Shh信号参与调控BMP9诱导的间充质干细胞成骨分化

目的：观察sonic hedgehog（Shh）信号通路在骨形态发生蛋白9（BMP9）诱导的小鼠间充质干细胞（MSCs）C3H10T1/2和C2C12成骨分化中的作用,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法：Shh信号通路抑制剂Cyclopamine和激活剂Purmorphamine以及过表达Shh腺病毒分别作用于BMP9处理的C3H10T1/2和C2C12细胞,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）检测早期成骨指标ALP,茜素红S染色检测晚期成骨指标钙盐沉积,RT-PCR检测Shh信号相关基因以及成骨关键转录因子的表达,Western blot检测Shh的表达,荧光素酶报告基因检测Smad1/5/8的转录调控活性。结果：BMP9促进Shh信号相关基因的表达,激活Shh信号可增强BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2和C2C12细胞早晚期成骨分化并促进了BMP9诱导的Smad荧光素酶活性,抑制Shh信号后作用相反。结论：激活Shh信号通路可促进BMP9诱导的小鼠MSCs成骨分化,抑制其活性后作用相反。     

ATF4在内质网应激调控成骨分化中的作用

为避免内质网中未折叠蛋白质的过度累积,真核细胞能激活一系列信号通路来维持内质网稳态,这个过程称为内质网应激。在骨生长发育中,适宜的内质网应激有助于成骨细胞、破骨细胞和软骨细胞的生长,可以促进骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化。而过度的内质网应激会抑制成骨分化,严重的甚至导致骨质疏松、成骨不全等相关骨病的发生。内质网应激时可激活未折叠蛋白质反应,其主要是通过PERK/eIF2α/ATF4信号通路,上调转录激活因子4(ATF4)的表达。ATF4位于许多成骨分化调节因子的下游,是促进成骨分化的关键因子,在内质网应激对成骨分化的调节中发挥重要作用。在成骨分化过程中,适宜的内质网应激能通过激活PERK信号通路,诱导ATF4表达增加,进而上调骨钙素、骨涎蛋白等成骨所必需基因的表达,促进成骨分化。过度的内质网应激会激活ATF4/CHOP促凋亡途径,并导致Bax、胱天蛋白酶等凋亡信号分子的大量产生,进而导致细胞凋亡,抑制成骨分化。由于ATF4在ERS和成骨分化中的重要作用,ATF4在骨质疏松、成骨不全等骨相关疾病的治疗中具有重要意义。本文通过综述ATF4在内质网应激调控成骨分化中的作用机制,为相关骨性疾病治疗提供理论依据。     

ATF4在内质网应激调控成骨分化中的作用

为避免内质网中未折叠蛋白质的过度累积,真核细胞能激活一系列信号通路来维持内质网稳态,这个过程称为内质网应激。在骨生长发育中,适宜的内质网应激有助于成骨细胞、破骨细胞和软骨细胞的生长,可以促进骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化。而过度的内质网应激会抑制成骨分化,严重的甚至导致骨质疏松、成骨不全等相关骨病的发生。内质网应激时可激活未折叠蛋白质反应,其主要是通过PERK/eIF2α/ATF4信号通路,上调转录激活因子4(ATF4)的表达。ATF4位于许多成骨分化调节因子的下游,是促进成骨分化的关键因子,在内质网应激对成骨分化的调节中发挥重要作用。在成骨分化过程中,适宜的内质网应激能通过激活PERK信号通路,诱导ATF4表达增加,进而上调骨钙素、骨涎蛋白等成骨所必需基因的表达,促进成骨分化。过度的内质网应激会激活ATF4/CHOP促凋亡途径,并导致Bax、胱天蛋白酶等凋亡信号分子的大量产生,进而导致细胞凋亡,抑制成骨分化。由于ATF4在ERS和成骨分化中的重要作用,ATF4在骨质疏松、成骨不全等骨相关疾病的治疗中具有重要意义。本文通过综述ATF4在内质网应激调控成骨分化中的作用机制,为相关骨性疾病治疗提供理论依据。     

FGF/FGFR信号调控成骨细胞分化的研究进展

不管是在胚胎骨骼形成还是出生后骨骼发育过程中,FGF/FGFR信号都发挥着重要的作用,成骨细胞在骨骼形成过程中起主导作用,成骨细胞不断地分化是骨骼形成的必要条件,FGF/FGFR信号可调控成骨细胞分化过程中不同标志性基因的表达。该信号不仅可以通过自身作用于成骨细胞分化,而且也可与其他信号通路(BMP,Wnt和PTH)相互作用,共同协调控制成骨细胞分化。FGFR突变会引起成骨细胞分化异常从而出现各种骨疾病,如颅缝早闭,骨质疏松,异位骨化等。现对FGF及FGFR家族,成骨细胞分化过程中标志性基因及相应的标志物,FGF/FGFR信号调控成骨细胞分化作用等方面进行综述。     

骨形态发生蛋白2介导甲状旁腺素促进成骨细胞分化的实验研究

目的 探讨骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP2)在甲状旁腺素(PTH)促进成骨细胞分化过程中的重要介导作用.方法培养MC3T3-E1细胞,分为4组:1)盐水对照组;2)PTH组;3)6-[4-[2-(1-哌啶基)乙氧基]苯基]-3-(4-吡啶基)吡唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶 (Dorsomorphin) 组;4) PTH+Dorsomorphin组.Real-time PCR法和Westernblot方法检测细胞BMP2、BMP2下游基因和成骨因子的表达,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色方法检测细胞ALP的活性;双荧光素酶报告基因检测方法检测12xSBE-OC荧光素酶的活性.结果:PTH组BMP-2、成骨因子的表达及其12xSBE-OC荧光素酶的活性,明显高于盐水对照组.Dorsomorphin组和PTH+Dorsomorphin组BMP-2、BMP-2下游基因和成骨因子的表达,均明显低于盐水对照组;但其表达于两组间无明显差别.结论 BMP2介导PTH促进成骨细胞的分化,PTH可通过上调BMP2的表达,提高其功能,促进成骨细胞的成熟分化.     

Notch信号参与BMP4诱导的间充质干细胞成骨分化及其机制的初步探讨

目的:探讨Notch信号对骨形态发生蛋白4(bone morphogenetic protein 4,BMP4)诱导间充质干细胞成骨分化的影响以及作用机制。方法:(1)DAPT或Ad-dominant-negative mutants of Notch1(Addn Notch1)和BMP4-CM处理小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞,检测早期成骨指标碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP);(2)茜素红S染色实验检测晚期成骨钙盐沉积情况;(3)半定量反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测成骨分化相关基因ALP,Runx2,Col1a1的表达;(4)免疫细胞化学检测p-Smad1/5/8的表达;(5)结晶紫染色和流式细胞术检测细胞的增殖及周期改变。结果:(1)DAPT抑制BMP4诱导的早期成骨分化,且呈浓度依赖性;(2)Delta-like 1(DLL1)促进BMP4诱导的成骨分化,DAPT和dn Notch1抑制BMP4诱导的成骨分化;(3)DLL1促进BMP4诱导的成骨相关基因ALP,Runx2,Col1a1的表达,DAPT抑制这些基因的表达;(4)DLL1促进BMP4诱导的细胞核内p-Smad1/5/8的表达,而DAPT抑制其表达;(5)DLL1促进BMP4诱导的细胞增殖,而DAPT抑制BMP4诱导的细胞增殖。结论:Notch信号通过BMP/Smads信号通路促进BMP4诱导的MSCs成骨分化,在此过程中也有促细胞增殖的作用。     

骨形态发生蛋白诱导骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的研究进展

目前从骨髓中成功分离、鉴定BMSCs的方法较为成熟。新发现一些物质能诱导BMSCs向成骨细胞分化因子,其中对BMP研究较多。其机制可能是通过结合Ⅰ、Ⅱ型BMP受体后激活Smad信号通路诱导成骨。其诱导方法主要包括直接应用天然BMP或者将BMP及其协同基因转入BMSCs,通过靶细胞的持续表达BMP促进新骨形成。本文将近10年BMP诱导BMSCs向成骨分化的研究现状及发展趋势做一综述。     

阻断ERK1/2激酶可增强骨形态发生蛋白9诱导的间充质干细胞成骨分化

骨形态发生蛋白9(bone morphogenetic protein 9,BMP9)具有很强的诱导间充质干细胞定向成骨分化的能力.但对于其所涉及的相关分子机理了解并不深入.利用BMP9重组腺病毒感染间充质干细胞,Western blot检测ERK1/2激酶的磷酸化,ERK1/2的特异性抑制剂PD98059阻断ERK1/2活性,或以RNA干扰抑制ERK1/2表达,通过体外细胞实验和体内动物实验,初步分析和揭示ERK1/2对于BMP9诱导的间充质干细胞成骨分化的调控作用及其可能机制.结果发现:BMP9可以促进ERK1/2激酶的磷酸化,ERK1/2抑制剂PD98059可增强由BMP9诱导的碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性、骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)表达和钙盐沉积,并促进由BMP9诱导的Runx2基因的表达和转录活性,以及Smad经典途径的活化;而RNA干扰导致ERK1/2基因沉默同样也可进一步促进BMP9诱导的ALP活性和钙盐沉积,并促进BMP9诱导的间充质干细胞在裸鼠皮下异位成骨.因此,BMP9可以促进ERK1/2蛋白激酶的活化,而阻断ERK1/2蛋白激酶可进一步增强BMP9诱导的成骨分化,ERK1/2极可能对于BMP9诱导的间充质干细胞成骨分化起着负向调控作用.     

BMP2诱导MEFs成骨分化中Notch信号的作用及机制研究

该文研究了Notch信号在骨形态发生蛋白2(bone morphogenetic protein 2,BMP2)诱导小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(mouse embryonic fibroblasts,MEFs)成骨分化中的作用及机制。利用过表达Notch配体之一DLL1的腺病毒(adenovirus-delta-like 1,Ad-DLL1)、显性负性突变型Notch1受体的腺病毒(adenovirus-dominant-negative mutant of Notch1,Ad-dn Notch1)或γ-分泌酶抑制剂{N-[N-(3,5-difluorophena-cetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester,DAPT}处理MEFs,细胞化学染色和/或活性测定检测碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)表达、钙盐沉积;q RT-PCR、Western blot、荧光素酶分别检测BMP2信号I、II型受体和成骨基因表达、Smad1/5/8蛋白磷酸化水平及Smad结合元件(Smad-binding element,SBE)转录活性。结果显示,DLL1促进BMP2介导MEFs早晚期成骨分化,并上调ALK2等受体的m RNA水平、Smad1/5/8的磷酸化水平及SBE转录活性;与之相对应,dn Notch1和DAPT抑制上述指标。Notch经典靶基因发状分裂相关增强子1(hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif 1,Hey1)可促进BMP2诱导成骨分化,并逆转DAPT对BMP2诱导成骨分化的抑制作用。该研究结果提示,Notch信号促进BMP2诱导MEFs成骨分化,可能是通过激活BMP2/Smads通路实现的,这一过程中Hey1发挥了重要作用。     

MiR-21协同BMP9促进间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化

目的:探讨miR-21与BMP9之间的关系,明确miR-21在BMP9诱导间充质干细胞成骨分化中的作用。方法:(1)Ad-BMP9感染C3H10T1/2细胞,Real-time-PCR检测miR-21表达。RT-PCR检测ALP的表达。(2)MiR-21转染C3H10T1/2细胞,Real-time-PCR检测miR-21和BMP9表达。(3)MiR-21和BMP9-CM处理C3H10 T1/2细胞,ALP活性和染色实验检测C3H10 T1/2细胞早期成骨能力。茜素红S染色实验检测钙盐沉积情况。(4)MiR-21和BMP9-CM处理C3H10 T1/2细胞,Real-time-PCR检测成骨分化相关因子ALP,OCN的表达。(5)MiR-21和BMP9-CM处理C3H10T1/2细胞,Western blot检测p-Smad1/5蛋白水平的表达。结果:(1)BMP9暂时降低miR-21的表达。MiR-21也可以暂时降低BMP9的表达。(2)MiR-21可以协同BMP9增强ALP和钙盐沉积。(3)MiR-21协同BMP9增加了p-Smad1/5蛋白水平的表达。结论:MiR-21与BMP9存在相互关系,两者可以互相调节表达。MiR-21可以协同BMP9促进间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化,这一过程与增强BMP9/Smad信号的激活程度有关。     

Psoralen stimulates osteoblast differentiation through activation of BMP signaling

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. In order to improve the treatment of osteoporosis, identification of anabolic and orally available agents with minimal side effects is highly desirable. Psoralen is a coumarin-like derivative extracted from Chinese herbs, which have been used to treat bone diseases for thousands of years. However, the role of Psoralen in osteoblast function and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that Psoralen promoted osteoblast differentiation in primary mouse calvarial osteoblasts in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrated by up-regulation of expressions of osteoblast-specific marker genes including type I collagen, osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein and enhancement of alkaline phosphatase activity. We further demonstrated that Psoralen up-regulated the expression of Bmp2 and Bmp4 genes, increased the protein level of phospho-Smad1/5/8, and activated BMP reporter (12xSBE-OC-Luc) activity in a dose-dependent manner, as well as enhanced the expression of Osx, the direct target gene of BMP signaling. Deletion of the Bmp2 and Bmp4 genes abolished the stimulatory effect of Psoralen on the expression of osteoblast marker genes, such as Col1, Alp, Oc and Bsp. Our results suggest that Psoralen acts through the activation of BMP signaling to promote osteoblast differentiation and demonstrate that Psoralen could be a potential anabolic agent to treat patients with bone loss-associated diseases such as osteoporosis.     

Wnt and BMP signaling pathways co-operatively induce the differentiation of multiple myeloma mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts by upregulating EMX2

Osteoblast differentiation, defined as the process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, is directly linked to multiple myeloma (MM) bone disease. Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) are proved to be implicated in the pathological or defective osteoblast differentiation process. This study aims to test the involvement of Wnt, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) pathways, and empty spiracles homeobox 2 (EMX2) in osteoblast differentiation and MM development. Initially, differentially expressed genes in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from MM patients and healthy donors were identified using microarray-based gene expression profiling. The functional role of Wnt and BMP in MM was determined. Next, we focused on the co-operative effects of Wnt and BMP on calcium deposition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, the number of mineralized nodules, and osteocalcin (OCN) content in MSCs. The expression patterns of Wnt and BMP pathway–related genes, EMX2 and osteoblast differentiation-related factors were determined to assess their effects on osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, regulation of Wnt and BMP in ectopic osteogenesis was also investigated in vivo. An integrated genomic screen suggested that Wnt and BMP regularly co-operate to regulate EMX2 and affect MM. EMX2 was downregulated in MSCs. The activated Wnt and BMP resulted in more calcium salt deposits, mineralized nodules, and a noted increased in ALP activity and OCN content by upregulating EMX2, leading to induced differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts. Collectively, this study demonstrated that Wnt and BMP pathways could co-operatively stimulate differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts and inhibit MM progression, representing potential targets for MM treatment.     

Flouride Promotes Viability and Differentiation of Osteoblast-Like Saos-2 Cells Via BMP/Smads Signaling Pathway

The BMP/Smad signaling pathway plays an important role in the viability and differentiation of osteoblast; however, it is not clear whether this pathway is involved in the fluoride-induced osteoblast differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of BMP/Smad signaling pathway in fluoride-induced osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells differentiation. Cells were exposed to fluoride of different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 mM), and cell proliferation was determined using WST assays. The expression of osteoblast marker genes such as osteocalcin (BGP) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) were detected by qRT-PCR. We found that fluoride enhanced the proliferation of Saos-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner and 0.2 mM of fluoride resulted in a higher expression of osteoblast marker genes. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis showed that the promotion effects of 0.2 mM of fluoride on Saos-2 cells differentiation were associated with the activation of the BMP/Smad pathway. Expression of phosphorylated Smad1/5(p-Smad1/5) was higher in cells exposed to 0.2 mM of fluoride. Plasmid expression vectors encoding the short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting Smad4 gene were used to block the BMP/Smad pathway, which resulted in a significantly reduced expression of BGP and BALP as well as their corresponding mRNA. The mRNA levels after transfection remained low even in the presence of fluoride. The present results reveal that BMP/Smad signaling pathway was altered during the period of osteogenesis, and that the activities of p-Smad1/5 were required for Saos-2 cells viability and differentiation induced by fluoride.