鲜切加工加速荸荠组织衰老与H2O2累积的关系

以荸荠为材料,研究了鲜切加工加速组织衰老与活性氧代谢的关系.结果表明:鲜切加工提高了荸荠切片抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸-过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶)的活性;但同时明显刺激了O2-产生,促进了H2O2累积,加速了抗坏血酸在贮藏后期的损失,加强了膜脂过氧化作用和增加了电解质渗出率.统计分析表明H2O2含量、丙二醛含量、电解质渗出率三者之间存在正相关性.H2O2组织定位结果也证实鲜切加速组织衰老与H2O2累积密切相关.完整荸荠组织O2-产生比较平稳,抗氧化酶活性维持稳定,H2O2未有明显累积.     

超声处理对鲜切马铃薯中营养成分的影响

目的:研究不同超声处理对鲜切马铃薯中的营养成分产生的影响,旨在阐明超声处理技术应用到鲜切马铃薯保鲜的中可行性。方法:分别采用Folin-Ciocaileu比色法、考马斯亮蓝法、直接滴定法、指示剂滴定法、紫外分光光度计法测定总酚、蛋白质、还原糖、可滴定酸和Vc含量。结果:超声处理能够抑制贮藏后期的鲜切马铃薯的总酚升高、有利于还原糖和Vc的保留,而对蛋白质、可滴定酸含量变化的作用效果不明显。其中,25℃下300 Hz超声处理8 min的鲜切马铃薯效果较好。结论:超声处理能有效保持鲜切马铃薯的营养成分。     

LED光源对不同品种生菜生长和品质的影响

以自然光为对照(CK),探讨了LED红光(R)、蓝光(B)和红蓝组合光(RB)对不同品种生菜生长与品质的影响.结果显示:(1)不同光质处理的4个品种生菜的根长、株高及生物量积累等形态及生长指标具有相同的变化规律.(2)植株干鲜重、叶面积及根系活力在R和RB处理下都较大,而在B处理下较小;金祥、高华和永荣的B处理植株可溶性蛋白含量较高;联记、金祥和高华植株的淀粉含量在RB处理下较多,而永荣在R处理下较多;各品种植株可溶性糖含量在R和RB处理下较高,而永荣植株RB处理蔗糖含量较高,其余品种蔗糖含量在R处理下较高;金祥、高华和永荣VC含量在B和RB下较高,联记在RB下较高,各品种在R下均较低;植株总酚含量在各光质处理间无显著差异.(3)联记的硝态氮含量及亚硝酸还原酶对光质敏感,B处理能降低其硝态氮含量及亚硝酸还原酶活性,其他品种的硝态氮含量及亚硝酸还原酶活性在光质处理间无显著差异.研究表明,相同光质下品种间生长无显著差异,而各品种生菜植株在红光和红蓝组合光下生长较好,在红蓝光处理下品质较优,红蓝光是设施栽培生菜的良好光源.     

鲜切香菇贮藏过程中质构变化与自溶自噬分析

旨在明确鲜切香菇经过机械损伤后发生的应激生理以及自溶进程中细胞质构的变化。以香菇0912子实体新鲜切片为材料,研究低温和室温贮藏条件下香菇切片生理生化指标的变化趋势,利用显微技术研究老化组织中细胞结构的变化。结果显示低温贮藏条件有利于减缓鲜切香菇褐变、软化、蒸腾失重及抗氧化活性的下降。微观结构研究显示鲜切香菇经过机械损伤后激发了自溶自噬机制,细胞内出现胞壁断裂、胞膜消融、自噬体吞噬细胞器、大量DNA断裂、细胞核消失及细胞解体等现象。鲜切香菇切片在损伤后发生自溶自噬现象,微观组织结构的破坏,是菇体劣变的重要原因之一,在外界贮藏环境的共同作用下加速腐败的进程。     

熟鸡肉中金黄色葡萄球菌生长预测模型的建立

【目的】研究不同浓度和不同温度条件下金黄色葡萄球菌接种在熟鸡肉中的生长情况,比较3种常见预测模型拟合的准确性,选择最适合的预测模型建立一级和二级模型,为进一步探讨建立三级模型提供数据基础。【方法】测定浓度为102、103和104 CFU/g的金黄色葡萄球菌接种在15-36°C熟鸡肉中的生长数据,使用Matlab软件分别建立修正的Gompertz、Logistic和Baranyi模型,通过比较残差和拟合度(RSS、AIC、RSE)选择最优模型,并且拟合出生长参数(迟滞期、最大比生长速率和最大细胞密度),在此基础上通过响应面方程建立二级模型。最后对模型的可靠性进行了内部和外部实验验证。【结果】36°C和29°C条件下,修正的Gompertz模型最适合;22°C和15°C条件下,最适合模型按接种浓度依次为修正的Gompertz、Logistic和Baranyi模型,综合考虑,最优模型选择修正的Gompertz模型。通过计算预测标准差(%SEP)、平方根误差(RMSE)、准确性因子(Af)和偏差因子(Bf)对建立的二级模型进行数学检验,检验结果均在可接受范围内。【结论】用修正的Gompertz方程和响应面方程建立的一、二级预测模型可以为建立三级模型提供有效、精确的基础。     

馒头中金黄色葡萄球菌生长预测模型的建立

以传统面制品馒头作为研究对象,采用修正的Gompertz（SGompertz）和修正的Logistic（SLogistic）作为一级生长模型,应用Origin 9.0软件分别拟合馒头中金黄色葡萄球菌在10、15、25、30和37 ℃的生长情况,获得其最大比生长速率（μ_max）和迟滞期(λ)。采用平方根模型和二次多项式模型建立馒头中金黄色葡萄球菌的二级生长模型,并对该模型进行验证。结果表明,SGompertz模型能较好地拟合馒头中金黄色葡萄球菌的生长。以μ_max建立的平方根和二次多项式模型,R²分别为0.931 5和0.932 0,偏差因子（B_f）分别为1.123 2和1.050 1,准确因子（A_f）分别为1.221 0和1.190 2,表明采用μ_max进行拟合时,二次多项式模型的拟合效果较好;以迟滞期λ建立的平方根和二次多项式模型,R²分别为0.948 4和0.969 6,B_f分别为0.890 1和0.912 2,A_f分别为1.541 1和1.180 3,表明采用迟滞期λ进行拟合时,二次多项式模型的拟合效果较好。本研究可为馒头等传统面制品的定量风险评估提供参考。     

温室中生菜生长动态及生产潜力的模拟模型

以作物生理生态过程为基础,以试验所得的数据为主要作物参数,用Ｃ语言编程,建立了温室生菜生产的模拟模型．根据对周年１１茬生菜进行模拟的结果,作物光温生产潜力比现实生产力高１４．９％,作物的抽苔期精确度达到与实际抽苔期仅差±１天的水平．只需对模型中的部分作物参数进行修改,就可用该模型进行其它叶菜类作物的生长动态模拟和预测．     

壳聚糖被膜对鲜切荸荠褐变的抑制

壳聚糖被膜抑制鲜切荸荠切片的苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶的活性 ,延缓切片的褐变 ,保持荸荠的食用品质 ,减少腐烂。在 0 .5 %～ 2 %范围内 ,壳聚糖被膜对荸荠褐变的抑制效应随使用浓度的增加而增强。     

心血管疾病相关的沙门氏菌的检测新方法建立

[目的]建立对沙门氏菌的新型快速可视化检测方法。[方法]显色纳米花作为沙门氏菌的感受器及换能器,免疫磁珠作为富集和分离手段,最终与靶标沙门氏菌形成三明治夹心结构,检测信号以纳米花显色方式输出。[结果]检测沙门氏菌的线性范围在10～104CFU/m L,检测限10 CFU/m L,实际样品回收率可达117.5%,且特异性良好。[结论]成功建立了基于新型显色纳米花的沙门氏菌定性定量的检测方法,灵敏性可达10 CFU/m L,与传统临床检测方法相比,具有快速、简便、灵敏、无需大型仪器的优点。     

延长鲜切香菇货架期的保鲜工艺

通过优化最佳的鲜切香菇加工技术,延长鲜切香菇产品的货架期,为扩大工厂化生产提供依据。本研究设计了3种香菇清洗工艺以及3种气调保鲜方法,利用感官、气味和理化指标的变化来评价清洗保鲜效果。经过无菌水、次氯酸钠溶液以及未经清洗3种处理方式加工的鲜切香菇产品在低温储藏120h时,其表面微生物数量发生较大的变化,无菌水清洗处理组微生物总量达到4.68×10³CFU/g,而次氯酸钠溶液处理组和未经清洗的处理组的微生物含量分别为4.15×10³CFU/g和3.05×10³CFU/g。对3种气调比例保鲜效果研究结果表明,未清洗+T1（15% CO₂、5% O₂、80% N₂）处理组的香菇切片品质保存最好,在第12天时其多糖、蛋白质含量、抗坏血酸含量、类黄酮含量以及抗氧化活性达到最高,分别为70.32mg/g、131.19mg/g、16.46mg/100g、1 272.57μg/g和73.02mmol/g;其总酚含量最低,为2 133.88μg/g。通过电子鼻检测以及主成分分析（PCA）发现多种工艺组合中,未清洗+T1处理组的香菇切片在储藏期12d内气味变化最小,显著优于其他处理组合。综上所述,未清洗+T1气体比例处理组是适宜鲜切香菇加工以及保鲜的优势工艺,通过此方法可使鲜切香菇的货架期从6d延长至12d,对工厂化生产具有指导意义。     

Growth and colonization suppression of Salmonella enterica serovar Hadar in vitro and in vivo

Growth suppression in Salmonella enterica serovar Hadar (S. Hadar) was investigated, in vitro under strict anaerobiosis and in vivo in the intestine of the day-old chicken. Stationary-phase cultures of 20 S. Hadar field strains were tested against each other for growth suppression activity by their ability to suppress the multiplication of low counts of minority cultures inoculated into them as nalidixic acid-resistant mutants. All strains showed profound growth suppression. Four S. Hadar strains were selected and further tested for their ability to suppress growth of S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Virchow and S. Saintpaul. One of the four strains (S. Hadar 18) was randomly selected for further studies. Precolonization of chicken with S. Hadar 18 prevented superinfection with any of the serovars mentioned above. From more than 1000 TnphoA mutants of S. Hadar 18 screened against the parent strain anaerobically in vitro, four were non-suppressive with TnphoA insertions in dapF, aroD, sgaT or tatA. Only the dapF mutant was also non-suppressive in the chicken intestine.     

添加有扩增内标的沙门氏菌荧光定量PCR 检测体系的建立与评价

【目的】建立添加有扩增内标(IAC,Internal amplification control)的沙门氏菌EvaGreen荧光定量PCR检测体系,提高PCR检测可靠性。【方法】通过比较已有沙门氏菌属细菌的基因组序列,筛选沙门氏菌属特异检测靶点,设计特异引物;再用复合引物法构建扩增内标,优化参数,建立沙门氏菌内标PCR检测体系,利用特异性和灵敏度实验评价体系的检测性能。【结果】筛选得到的新特异靶点基因编码III型分泌系统蛋白(ssaQ)。针对该基因设计特异引物(SsaQ6),建立了添加有扩增内标的常规PCR和EvaGreen荧光定量PCR检测体系;二者对151株沙门氏菌和34株非沙门氏菌的检测符合率均达100%,对基因组DNA的检测下限达14.9拷贝/PCR和2.76拷贝/PCR;人工污染牛奶样品(初始染菌量:4-6 cfu/10 mL),増菌10 h和8 h后分别可检出沙门氏菌。【结论】本研究发掘的新靶点基因ssaQ特异性强,基于这一新靶点建立的添加有扩增内标的EvaGreen荧光定量PCR比常规内标PCR的检测限更低,重复性更好,快速方便,在12 h内即可得出检测结果,并且定量准确,有利于推进沙门氏菌PCR检测方法的标准化应用。     

流感病毒亚单位疫苗中间体中沙门菌快速检测方法的建立

目的：建立一种能够快速、准确地检测流感病毒亚单位疫苗中间体样品中沙门菌污染的方法。方法：首先利用选择性增菌培养基对样品进行增菌培养,然后提取样品中的细菌基因组DNA,通过沙门茵特异性引物对基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,以琼脂糖凝胶电泳实现对目的片段的检测。结果：该PCR反应体系的扩增检测灵敏度可达1pg的沙门菌DNA,利用选择性增菌培养配合该PCR体系可在最快24h内实现对沙门菌的准确检测,测定结果与传统方法相符。结论：此方法应用于流感病毒亚单位疫苗中间体的沙门菌检查,较之传统的培养法结合生化鉴定的方法,大大缩短了检测周期,降低了结果判读的难度,在实际生产中有很好的应用前景。     

Hyper-susceptibility of a fusidic acid-resistant mutant of Salmonella to different classes of antibiotics

Fusidic acid resistance (Fus(R)) in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is caused by mutations in fusA, encoding elongation factor G (EF-G). Pleiotropic phenotypes are observed in Fus(R) mutants. Thus, the fusA1 allele (EF-G P413L) is associated with slow growth rate, reduced ppGpp and RpoS levels, reduced heme levels, and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. The fusA1-15 allele, (EF-G P413L and T423I) derived from fusA1 in a selection for growth rate compensation, is partially compensated in each of these phenotypic defects but maintains its resistance to fusidic acid. We show here that the fusA1 allele is associated with sensitivity to ultraviolet light and increased susceptibility to the inhibitory action of several unrelated antibiotic classes (beta-lactam, fluoroquinolone, aminoglycoside, rifampicin, and chloramphenicol). The fusA1-15 allele, in contrast, is less susceptible to UV and to other antibiotics than fusA1. The hyper-susceptibility to multiple antibiotics associated with fusA1 and fusA1-15 is revealed in a novel growth competition assay at sub-MIC concentrations, but not in a standard MIC assay.     

Iron supplying systems of Salmonella in diagnostics, epidemiology and infection

Abstract Well-known and newly characterised mechanisms, both endogenous and exogenous, for the uptake of iron by Salmonella are outlined, and their possible roles at various stages in infection are discussed. The contributions of a detailed understanding of iron supplying systems to techniques for diagnosis, epidemiology and disease management are described.     

Characterization of DalS, an ATP-binding cassette transporter for D-alanine, and its role in pathogenesis in Salmonella enterica

Expansion into new host niches requires bacterial pathogens to adapt to changes in nutrient availability and to evade an arsenal of host defenses. Horizontal acquisition of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island (SPI)-2 permitted the expansion of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium into the intracellular environment of host cells by allowing it to deliver bacterial effector proteins across the phagosome membrane. This is facilitated by the SsrA-SsrB two-component regulatory system and a type III secretion system encoded within SPI-2. SPI-2 acquisition was followed by evolution of existing regulatory DNA, creating an expanded SsrB regulon involved in intracellular fitness and host infection. Here, we identified an SsrB-regulated operon comprising an ABC transporter in Salmonella. Biochemical and structural studies determined that the periplasmic solute-binding component, STM1633/DalS, transports D-alanine and that DalS is required for intracellular survival of the bacteria and for fitness in an animal host. This work exemplifies the role of nutrient exchange at the host-pathogen interface as a critical determinant of disease outcome.     

Hypothesized Kinetic Models for Describing the Growth of Globular and Encrusting Demosponges

The marine sponges Dysidea avara and Chondrosia reniformis (globular forms) were cultured in the laboratory on a diet of viable Phaeodactylum tricornutum cells and dissolved nutrients (algae and fish powders). Our growth data were combined with literature data for Pseudosuberites andrewsi (a globular sponge) and for the encrusting sponges Oscarella lobularis, Hemimycale columella, and Crambe crambe. The suitability of three growth models—linear, exponential, and radial accretive—for describing the growth of globular and encrusting sponges was assessed. Radial accretive growth was determined to be the best model to describe growth of both encrusting and globular sponges. Average growth rates of 0.051 ± 0.016 and 0.019 ± 0.003 mm/day (calculated as the increase of the radius of the sponge per day) were obtained experimentally for D. avara and C. reniformis, respectively.     

致病性大肠埃希菌和沙门菌毒力岛基因的双重PCR检测方法的建立

目的实现对致病性大肠埃希菌（E．coli）、沙门菌（Salmonella）的同时检测,建立快速灵敏的双重PCR检测方法。方法以致病性大肠埃希菌和沙门菌毒力岛基因为研究对象,根据GenBank发表的大肠埃希菌和沙门菌毒力岛基因序列,分别设计合成了大肠埃希菌毒力岛irpl、irl）2和fyuA,沙门菌毒力岛mgtC、sseL和sopB等6对引物,以禽致病性大肠埃希菌（CVCC1565）菌株和沙门菌（ATCC9150）菌株的核酸混合物为模板,经引物特异性试验,引物组合,成功建立了快速鉴别检测致病性大肠埃希菌和沙门菌的双重PCR方法。结果特异性试验结果显示,引物irpl、irp2和fyuA仅能扩增出大肠埃希菌（CVCC1565）的特异性片段,大小分别是799、414和948bp;引物mgtC、sseL和sopB仅能扩增出沙门菌（ATCC9150）的特异性片段,大小分别是500、269和1000bp。敏感性试验结果表明大肠埃希菌和沙门菌的最低检测限分别为2．2×101CFU／mL和2．0×101CFU／mL。结论本研究建立的双重PCR方法具有特异性强、敏感性高、快速简便等特点,可用于致病性大肠埃希菌和沙门菌的联合检测与鉴别诊断。     

Characterization of a Loss-of-Function Mutant of Gibberellin Biosynthetic Gene LsGA3ox1 in Lettuce

A previous study generated lettuce (Lactuca sativa) mutant lines tagged by retrotransposon Tnt1 from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and identified a homozygous mutant, Tnt6a, that exhibited severe dwarf phenotype. Here we show that Tnt1 is inserted into the intron of gibberellin biosynthetic gene LsGA3ox1 in Tnt6a mutants. Expression analysis suggests that LsGA3ox1 is nearly knocked out in the Tnt6a mutants.