中二者均无明显地差异,说明2b蛋白C末端94-111位氨基酸在抑制局部RNA沉默上无生物学活性,讨论推测C末端应不存在与小RNA结合的结构域。     

LRRC4通过LRR结构域抑制脑胶质母细胞瘤U251细胞的生长和侵袭

LRRC4基因是候选的脑胶质瘤抑制基因,其细胞外区域含有一个保守的LRR和一个IgC2 结构域.本研究结合生物信息学分析,通过一步PCR法构建了不同结构域缺失的突变体（pc ΔLRR, pcΔIgC2或pcΔTm）.并将全长LRRC4（pcLRRC4）和各突变体转染至U251细胞,构建了稳定表达的U251细胞系.通过MTT,软琼脂集落形成及Transwell体外侵袭模型检测发现,全长LRRC4能够抑制U251细胞的生长和侵袭;LRR结构域缺失的突变体不再抑制U251细胞的生长和侵袭;而IgC2或Tm区缺失的突变体仍然可以抑制U251细胞的生长和侵袭.该结果表明,LRRC4抑制U251细胞的生长和侵袭依赖于它的LRR结构域,而不是IgC2或Tm结构域.     

Distinct roles for RDE-1 and RDE-4 during RNA interference in Caenorhabditis elegans.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular defense mechanism that uses double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a sequence-specific trigger to guide the degradation of homologous single-stranded RNAs. RNAi is a multistep process involving several proteins and at least one type of RNA intermediate, a population of small 21-25 nt RNAs (called siRNAs) that are initially derived from cleavage of the dsRNA trigger. Genetic screens in Caenorhabditis elegans have identified numerous mutations that cause partial or complete loss of RNAi. In this work, we analyzed cleavage of injected dsRNA to produce the initial siRNA population in animals mutant for rde-1 and rde-4, two genes that are essential for RNAi but that are not required for organismal viability or fertility. Our results suggest distinct roles for RDE-1 and RDE-4 in the interference process. Although null mutants lacking rde-1 show no phenotypic response to dsRNA, the amount of siRNAs generated from an injected dsRNA trigger was comparable to that of wild-type. By contrast, mutations in rde-4 substantially reduced the population of siRNAs derived from an injected dsRNA trigger. Injection of chemically synthesized 24- or 25-nt siRNAs could circumvent RNAi resistance in rde-4 mutants, whereas no bypass was observed in rde-1 mutants. These results support a model in which RDE-4 is involved before or during production of siRNAs, whereas RDE-1 acts after the siRNAs have been formed.     

甘蔗内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌CGB15的分离、鉴定及生防活性

真菌病害占作物病害种类的一半以上,病原真菌是目前已知种类最多的作物病原菌。从作物根际与/或体内分离筛选具有生防活性的微生物,并应用于病害的防控,是除作物品种改良与化学防治外的另一种高效的病害防控策略。【目的】本研究拟筛选并分离鉴定对重要作物病原真菌具有拮抗作用的甘蔗内生细菌,为开发生物防治作物真菌病害新策略提供理论依据。【方法】采用平板对峙法初步筛选对病原真菌具有拮抗能力的甘蔗叶片内生细菌,通过16SrRNA基因测序鉴定其种属;进一步检测候选拮抗内生细菌对甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌(Sporisorium scitamineum)致病发育过程关键步骤：有性配合/菌丝生长、冬孢子萌发的抑制率,田间试验检测其对甘蔗鞭黑穗病的防治效果;检测候选拮抗内生细菌对稻梨孢菌(Pyricularia oryzae)附着胞形成、离体叶片及盆栽条件下叶片病斑形成的抑制作用。【结果】分离自甘蔗叶片的细菌菌株,编号为CGB15,经分子鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。CGB15菌株能有效抑制甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌有性配合/菌丝生长,对峙培养条件下使真菌菌落呈现光滑;抑制冬孢子萌发,...     

Vectors for RNAi technology in poplar

Abstract: The potential of double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) technology was studied for down-regulation of gene expression in poplar. A set of vectors was constructed generating RNAs capable of duplex formation of sequences specific for the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene system. These gene cassettes are driven by the CaMV-35S promoter. To address the question of gene silencing, we tested the functionality of these vectors, both in transient assays by transforming protoplasts with the RNAi constructs, and in stably transformed GUSexpressing poplar plants. Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of those GUS-expressing plants with a GUS-specific RNAi construct showed a strong down-regulation of the reporter gene. From these results we conclude that RNAi is also functional in poplar.     

Induction of gene silencing by hairpin RNA expression in Tetrahymena thermophila reveals a second small RNA pathway

Unlike in other eukaryotes, in which it causes gene silencing, RNA interference (RNAi) has been linked to programmed DNA deletion in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Here we have developed an efficient method to inducibly express double-stranded RNA hairpins and demonstrated that they cause gene silencing through targeted mRNA degradation in all phases of the life cycle, including growth, starvation, and mating. This technique offers a new tool for gene silencing in this model organism. Induction of RNA hairpins causes dramatic upregulation of Dicer and Argonaute family genes, revealing a system capable of rapidly responding to double-stranded RNA. These hairpins are processed into 23- to 24-nucleotide (nt) small RNAs, which are distinctly different from the 28- to 30-nt small RNAs known to be associated with DNA deletion. Thus, two different small RNA pathways appear to be responsible for gene silencing and DNA deletion. Surprisingly, expression of the RNA hairpin also causes targeted DNA deletion during conjugation, although at low efficiencies, which suggests a possible crossover of these two molecular paths.     

A virus-derived short hairpin RNA confers resistance against sugarcane mosaic virus in transgenic sugarcane

RNA interference (RNAi) is commonly used to produce virus tolerant transgenic plants. The objective of the current study was to generate transgenic sugarcane plants expressing a short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) targeting the coat protein (CP) gene of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). Based on multiple sequence alignment, including genomic sequences of four SCMV strains, a conserved region of ~ 456 bp coat protein (CP) gene was selected as target gene and amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Subsequently, siRNAs2 and siRNA4 were engineered as stable short hairpin (shRNA) transgenes of 110 bp with stem and loop sequences derived from microRNA (sof-MIR168a; an active regulatory miRNA in sugarcane). These transgenes were cloned in independent RNAi constructs under the control of the polyubiquitin promoter. The RNAi constructs were delivered into two sugarcane cultivars ‘SPF-234 and NSG-311 in independent experiments using particle bombardment. Molecular identification through PCR and Southern blot revealed anti-SCMV positive transgenic lines. Upon mechanical inoculation of transgenic and non-transgenic sugarcane lines with SCMV, the degree of resistance was found variable among the two sugarcane cultivars. For sugarcane cultivar NSG-311, the mRNA expression of the CP–SCMV was reduced to 10% in shRNA2-transgenic lines and 80% in shRNA4-transgenic lines. In sugarcane cultivar SPF-234, the mRNA expression of the CP–SCMV was reduced to 20% in shRNA2-transgenic lines and 90% in shRNA4 transgenic lines, revealing that transgenic plants expressing shRNA4 were almost immune to SCMV infection.     

RNA interference by small hairpin RNAs synthesised under control of the human 7S K RNA promoter

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) represent RNA duplexes of 21 nucleotides in length that inhibit gene expression. We have used the human gene-external 7S K RNA promoter for synthesis of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) which efficiently target human lamin mRNA via RNA interference (RNAi). Here we demonstrate that orientation of the target sequence within the shRNA construct is important for interference. Furthermore, effective interference also depends on the length and/or structure of the shRNA. Evidence is presented that the human 7S K promoter is more active in vivo than other gene-external promoters, such as the human U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) gene promoter.     

siRNA对SARS冠状病毒复制的抑制作用

为探讨siRNA在哺乳动物细胞中对SARS冠状病毒复制的抑制作用,针对BJ0 1株SARS冠状病毒复制酶基因(Pol)和刺突蛋白基因(S) ,设计4个siRNA ,并构建相应的siRNA表达载体及克隆细胞系.利用间接免疫荧光法及实时定量反转录PCR法,检测所设计的siRNA对SARS冠状病毒复制的抑制作用.结果表明,针对Pol基因的siRNA(psOe)在Vero细胞中可阻断BJ0 1株SARS病毒RNA的复制及其蛋白的表达.该结果为深入阐明SARS冠状病毒的致病机理及探讨SARS病毒防治新途径奠定了基础.     

Mutations in the antiviral RNAi defense pathway modify Brome mosaic virus RNA recombinant profiles

RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism targets viral RNA for degradation. To test whether RNAi gene products contributed to viral RNA recombination, a series of Arabidopsis thaliana RNAi-defective mutants were infected with Brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNAs that have been engineered to support crossovers within the RNA3 segment. Single-cross RNA3-RNA1, RNA3-RNA2, and RNA3-RNA3 recombinants accumulated in both the wild-type (wt) and all knock-out lines at comparable frequencies. However, a reduced accumulation of novel 3' mosaic RNA3 recombinants was observed in ago1, dcl2, dcl4, and rdr6 lines but not in wt Col-0 or the dcl3 line. A BMV replicase mutant accumulated a low level of RNA3-RNA1 single-cross recombinants in Col-0 plants while, in a dcl2 dcl4 double mutant, the formation of both RNA3-RNA1 and mosaic recombinants was at a low level. A control infection in the cpr5-2 mutant, a more susceptible BMV Arabidopsis host, generated similar-to-Col-0 profiles of both single-cross and mosaic recombinants, indicating that recombinant profiles were, to some extent, independent of a viral replication rate. Also, the relative growth experiments revealed similar selection pressure for recombinants among the host lines. Thus, the altered recombinant RNA profiles have originated at the level of recombinant formation rather than because of altered selection. In conclusion, the viral replicase and the host RNAi gene products contribute in distinct ways to BMV RNA recombination. Our studies reveal that the antiviral RNAi mechanisms are utilized by plant RNA viruses to increase their variability, reminiscent of phenomena previously demonstrated in fungi.     

RNA Interference (RNAi) Induced Gene Silencing: A Promising Approach of Hi-Tech Plant Breeding

RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising gene regulatory approach in functional genomics that has significant impact on crop improvement which permits down-regulation in gene expression with greater precise manner without affecting the expression of other genes. RNAi mechanism is expedited by small molecules of interfering RNA to suppress a gene of interest effectively. RNAi has also been exploited in plants for resistance against pathogens, insect/pest, nematodes, and virus that cause significant economic losses. Keeping beside the significance in the genome integrity maintenance as well as growth and development, RNAi induced gene syntheses are vital in plant stress management. Modifying the genes by the interference of small RNAs is one of the ways through which plants react to the environmental stresses. Hence, investigating the role of small RNAs in regulating gene expression assists the researchers to explore the potentiality of small RNAs in abiotic and biotic stress management. This novel approach opens new avenues for crop improvement by developing disease resistant, abiotic or biotic stress tolerant, and high yielding elite varieties.